{"id":14701777,"date":"2026-08-21T14:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-21T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/?p=14701777"},"modified":"2026-08-24T16:58:02","modified_gmt":"2026-08-24T14:58:02","slug":"avro-arrow-engineers-nasa-apollo-diaspora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/avro-arrow-engineers-nasa-apollo-diaspora\/","title":{"rendered":"How a Dead Canadian Jet Reached the Moon"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\r\n<p>On the morning of 20 February 1959, a factory outside Toronto was building the most advanced interceptor in the Western world. By that afternoon it was building nothing at all. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker had risen in the House of Commons and killed the Avro Arrow with a sentence, and 14,528 people went home that evening without jobs.<\/p>\r\n<p>What happened next is the part the legend usually skips. The Arrows were cut up for scrap. The engineers were not. Within weeks, a few dozen of the sharpest minds in Canadian aviation packed their families into cars and drove south to a tiny, overstretched NASA outfit in Virginia that was trying, against the clock and the Soviets, to put a human being into space.<\/p>\r\n<p>This is not the story of the jet. It is the story of the people who walked out of its wreckage, and ended up drawing the spacecraft that reached the Moon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f5f5f5;padding:20px;border-radius:8px;margin:24px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;font-size:18px;color:#222\">Datos r\u00e1pidos<\/p><table style=\"width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px\"><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Aeronave<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow, a Mach 2-class delta interceptor<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Cancelled<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">20 February 1959, remembered in Canada as Black Friday<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Destino<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">Every airframe, engine, jig and drawing ordered scrapped within two months<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Jobs lost<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">14,528 at Avro, plus nearly 15,000 more across the supply chain<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Where the talent went<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">About 32 Avro engineers recruited into NASA's Space Task Group<\/td><\/tr><tr><td style=\"padding:6px 12px 6px 0;font-weight:600;color:#333;vertical-align:top;white-space:nowrap\">Legado<\/td><td style=\"padding:6px 0;color:#444\">Ex-Arrow men helped design Gemini and the Apollo Lunar Module<\/td><\/tr><\/table><\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The jet that was too good to die quietly<\/h2>\r\n<p>Some context, briefly, because the Arrow deserves it. The CF-105 was a big, white, razor-edged delta designed to scramble into the Arctic night and knock down Soviet bombers before they reached Canadian cities. It was the ambitious successor to Avro Canada's workmanlike subsonic <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/avro-cf-100-canuck-clunk-interceptor\/\">CF-100 Canuck<\/a>, and it was genuinely ahead of its time: a fly-by-wire control system, a computerised weapons system, and, once the home-grown Orenda Iroquois engines were fitted, the potential to hold Mach 2 at altitudes where most fighters of the day ran out of breath.<\/p>\r\n<p>The trouble was money and timing. By the late 1950s the threat was shifting from crewed bombers to intercontinental ballistic missiles, and a gold-plated manned interceptor started to look like an answer to a question nobody was asking any more. Washington was nudging Ottawa toward cheaper Bomarc missiles. The Arrow, brilliant and expensive, was living on borrowed time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img data-opt-id=1746629535  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:0e0_.b970\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:mauto\/ig:avif\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/08\/avro-arrow-engineers-nasa-apollo-diaspora-img1-1.jpg\" alt=\"The Orenda Iroquois turbojet in a NACA propulsion test chamber, 1957\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">The Arrow's Orenda Iroquois engine under test at NACA's Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory in 1957. Photo: NASA Glenn Research Center, public domain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<p>Even so, almost nobody at Avro thought the axe would fall the way it did. Management expected the programme to limp on at least until a scheduled defence review that March. Instead the cancellation arrived without warning on a Friday and took the whole thing down at once.<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Black Friday, and the order to erase<\/h2>\r\n<p>The cancellation became known simply as Black Friday in the Canadian aviation industry, and the aftermath was brutal in a way that still stings north of the border. It was not enough to stop the programme; the programme had to disappear. Within two months of the announcement, cabinet and the chiefs of staff ordered every completed aircraft, every engine, all the production tooling and the technical data destroyed.<\/p>\r\n<p>The official reason was security, the destruction of classified material, with later accounts pointing to fears that a Soviet mole had burrowed into Avro. Whatever the true motive, the result was the same: torches, saws and scrap dealers turned a national achievement into metal offcuts. A cockpit, a nose section and a couple of wing panels survive in Ottawa. That is more or less it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;The main message is that Canadians are capable of going into a world of projects, like Apollo, and holding their own and making a contribution. I think the message is that they can work side-by-side with the best of the world.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Chris Gainor<\/strong> &mdash; Aerospace historian, author of Arrows to the Moon<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>What could not be scrapped was the talent. Avro's engineering department was one of the deepest pools of aerospace expertise anywhere outside the United States, and on that Friday afternoon it was suddenly, catastrophically unemployed. The question was where all that brainpower would go.<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">A phone call to Virginia<\/h2>\r\n<p>The answer began with a phone call. NASA was barely five months old, and its Space Task Group, the small band charged with flying Americans into space on Project Mercury, was desperately short-handed, with only around 150 engineers on the books in early 1959. Its boss, Robert Gilruth, had followed the Arrow's development and knew exactly what kind of work Avro did.<\/p>\r\n<p>Avro's chief engineer Bob Lindley and chief of technical design Jim Chamberlin knew Gilruth from their aviation days, and they called him to ask whether NASA might have room for some of their people. It did. NASA officials flew up to Malton, sifted around 400 applications, interviewed 100 candidates on 14 March 1959, and made 32 job offers. Twenty-five were accepted that spring; the Avro contingent inside the Space Task Group eventually numbered about 32 engineers and technicians.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LsFqp7WWrrE\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin-top:-8px\">CBC's The National on the Avro Arrow and the wound its cancellation left behind.<\/p>\r\n<p>In Canada this exodus is still mourned as the brain drain, the moment a country trained a generation of world-class engineers and then handed them, gift-wrapped, to its neighbour. From NASA's side of the border it looked rather different. It looked like the best hiring windfall in the agency's short history.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZRVsa4s6GUM\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin-top:-8px\">From Dark Day to Giant Leap: how Avro's engineers joined NASA and helped reach the Moon.<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">From interceptor to spacecraft<\/h2>\r\n<p>Here is where the story earns its telling, because these were not anonymous seat-fillers. Jim Chamberlin rose to become chief engineer of Mercury, then designed the two-seat Gemini spacecraft that taught America how to rendezvous, dock and walk in space, the rehearsals without which Apollo was impossible. He also became an early and vocal supporter of Lunar Orbit Rendezvous, the counter-intuitive scheme, championed by NASA's John Houbolt, of flying two linked spacecraft to the Moon and sending only a small lander down to the surface. That decision defined the shape of the entire Apollo mission.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img data-opt-id=2118010290  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:0e0_.b970\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:mauto\/ig:avif\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/08\/avro-arrow-engineers-nasa-apollo-diaspora-img2-1.jpg\" alt=\"The Apollo 11 Lunar Module Eagle in lunar orbit\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Apollo 11's Lunar Module Eagle in lunar orbit, a spacecraft whose engineering office was run by ex-Arrow engineer Owen Maynard. Photo: NASA, public domain.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n<p>Owen Maynard, a young stress engineer from Sarnia, was among the first at NASA to seriously sketch out what a lunar lander would even look like. He went on to run the Lunar Module engineering office within the Apollo Program Office and to oversee the systems engineering that made the whole spacecraft stack hang together.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #1565c0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;These men were a God-send to NASA.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Robert Gilruth<\/strong> &mdash; Director of NASA's Space Task Group (as recorded by the Canada Aviation and Space Museum)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p>The others fanned out across every corner of the programme. Bryan Erb designed the ablative heat shield that let the command module survive re-entry. Tecwyn Roberts became NASA's first flight dynamics officer on Mercury and later director of networks at the Goddard Space Flight Center. John Hodge became one of NASA's first flight directors, taking his turn in the hot seat in Mission Control. An interceptor that never entered service had, in effect, seeded an entire spacefaring institution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/F4z5-l7u2Uo\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin-top:-8px\">The History Guy on the Avro Arrow, the interceptor Canada built and then erased.<\/p>\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The loss that became a moonshot<\/h2>\r\n<p>It is tempting to tie this up as tidy irony, Canada's disaster, America's triumph, but the truth is a little richer and a lot more human. These were people who lost their jobs in a single afternoon, uprooted their families, and chose to bet everything on a fledgling agency that might itself be cancelled within months. That it was not, and that they helped make sure it was not, is the quiet heart of the whole affair.<\/p>\r\n<p>When Buzz Aldrin stepped onto the Sea of Tranquility in July 1969, the lander beneath his boots and the mission plan that put it there both carried the fingerprints of engineers who had once bent their talents to a Canadian interceptor in a factory near Toronto. The Arrow itself was reduced to scrap. The minds that built it were not, and that, in the end, is the flight it actually completed.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-style:italic;color:#777;font-size:14px;margin-top:28px\">Sources: Wikipedia (Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow; Space Task Group), Ingenium Canada \/ Canada Aviation and Space Museum, SpaceQ, Chris Gainor's Arrows to the Moon<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Publicaciones relacionadas<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/avro-cf-100-canuck-clunk-interceptor\/\">The Clunk: Canada's Cold War Watchdog<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/bombardero-avro-vulcan-delta-v-aullido\/\">El Avro Vulcan: El Delta que aull\u00f3<\/a><\/p><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On the morning of 20 February 1959, a factory outside Toronto was building the most advanced interceptor in the Western world. By that afternoon it was building nothing at all. Prime Minister John Diefenbaker had risen in the House of Commons and killed the Avro Arrow with a sentence, and 14,528 people went home that [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":14701739,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[666,664],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14701777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-and-legends","category-military-aviation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Avro Arrow Engineers Who Reached the Moon<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When Canada scrapped the Avro Arrow in 1959, about 32 of its engineers joined NASA and helped design the Apollo Lunar Module.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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