﻿{"id":24622022,"date":"2026-09-25T11:34:11","date_gmt":"2026-09-25T09:34:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/hawker-siddeley-p-1154-supersonic-harrier-cancelled-1965\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T11:34:48","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T09:34:48","slug":"hawker-siddeley-p-1154-supersonic-harrier-cancelled-1965","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/hawker-siddeley-p-1154-supersonic-harrier-cancelled-1965\/","title":{"rendered":"Hawker Siddeley P.1154: The Supersonic Harrier Britain Cancelled"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\r\n\r\n<p>Britain came within one government decision of fielding a supersonic Harrier. Not a paper study: a funded aircraft with an engine on a test stand and three airframes being built. It was called the Hawker Siddeley P.1154, and the reason it does not exist is not that the engineering failed. It is that two customers wanted two different aeroplanes and a minister insisted they have the same one.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f1f3f6;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:18px 22px;margin:26px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;color:#0d1117;font-size:17px\">Quick Facts<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:20px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7;color:#333\"><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Aircraft:<\/strong> Hawker Siddeley P.1154, a supersonic vertical and short takeoff strike fighter<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Origins:<\/strong> Work on a supersonic P.1127 derivative, the P.1150, began 13 April 1961<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>The competition:<\/strong> NATO Basic Military Requirement 3, issued August 1961<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Result:<\/strong> Judged technical winner of eleven submissions in May 1962, ahead of the Dassault Mirage IIIV<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Engine:<\/strong> Bristol Siddeley BS.100, with plenum chamber burning, selected 25 March 1963; first run 30 October 1964<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Design speed:<\/strong> Mach 1.3 at sea level, Mach 2.0 at altitude, ceiling 49,000 feet<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>Cancelled:<\/strong> 2 February 1965, on the grounds of cost, with at least three prototypes under construction<\/li><li style=\"margin:0 0 6px\"><strong>What survived:<\/strong> The subsonic P.1127 line, which became the Harrier. The name Harrier had been reserved for the P.1154<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The idea: an afterburner for the cold air<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The Harrier&rsquo;s Pegasus engine splits its exhaust between four rotating nozzles: two hot at the back, two cold at the front carrying bypass air. That layout works beautifully and caps the aircraft firmly below the speed of sound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Plenum chamber burning was the way through. It is an afterburner that acts only on the bypass air leaving the front nozzles, adding thrust where the aircraft needs it most in the hover and giving enough total thrust for supersonic flight. Bristol Siddeley built it into the BS.100, an engine combining elements of the Olympus and the Orpheus, with rotatable cold jets either side of the compressor and hot jets through a bifurcated tailpipe. The production version was designed to deliver around 150 kilonewtons, roughly 33,000 pounds of thrust.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Bristol first ran a plenum-chamber-burning Pegasus 2 in December 1962. The Minister of Aviation, Julian Amery, selected the BS.100 for the P.1154 on 25 March 1963. The engine itself first ran on 30 October 1964.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It was not a free lunch. Burning fuel in the cold stream and pointing it at the ground produces extraordinary erosion of whatever surface you are hovering over, which was one of the practical problems nobody had fully solved.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/hawker-siddeley-harrier-gr1-vertical-takeoff.jpg\" alt=\"A Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR.1 taking off vertically\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">What Britain got instead: the subsonic Harrier GR.1, developed from the P.1127 after the P.1154 died. It inherited the name that had been reserved for the supersonic aircraft. Photo: Wikimedia Commons, public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Winning a competition that bought nothing<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>NATO issued Basic Military Requirement 3 in August 1961: a supersonic V\/STOL strike fighter with a 460 kilometre combat radius, cruising at Mach 0.92, dashing at Mach 1.5, and able to clear a 15 metre obstacle after a 150 metre takeoff roll carrying 910 kilograms.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Hawker Siddeley submitted the P.1154 in January 1962. By May it had been judged the technical winner from eleven entries, with the Dassault Mirage IIIV named as the secondary design. And then nothing happened, because NATO had no central procurement budget. Winning the competition entitled the aircraft to be bought by individual member nations, and none of them did.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/dassault-mirage-iiiv-flight-testing-1965.jpg\" alt=\"The Dassault Mirage IIIV experimental vertical takeoff fighter during flight testing in 1965\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">The runner-up, the Dassault Mirage IIIV, in flight testing in 1965. It flew, and it too was abandoned. Nobody made supersonic vertical takeoff work in this era. Photo: Wikimedia Commons, public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Two services, one airframe, no chance<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The British programme had already acquired its fatal complication. On 6 December 1961 the P.1154 was designated for joint RAF and Royal Navy development, and by March 1962 the Ministry of Defence was considering it as the replacement for both the RAF&rsquo;s Hawker Hunters and the Navy&rsquo;s de Havilland Sea Vixens.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Those are not the same aeroplane. The RAF wanted a single-seater. The Fleet Air Arm wanted a two-seat interceptor, because intercepting things over the sea at night is a two-person job. Hawker Siddeley sensibly proposed two variants. The Navy then objected to the tandem undercarriage as incompatible with catapult operations, and a tricycle arrangement was accepted instead.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/hawker-p-1154-raf-navy-variant-silhouettes.png\" alt=\"Plan-view silhouettes comparing the RAF and Fleet Air Arm versions of the Hawker P.1154\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Period plan-view silhouettes of the two proposed P.1154 variants, RAF and Fleet Air Arm. The drawing is small because it is one of very few depictions of an aircraft that was never completed. Image: Wikimedia Commons, public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Then, in May 1963, the Secretary of State for Defence, Peter Thorneycroft, insisted on one common aircraft for both services. He had been impressed by the American F-111, which was being sold on exactly that promise of multi-service commonality. The services agreed to complete commonality apart from their radars.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>By July 1963 the weight was climbing because of naval modifications. By August, Hawker Siddeley was warning that the changes were damaging export prospects. The Navy had come to regard the aircraft as a second-rate interceptor; the RAF was openly unhappy about the strike performance it had given up. In October 1963 the Ministry of Aviation concluded that combining the strike and fighter roles in one airframe for both services was unsound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #d32f2f;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;From start to finish the P.1154 programme was a story of delay, ministerial interference and indecision.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Derek Wood<\/strong> &mdash; Aviation historian, on the effect of the single-aircraft policy<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The Sunday Telegraph announced the end of the bi-service aircraft in November 1963. On 26 February 1964 the Conservative government salvaged what it could: a development contract for an RAF-only P.1154 with the BS.100, while the Navy would get Phantoms re-engined with Speys.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #1565c0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;The beginning of the end for the 1154, as the original operation requirement was for joint-service use.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Derek Wood<\/strong> &mdash; Aviation historian, on the February 1964 decision<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Traded for an aeroplane that also died<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>In November 1964 Harold Wilson&rsquo;s incoming Labour government told the Air Staff to prepare to cancel two of its three big development programmes: the P.1154, the BAC TSR-2 and the HS.681 transport. The RAF had to choose, and it chose to protect the TSR-2.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The P.1154 was terminated on 2 February 1965, on the grounds of cost, with at least three prototypes at various stages of construction. The TSR-2 was cancelled on 6 April 1965, nine weeks later.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The RAF bought Phantoms. And the government, in one of the more sensible decisions of the period, funded continued development of the unglamorous subsonic P.1127 instead. That aircraft became the Harrier, served for decades, went to war in the South Atlantic, was bought by the United States Marine Corps, and is the direct ancestor of the lift system on the F-35B.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It also took the name. Harrier had been reserved for the supersonic aeroplane.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Whether the cancellation was a tragedy depends on how much credit you give the engineering. Every other nation that tried supersonic vertical takeoff in this period, including the French with the Mirage IIIV, the Germans with the VJ 101 and later the Soviets with the Yak-41, spent a great deal of money and fielded nothing. Britain is the only country that came out of that era with a V\/STOL combat aircraft that actually worked for forty years. It just was not the one it set out to build.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rIjViZGWeiA\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:-10px;font-style:italic\">The P.1154 story in detail, including the engine and the inter-service argument that ended it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RTfwsEmB7CE\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:-10px;font-style:italic\">A 1988 documentary on the Harrier, the aircraft that survived the cull.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oRO-GoBWywY\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:-10px;font-style:italic\">Period 1981 coverage of the Harrier in service, a decade after the P.1154 was abandoned.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Sources: Wikipedia&rsquo;s Hawker Siddeley P.1154 article and its cited sources, including Derek Wood&rsquo;s account of the programme and Tony Buttler on British secret projects; Fleet Air Arm Museum for the surviving BS.100. Note: no photograph of a completed P.1154 exists, because none was finished.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>What was the Hawker Siddeley P.1154?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">A British supersonic vertical and short takeoff strike fighter, designed as a supersonic development of the P.1127 that became the Harrier. It was judged technical winner of NATO Basic Military Requirement 3 in May 1962 and cancelled on 2 February 1965.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why was the P.1154 cancelled?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Officially on the grounds of cost. In practice the programme was wrecked by an attempt to make one airframe serve both the RAF and the Royal Navy, and then finished off when the incoming Labour government forced the RAF to choose between it and the TSR-2.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is plenum chamber burning?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">An afterburner that acts only on the bypass air leaving a vectored-thrust engine&amp;rsquo;s front nozzles. It was how the Bristol Siddeley BS.100 was to give the P.1154 both hover thrust and supersonic speed, at the cost of severe erosion of the surface below.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Did the P.1154 ever fly?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">No. At cancellation at least three prototypes were at various stages of construction and the BS.100 engine had run on a test stand from 30 October 1964, but no complete aircraft was finished and none ever left the ground.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What did Britain build instead of the P.1154?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The RAF bought F-4 Phantom IIs, and the government funded continued development of the subsonic P.1127, which became the Harrier. The name Harrier had originally been reserved for the P.1154.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Did anyone ever build a supersonic vertical takeoff fighter in this era?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">No. France flew the Mirage IIIV and abandoned it, West Germany tried the EWR VJ 101, and the Soviet Union later developed the Yak-41. None entered service. Britain&amp;rsquo;s subsonic Harrier is the only V\/STOL combat aircraft of the period that served for decades.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What happened to the TSR-2 the RAF saved the P.1154 to protect?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">It was cancelled on 6 April 1965, nine weeks after the P.1154 was terminated on 2 February. The RAF gave up one aircraft to save another and lost both.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How fast would the P.1154 have been?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The design figures were Mach 1.3 at sea level and Mach 2.0 at altitude, with a service ceiling of 49,000 feet and Red Top missiles for the interceptor role. These are design targets, never demonstrated in flight.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What was the Hawker Siddeley P.1154?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"A British supersonic vertical and short takeoff strike fighter, designed as a supersonic development of the P.1127 that became the Harrier. It was judged technical winner of NATO Basic Military Requirement 3 in May 1962 and cancelled on 2 February 1965.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why was the P.1154 cancelled?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Officially on the grounds of cost. In practice the programme was wrecked by an attempt to make one airframe serve both the RAF and the Royal Navy, and then finished off when the incoming Labour government forced the RAF to choose between it and the TSR-2.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is plenum chamber burning?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"An afterburner that acts only on the bypass air leaving a vectored-thrust engine&rsquo;s front nozzles. 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The RAF gave up one aircraft to save another and lost both.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How fast would the P.1154 have been?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The design figures were Mach 1.3 at sea level and Mach 2.0 at altitude, with a service ceiling of 49,000 feet and Red Top missiles for the interceptor role. These are design targets, never demonstrated in flight.\"}}]}<\/script><div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/the-tsr-2-the-best-british-aircraft-that-never-served\/\">The TSR-2: The Best British Aircraft That Never Served<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/short-sc-1-vtol-jet-fly-by-wire-xg900-xg905\/\">Short SC.1: Britain&rsquo;s First VTOL Jet, and Early Fly-by-Wire<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/snecma-coleoptere-annular-wing-vtol\/\">France's Flying Barrel That Actually Took Off<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Britain got within one decision of a Mach 2 Harrier: engine on the test stand, three airframes building. Then a minister insisted the RAF and the Navy accept the same aeroplane.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":24621172,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[666,664],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24622022","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-and-legends","category-military-aviation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Hawker Siddeley P.1154: The Supersonic Harrier | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Britain funded a Mach 2 Harrier with the BS.100 engine and three airframes building, then cancelled it in 1965. 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