{"id":31936482,"date":"2026-11-09T11:31:18","date_gmt":"2026-11-09T10:31:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/pzl-p11-polish-gull-wing-fighter-september-1939-pulawski\/"},"modified":"2026-11-09T11:31:47","modified_gmt":"2026-11-09T10:31:47","slug":"pzl-p11-polish-gull-wing-fighter-september-1939-pulawski","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/es\/pzl-p11-polish-gull-wing-fighter-september-1939-pulawski\/","title":{"rendered":"PZL P.11: Poland&rsquo;s Gull-Winged Fighter That Fought in 1939"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\r\n<!-- mfsh:top -->\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n.mfsh-trigger{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;height:44px;padding:0 18px;margin:0 0 26px;border:2px solid 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At a hidden airfield at Balice, just west of the city, two pilots of the 121st Fighter Escadrille ran to their aircraft: Captain Mieczys&#322;aw Medwecki and Second Lieutenant W&#322;adys&#322;aw Gny&#347;. Their fighters were PZL P.11c monoplanes, with open cockpits, fixed landing gear and a distinctive gull wing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Medwecki was shot down by German <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\">Ju 87 Stukas<\/a> moments after takeoff, one of the first Allied airmen to die in the Second World War. Gny&#347; dodged the attack, climbed away and caught two <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/do-17\/\">Dornier Do 17<\/a> bombers heading home. Both went down. They are widely credited as the first Allied aerial victories of the war, scored in a fighter that had been among the most advanced in the world only five years earlier.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f4f6f9;border:1px solid #e2e7ee;padding:18px 22px;margin:22px 0 26px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:700;color:#0d1117\">Quick Facts<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:18px\"><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Type:<\/strong> Single-seat fighter, all-metal gull-wing monoplane<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Designer:<\/strong> Zygmunt Pu&#322;awski, continued by Wsiewo&#322;od Jakimiuk<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>First flight:<\/strong> August 1931<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>In service:<\/strong> From 1934; main variant P.11c<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Engine:<\/strong> Bristol Mercury radial (P.11c), around 600 hp<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Armament:<\/strong> Two 7.92 mm machine guns, four on some aircraft<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>September 1939:<\/strong> Primary Polish fighter; about 120 kills (Polish Aviation Museum)<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Survivors:<\/strong> One P.11c, serial 8.63, in Krak&oacute;w<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Pu&#322;awski&rsquo;s gull wing<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pzl-p-11\/\">PZL P.11<\/a> was the last of a family of fighters drawn by the brilliant young Polish engineer Zygmunt Pu&#322;awski. Starting with the P.1 of 1929, he broke with the wooden biplanes most air forces still flew. His fighters were all-metal monoplanes with a high wing that dipped down where it met the fuselage, giving the pilot a superb view forward and to the sides.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The layout drew so much attention abroad that it became known as the &ldquo;Polish wing&rdquo; or the &ldquo;Pu&#322;awski wing&rdquo;. The wing was skinned in finely corrugated duralumin sheet, strong and light, and the main fuel tank could be jettisoned from the fuselage in case of fire.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/pzl-p11-prototype-orlinski-bajan-1932.jpg\" alt=\"Pilots Jerzy Bajan and Boleslaw Orlinski standing in front of the second PZL P.11 prototype in 1932\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Jerzy Bajan (left) and Boles&#322;aw Orli&#324;ski with the second PZL P.11 prototype in July 1932. Orli&#324;ski flew the first prototype in 1931. Photo: Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe \/ public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Pu&#322;awski did not live to see his best design fly. He was killed in a flying accident in 1931, and engineer Wsiewo&#322;od Jakimiuk carried on the work. The first P.11 prototype flew in August 1931, piloted by Boles&#322;aw Orli&#324;ski, and was shown at the Paris Air Show in December 1934, where it impressed specialists. According to the Polish Aviation Museum, it was technologically several years ahead of contemporary designs.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The best fighter in the world, briefly<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>When the P.11 entered Polish service in 1934, its contemporaries were biplanes such as Britain&rsquo;s <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/gloster-gauntlet\/\">Gloster Gauntlet<\/a> and Germany&rsquo;s <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\">Heinkel He 51<\/a>. For a short time it was arguably the most advanced fighter in service anywhere.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An interim P.11a was followed by the main production model, the P.11c. Its engine sat lower in the nose and the pilot sat further back and higher, both for a better view. Power came from licence-built Bristol Mercury radials of around 600 hp driving a wooden two-bladed propeller, and armament was two 7.92 mm machine guns in the fuselage, with two more in the wings on some aircraft.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0 8px\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qyd4iOPFfkU\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 24px\">A PZL P.11 engine run, taxiing and towing, filmed by the Polish channel Zabytki Nieba.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Romania was the first export customer, ordering 50 P.11b fighters, and the Romanian company IAR went on to build the P.11f under licence. A further development for export, the PZL P.24, sold to several more countries. Other buyers circled too. In the autumn of 1936 the Republican government in Spain tried to buy 36 airframes, according to the Polish Aviation Museum, but Poland&rsquo;s declaration of neutrality in the Spanish Civil War stopped the deal. Greece, Portugal, Yugoslavia and Turkey also showed interest before several of them chose the P.24 instead.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>But aviation was moving fast. By 1937, as other nations introduced low-wing monoplanes with retractable undercarriages and enclosed cockpits, the P.11 was already obsolete.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #d32f2f;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7\"><div><em>&ldquo;Thanks to the skill of the Polish pilots, the &ldquo;Eleven&rdquo; can claim approximately 120 kills.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Polish Aviation Museum, Krak&oacute;w<\/strong> &mdash; Exhibit description of the PZL P.11c<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">September 1939<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Poland knew it. Its intended replacement, the PZL.50 Jastrz&#261;b, was badly delayed, and orders placed abroad for modern fighters were not delivered before the war. As a stopgap, PZL built the P.11g Kobuz, with a more powerful Mercury VIII and an enclosed cockpit. Only the prototype flew before the war, in August 1939, and even it managed only around 390 km\/h. So when Germany invaded on 1 September 1939, the P.11c was still the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/polish-air-force\/\">Polish Air Force<\/a>&rsquo;s primary fighter, alongside a handful of older P.7s.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The odds were brutal. The <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\">Messerschmitt Bf 109<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bf-110\/\">Bf 110<\/a> were much faster and better armed, and even many German bombers could outrun the worn-out P.11s, whose top speed was well under 400 km\/h. Few of the Polish fighters carried radios, so pilots relied on hand signals and pre-arranged manoeuvres. Only about a third of the P.11cs had the extra pair of wing guns. The fighters were split between a Pursuit Brigade defending Warsaw and escadrilles attached to the field armies, so groups of more than twenty aircraft rarely flew together.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/pzl-p11a-before-takeoff-september-1939.jpg\" alt=\"Pilot in the open cockpit of a Polish PZL P.11a fighter with its gull wing and radial engine before takeoff in September 1939\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A P.11a ready for takeoff in September 1939. The open cockpit and fixed, strut-braced undercarriage show how dated the design had become against the Bf 109. Photo: public domain<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>What the P.11 had was agility, a rugged airframe, a good climb rate and the ability to operate from short, rough fields. The squadrons had been dispersed to improvised airfields before the invasion, which saved them from being destroyed on the ground. Polish pilots used every advantage they had, including the superb view from that gull wing.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #1565c0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7\"><div><em>&ldquo;2nd Lt. W&#322;adys&#322;aw Gny&#347; attacked the departing German Dornier bombers and shot down two of them. These were the first Allied aerial victories during the Second World War.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Memorial plaque<\/strong> &mdash; Polish Aviation Museum, unveiled by Stefan Gny&#347; in 2018 (via Aircrew Remembered)<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The results were remarkable for an aircraft so outclassed. The Polish Aviation Museum credits the P.11 with around 120 kills during the September campaign. Losses were heavy too, and by the end of the fighting dozens of surviving P.11s had been flown to Romania, where they were taken over by the Romanian air force.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0 8px\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uYyJuMDEdso\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 24px\">Stefan Gny&#347; tells the story of his father W&#322;adys&#322;aw, the P.11 pilot credited with the first Allied air victories of the war.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The last of the Elevens<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Today only one P.11c survives anywhere. Serial 8.63 flew with the 121st Escadrille of the 2nd Air Regiment in Krak&oacute;w, the same unit as Medwecki and Gny&#347;, and it is now the centrepiece of the Polish Aviation Museum in Krak&oacute;w. In 2018, Gny&#347;&rsquo;s son Stefan unveiled a plaque there honouring both pilots.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0 8px\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nSsB48XsSPM\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n<p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 24px\">Aviation Station Media on the PZL P.11 and its place in Polish aviation history.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The P.11 was a fighter of 1934 thrown into a war of 1939. It could not change the outcome of the invasion, and nobody expected it to. But for a few weeks its pilots made the Luftwaffe pay, in an aircraft that had once shown the rest of the world how a monoplane fighter could look.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p><em>Sources: Wikipedia (PZL P.11; W&#322;adys&#322;aw Gny&#347;), Polish Aviation Museum Krak&oacute;w, Aircrew Remembered, Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Wikimedia Commons<\/em><\/p>\r\n<!-- mfsh:bottom -->\r\n\r\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-trigger mfsh-bottom\" data-mfsh-placement=\"bottom\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><svg><use href=\"#mfsh-i-share\"\/><\/svg>Share this story<\/button>\r\n\r\n<!-- \/mfsh:bottom -->\r\n\r\n\r\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>What was the PZL P.11?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The PZL P.11 was a Polish single-seat fighter designed by Zygmunt Pulawski, with an all-metal structure and a distinctive gull wing. It first flew in August 1931 and entered service in 1934, when it was arguably the most advanced fighter in the world. It was Poland&rsquo;s primary fighter in September 1939.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why does the PZL P.11 have a gull wing?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The PZL P.11&rsquo;s high-mounted gull wing, known abroad as the Polish wing or Pulawski wing, dipped down where it met the fuselage. This gave the pilot an excellent view forward and to the sides while keeping the wing aerodynamically clean, a major advantage in the early 1930s when most fighters were still biplanes.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How did the PZL P.11 perform in September 1939?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">By September 1939 the PZL P.11 was outclassed by the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 and slower than many German bombers. Its agility, ruggedness, climb rate and good cockpit view still allowed Polish pilots to fight back, and the Polish Aviation Museum credits the type with around 120 kills.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who scored the first Allied air victory of World War II?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Second Lieutenant Wladyslaw Gnys of the 121st Fighter Escadrille is widely credited with the first Allied aerial victories of the Second World War. On 1 September 1939, flying a PZL P.11c from Balice near Krakow, he shot down two German Dornier Do 17 bombers.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does any PZL P.11 survive today?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Only one PZL P.11c survives. Serial 8.63 served with the 121st Escadrille of the 2nd Air Regiment in Krakow and is now the most valuable exhibit at the Polish Aviation Museum in Krakow, the only surviving Polish fighter from the September 1939 campaign.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who flew the PZL P.11 besides Poland?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Romania was the PZL P.11&rsquo;s only export customer. It ordered 50 P.11b fighters from Poland, and the Romanian company IAR built the improved P.11f under licence. Dozens of Polish P.11s flown to Romania at the end of the September 1939 campaign were also taken over by the Romanian air force.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What was the PZL P.11?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The PZL P.11 was a Polish single-seat fighter designed by Zygmunt Pulawski, with an all-metal structure and a distinctive gull wing. It first flew in August 1931 and entered service in 1934, when it was arguably the most advanced fighter in the world. It was Poland\u2019s primary fighter in September 1939.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why does the PZL P.11 have a gull wing?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The PZL P.11\u2019s high-mounted gull wing, known abroad as the Polish wing or Pulawski wing, dipped down where it met the fuselage. This gave the pilot an excellent view forward and to the sides while keeping the wing aerodynamically clean, a major advantage in the early 1930s when most fighters were still biplanes.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How did the PZL P.11 perform in September 1939?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"By September 1939 the PZL P.11 was outclassed by the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Bf 110 and slower than many German bombers. Its agility, ruggedness, climb rate and good cockpit view still allowed Polish pilots to fight back, and the Polish Aviation Museum credits the type with around 120 kills.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who scored the first Allied air victory of World War II?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Second Lieutenant Wladyslaw Gnys of the 121st Fighter Escadrille is widely credited with the first Allied aerial victories of the Second World War. On 1 September 1939, flying a PZL P.11c from Balice near Krakow, he shot down two German Dornier Do 17 bombers.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does any PZL P.11 survive today?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Only one PZL P.11c survives. Serial 8.63 served with the 121st Escadrille of the 2nd Air Regiment in Krakow and is now the most valuable exhibit at the Polish Aviation Museum in Krakow, the only surviving Polish fighter from the September 1939 campaign.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who flew the PZL P.11 besides Poland?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Romania was the PZL P.11\u2019s only export customer. It ordered 50 P.11b fighters from Poland, and the Romanian company IAR built the improved P.11f under licence. Dozens of Polish P.11s flown to Romania at the end of the September 1939 campaign were also taken over by the Romanian air force.\"}}]}<\/script><div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/pzl-50-jastrzab-polish-fighter-1939\/\">PZL.50 Jastrz&#261;b: The Modern Fighter Poland Never Got to Use<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/witold-urbanowicz-303-squadron-china\/\">The Pole Who Fought Two Empires<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/the-few-how-3000-fighter-pilots-saved-western-civilisation-in-1940\/\">The Few: How 3,000 Fighter Pilots Saved Western Civilisation in 1940<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/faith-hope-charity-malta-gladiators-1940\/\">Three Biplanes Against an Air Force<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The PZL P.11 was among the world&rsquo;s most advanced fighters in 1934. By September 1939 it was outclassed, but Polish pilots still scored the first Allied air victories in it.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":31936379,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[666,664],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31936482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-and-legends","category-military-aviation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>PZL P.11: Poland&#039;s Gull-Winged Fighter of 1939 | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"PZL P.11: the Polish gull-wing fighter that faced the Luftwaffe in September 1939 and is credited with the first Allied air victories of the war.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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