{"id":24414095,"date":"2026-09-24T10:36:58","date_gmt":"2026-09-24T08:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/uk-arms-broker-greenhalgh-jailed-fighter-jets-libya-sudan-2026\/"},"modified":"2026-10-01T15:27:39","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T13:27:39","slug":"uk-arms-broker-greenhalgh-jailed-fighter-jets-libya-sudan-2026","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/de\/uk-arms-broker-greenhalgh-jailed-fighter-jets-libya-sudan-2026\/","title":{"rendered":"Arms Broker Jailed 16 Years Over Libya and Sudan Jet Deals"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\n<!-- mfsh:top -->\n\n<style>\n.mfsh-trigger{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;height:44px;padding:0 18px;margin:0 0 26px;border:2px solid 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It buys fighter aircraft that no air force wants any more, from countries that need the money, and sells them to countries that are not allowed to buy weapons at all.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>On Wednesday a British businessman was jailed for sixteen years for running one.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>David Greenhalgh, 68, of Croydon in south London, helped broker the supply of ex-Soviet combat aircraft, surface-to-air missile systems, anti-tank missiles and thousands of assault rifles between 2009 and 2016, destined for Sudan, South Sudan and Libya. None of it was licensed. His business partner, the Greek national Christos Farmakis, 48, was sentenced to sixteen years as well &mdash; in his absence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f4f6f8;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:18px 22px;margin:26px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;font-size:17px;color:#0d1117\">Quick Facts<\/p><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;line-height:1.6\"><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Sentenced<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Wednesday 23 September 2026<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Court<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Southwark Crown Court, London<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Convicted<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">David Greenhalgh, 68, of Croydon, and Christos Farmakis, 48, a Greek national<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Sentences<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">16 years each, 32 years in total<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Charges<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Offences under the Export Control Order 2008<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Goods<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Ex-Soviet fighter aircraft, surface-to-air missile systems, anti-tank missiles, thousands of assault rifles<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Period<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">2009 to 2016<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Destinations<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Sudan, South Sudan and Libya<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Method<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">Forged end-user certificates and deals routed through overseas subsidiaries<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:4px 12px 4px 0;color:#555;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\"><strong>Investigation<\/strong><\/td><td style=\"padding:4px 0;color:#222\">HM Revenue and Customs, prosecuted by the Crown Prosecution Service<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Where the Aeroplanes Came From<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The supply side of this trade is the part most aviation enthusiasts have some sense of without quite thinking it through. When the Warsaw Pact dissolved, its air forces were left with thousands of airframes and warehouses of missiles they could neither afford to operate nor easily scrap.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>HMRC says Greenhalgh and Farmakis sourced from defence ministries in former Soviet and Soviet-aligned states &mdash; naming Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia and the Czech Republic &mdash; where ageing stockpiles of missiles, fighter aircraft, battle tanks and small arms were available to anyone with a buyer.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/southwark-crown-court-london.jpg\" alt=\"The entrance to Southwark Crown Court in London\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Southwark Crown Court, where both men were found guilty on 11 June 2026 after a nine-week trial. Photo: Jorge Franganillo \/ CC BY 2.0, Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The demand side is what makes it profitable. Because the customers were countries under embargo and desperate for equipment, they were willing to pay vastly inflated prices for hardware that was, in the normal market, close to worthless. Some of the deals ran into tens of millions of dollars.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Airservices<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Greenhalgh operated through a group of companies called Airservices, registered across the UK, Greece, North Macedonia and South Sudan. The structure was the point: he routed transactions through overseas subsidiaries in an attempt to put them outside British jurisdiction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It does not work that way. UK trade controls follow the passport, not the letterhead, and a British national is subject to them wherever in the world he does business. To hide the actual destinations, the pair used forged end-user certificates naming countries that were not under sanction.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7\"><em>&ldquo;Strict export licencing controls exist to protect the UK and to ensure that military equipment does not fall into the wrong hands. Greenhalgh knowingly and repeatedly circumvented those controls, forging documents and routing deals through overseas companies to evade detection.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Edwige Hill<\/strong> &mdash; Deputy Director, HMRC Fraud Investigation Service<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The Crown Prosecution Service was blunter about what the evidence showed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #3568e0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7\"><em>&ldquo;Greenhalgh and Farmakis treated the international arms trade as their personal business opportunity, systematically sourcing weapons from former Soviet states and attempting to channel them into some of the world&rsquo;s most dangerous conflict zones, including Libya and South Sudan. They knew exactly what they were doing. Their own emails showed them discussing how to evade UK licencing controls, falsify end user certificates and disguise the true nature of their deals.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Anja Hohmeyer<\/strong> &mdash; Specialist Prosecutor, Crown Prosecution Service<\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>According to the CPS, one document recovered from Farmakis&rsquo;s device amounted to a blueprint for wholesale evasion of British arms controls.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">One Man Is in Prison, the Other Is in Greece<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Both men were found guilty at Southwark Crown Court on 11 June 2026 after a nine-week trial. Farmakis was tried in absentia and is thought to be living in Greece; HMRC says it is working with international partners to bring him to the UK.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For aviation, the detail worth holding on to is the airframes. Libya after 2011 was a place where ageing Soviet jets changed hands quietly and turned up in unexpected markings. Prosecutions that reach the brokers rather than the pilots are rare. This is one.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Sources: HM Revenue and Customs press release, 23 September 2026; Crown Prosecution Service; Reuters.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<!-- mfsh:bottom -->\n\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-trigger mfsh-bottom\" data-mfsh-placement=\"bottom\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><svg><use href=\"#mfsh-i-share\"\/><\/svg>Share this story<\/button>\n\n<!-- \/mfsh:bottom -->\n\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>Who is David Greenhalgh and what was he convicted of?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">David Greenhalgh, 68, of Croydon in south London, is a British businessman convicted of offences under the Export Control Order 2008 for brokering the unlicensed supply of ex-Soviet fighter aircraft, missiles and assault rifles to Sudan, South Sudan and Libya between 2009 and 2016. He was sentenced to 16 years on 23 September 2026.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What weapons were involved in the case?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">HMRC says the pair brokered ex-Soviet fighter aircraft, surface-to-air missile systems, anti-tank missiles, thousands of assault rifles and other controlled goods. None of the deals were licensed by UK authorities and some ran into tens of millions of dollars.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Where did the aircraft and weapons come from?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">From defence ministries in former Soviet and Soviet-aligned states. HMRC named Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia and the Czech Republic as countries where ageing stockpiles of missiles, fighter aircraft, battle tanks and small arms were available for sale.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How did the brokers hide what they were doing?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">They used forged end-user certificates that falsely named countries not subject to sanctions as the destination, and routed deals through overseas subsidiaries of Greenhalgh&amp;rsquo;s Airservices group of companies, registered in the UK, Greece, North Macedonia and South Sudan.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does UK arms law apply to deals done abroad?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Yes. UK trade controls follow the individual, not the company registration. As a UK national, Greenhalgh remained subject to UK export controls wherever in the world he did business, which is why routing transactions through foreign subsidiaries did not place them beyond British jurisdiction.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happened to the second defendant?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Christos Farmakis, 48, a Greek national, was found guilty in his absence at Southwark Crown Court on 11 June 2026 and sentenced to 16 years on 23 September 2026. He is thought to be living in Greece, and HMRC says it is working with international partners to bring him to the UK.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can a civilian legally fly an ex-Soviet fighter jet?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Yes, as a passenger and entirely legally. MiGFlug operates civilian flights in former Eastern Bloc types including the MiG-29 and the L-39 Albatros, alongside the Hawker Hunter, under proper civil authorisation. Details and current pricing are on the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">MiGFlug flights and prices<\/a> page.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is David Greenhalgh and what was he convicted of?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"David Greenhalgh, 68, of Croydon in south London, is a British businessman convicted of offences under the Export Control Order 2008 for brokering the unlicensed supply of ex-Soviet fighter aircraft, missiles and assault rifles to Sudan, South Sudan and Libya between 2009 and 2016. 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HMRC named Ukraine, Belarus, Serbia and the Czech Republic as countries where ageing stockpiles of missiles, fighter aircraft, battle tanks and small arms were available for sale.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How did the brokers hide what they were doing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"They used forged end-user certificates that falsely named countries not subject to sanctions as the destination, and routed deals through overseas subsidiaries of Greenhalgh&rsquo;s Airservices group of companies, registered in the UK, Greece, North Macedonia and South Sudan.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does UK arms law apply to deals done abroad?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. UK trade controls follow the individual, not the company registration. 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Details and current pricing are on the MiGFlug flights and prices page.\"}}]}<\/script><div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/the-civilians-paid-to-fly-enemy-jets-against-the-us-navy\/\">The Civilians Paid to Fly Enemy Jets Against the US Navy<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/rhodesian-air-force-sanctions-embargo-1965-1980\/\">How Rhodesia Kept an Air Force Under Embargo<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21 in the Aircraft Encyclopedia<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>David Greenhalgh brokered ex-Soviet fighter aircraft and missiles into Sudan, South Sudan and Libya on forged paperwork. Southwark Crown Court gave him sixteen years.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":24413710,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[664,670],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24414095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-military-aviation","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Arms Broker Jailed Over Libya and Sudan Jet Deals | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"David Greenhalgh got 16 years for brokering ex-Soviet fighter jets and missiles into Sudan, South Sudan and Libya on forged end-user certificates.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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