{"id":210694,"date":"2026-04-04T16:22:10","date_gmt":"2026-04-04T14:22:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/?p=210694"},"modified":"2026-09-04T09:40:55","modified_gmt":"2026-09-04T07:40:55","slug":"malconcio-ma-ancora-attivo-allinterno-della-rete-di-difesa-aerea-iraniana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/it\/battered-but-biting-inside-irans-air-defence-network\/","title":{"rendered":"Malconcio ma implacabile: uno sguardo all&#039;interno della rete di difesa aerea iraniana"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\n<!-- mfsh:top -->\n\n<style>\n.mfsh-trigger{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;height:44px;padding:0 18px;margin:0 0 26px;border:2px solid 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Tehran calls it the equal of Russia's S-300 \u2014 and claims the upgraded Bavar-373-II can reach targets at 300 km. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<em>Related: <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/first-shootdown-in-23-years-what-it-reveals-about-irans-air-defences\/\">First Shootdown in 23 Years \u2014 What It Reveals About Iran\u2019s Air Defences<\/a><\/em>\n\nFive weeks into Operation Epic Fury, the Pentagon declared air superiority over Iran. Thirteen thousand sorties. Twelve thousand targets destroyed. An 83 percent reduction in Iranian drone attacks and a 90 percent decline in ballistic missile capability, according to Navy Admiral Brad Cooper. By every metric, Iran\u2019s air defence network had been shattered.\n\nThen, on April 3, an <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-15e-strike-eagle\">F-15E<\/a> Strike Eagle fell out of the sky over western Iran. And with it fell the assumption that shattered means dead.\n\nIran\u2019s air defence network is not what it was six weeks ago. But it is not gone. Understanding what survived \u2014 and why \u2014 explains how a country that has lost most of its fixed radar sites and strategic SAM batteries can still bring down a fourth-generation American fighter.\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Russian Backbone: S-300PMU-2<\/h2>\n\nThe cornerstone of Iran\u2019s strategic air defence arrived in 2016, when Moscow delivered four batteries of the S-300PMU-2 \u2014 NATO designation SA-20B. The system fires the 48N6E2 missile, capable of engaging aircraft, cruise missiles, and some ballistic targets at ranges up to 200 kilometres and altitudes above 25 kilometres.\n\nFour batteries is not many. Russia, by comparison, fields hundreds. But Iran positioned them carefully: around Tehran, Isfahan, and its nuclear enrichment facilities at Natanz and Fordow. Commercial satellite imagery from Planet Labs and Airbus, collected in February 2026, showed the launchers being repositioned as US strikes intensified \u2014 a sign that at least some batteries survived the opening salvos.\n\nThe S-300\u2019s greatest strength is its proven track record. Variants of this system have been exported to over a dozen countries and tested in real combat. Its greatest weakness in Iranian hands is scarcity. Four batteries cannot cover a country of 1.6 million square kilometres. Once located, they can be targeted. And the US has spent decades developing tactics specifically designed to kill S-300s.\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/3\/3c\/UA_S-300_firing.jpg\/960px-UA_S-300_firing.jpg\" alt=\"S-300 surface-to-air missile system launching\" style=\"display:block;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">An S-300 system launches a missile. Iran received four batteries of the S-300PMU-2 from Russia in 2016, giving it a proven long-range SAM capable of engaging targets at 200 km. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Homegrown Contender: Bavar-373<\/h2>\n\nWhen international sanctions delayed the S-300 delivery for years, Iran did what it has done across its entire defence sector: built its own. The Bavar-373 is Tehran\u2019s flagship indigenous long-range SAM, built around the Sayyad-4 interceptor and guided by the Meraj-4 active electronically scanned array radar.\n\nIranian officials claim the system matches or exceeds the S-300\u2019s capabilities. The baseline Bavar-373 reportedly engages targets at 200 kilometres. An upgraded variant, the Bavar-373-II, uses the Sayyad-4B missile to extend that envelope to 300 kilometres \u2014 putting it in the same class, on paper, as Russia\u2019s S-400.\n\nHow much of that is real and how much is propaganda is an open question. Iran\u2019s defence industry has a track record of overstating capabilities. But at least two operational Bavar-373 batteries exist, and the system has been paraded extensively. Even if its performance falls short of the claims, it adds another layer of radar coverage and missile threat that US mission planners cannot ignore.\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Mobile Middle Layer<\/h2>\n\nBetween the long-range umbrellas and the foot soldiers with shoulder-fired missiles sits a dense middle layer of medium- and short-range systems. This is where Iran\u2019s investment in domestic production pays dividends \u2014 and where the maths of suppression become brutal for an attacker.\n\nThe Khordad-15 is the most capable of the medium-range systems. It is fully mobile, radar-integrated, and designed to engage multiple targets simultaneously at ranges up to 150 kilometres. Unlike the S-300 or Bavar-373, which protect fixed strategic sites, the Khordad-15 can relocate within minutes. It was designed, in part, to counter exactly the kind of air campaign now being waged against Iran.\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/thumb\/6\/6c\/2021_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_in_Tehran_%28020%29.jpg\/960px-2021_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Day_in_Tehran_%28020%29.jpg\" alt=\"Iranian air defense systems on parade in Tehran\" style=\"display:block;width:100%!important;max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Iranian air defence hardware on parade in Tehran. The country has invested heavily in mobile systems designed to survive the opening wave of an air campaign. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\nBelow the Khordad sit the Mersad batteries \u2014 Iran\u2019s modernised version of the American MIM-23 Hawk, a system the Shah purchased before the 1979 revolution. With an estimated 150 or more launchers in service, the Mersad network is the workhorse of Iranian medium-range air defence. It is old technology, but it is plentiful, and quantity has a quality all its own.\n\nThen there is the Tor-M1, a Russian-supplied short-range system optimised for low-altitude threats, plus a growing fleet of domestically developed point-defence weapons: the Azarakhsh, Zubin, Ya Zahra-3, and Herz-9. None of these will stop an <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-15-eagle\">F-15<\/a> at altitude. All of them can kill a helicopter, a drone, or a low-flying strike aircraft pressing an attack.\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The MANPADS Problem<\/h2>\n\nAt the bottom of the pyramid \u2014 and arguably the top of the threat \u2014 sit the man-portable air defence systems. MANPADS are shoulder-fired, heat-seeking missiles that a single operator can carry, hide, and launch with almost no warning. They require no radar. They emit no signal before firing. They are, for all practical purposes, invisible.\n\nAnalysts at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and the Center for Strategic and International Studies assessed that a MANPADS \u2014 not a fixed SAM \u2014 most likely brought down the F-15E on April 3. The logic is straightforward: as the US has destroyed Iran\u2019s fixed radar sites and strategic batteries, American aircraft have descended to lower altitudes to prosecute ground targets more effectively. Lower altitude means shorter range to the ground. And shorter range is exactly where MANPADS live.\n\nThis is the paradox of a successful SEAD campaign. The more you destroy the high-altitude threat, the lower your aircraft fly. The lower they fly, the more exposed they become to the cheapest, most dispersed, most survivable weapon in the enemy\u2019s arsenal. A disabled air defence system is not a destroyed air defence system, as one analyst put it. And a man with a missile tube on a hillside is the hardest target of all.\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Designed to Survive<\/h2>\n\nIran\u2019s air defence doctrine was not designed to stop the US Air Force. It was designed to survive it.\n\nThe country\u2019s planners studied what happened to Iraq in 1991 and 2003, to Libya in 2011, and to Serbia in 1999. In each case, centralised, fixed air defence networks were located, jammed, and systematically destroyed in the opening hours of an air campaign. Iran drew the obvious conclusion: do not be centralised. Do not be fixed.\n\nThe result is a defence network that trades peak performance for survivability. Mobile launchers that relocate after every engagement. Decentralised command structures that allow batteries to operate independently if communications are cut. Camouflaged positions, decoys, and an emphasis on dispersal over concentration. It is not the most lethal air defence in the world. But it may be the most persistent.\n\nJustin Bronk of the Royal United Services Institute noted that even after a highly effective suppression campaign, there is not a complete absence of threat over Iran. Residual mobile systems and MANPADS continue to operate. The threat is degraded, not eliminated \u2014 and the distinction matters when pilots are flying over hostile territory every day.\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">What This Means for the Air Campaign<\/h2>\n\nThe US will continue to fly over Iran. The loss of an F-15E and an <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/a-10-warthog\">A-10<\/a> in a single day does not change the strategic calculus \u2014 13,000 sorties with two confirmed shootdowns is a loss rate that any air force in history would accept. But it changes the political calculus. And it changes the experience of every pilot strapping into a cockpit for a mission over Iranian airspace.\n\nAir superiority does not mean zero risk, as retired Lieutenant General David Deptula of the Mitchell Institute put it. It means the ability to operate despite the risk. The question now is whether the American public \u2014 accustomed to two decades of bloodless air wars \u2014 can accept that definition. And whether Iran\u2019s battered, dispersed, but still lethal air defences can extract a price high enough to matter.\n\nThe network is damaged. It is not dead. And in a war of attrition, that difference is everything.\n\n<em>Sources: Defense Express, Army Recognition, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, Air & Space Forces Magazine, Military.com, National Defense Magazine, RUSI<\/em>\n\n<!-- mf-faq -->\n\n<div class=\"mf-faq-block\"><style>.mf-faq-block{margin:34px 0}.mf-faq-item:not([open]) .mf-faq-answer{display:none !important}.mf-faq-block h2.mf-faq-h{padding-top:22px;margin-bottom:14px}.mf-faq-item{border:1px solid #e2e8f5;border-radius:8px;margin:0 0 10px;background:#fff}.mf-faq-item summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;padding:15px 50px 15px 18px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a;position:relative;line-height:1.45;user-select:none}.mf-faq-item summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mf-faq-item summary::after{content:\"+\";position:absolute;right:18px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:1.5em;font-weight:400;color:#5C91FF;line-height:1}.mf-faq-item[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mf-faq-item[open] summary{border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f8}.mf-faq-item summary:hover{background:#f5f8ff}.mf-faq-answer{padding:14px 18px;color:#333;line-height:1.6}.mf-faq-answer p{margin:0}.mf-faq-answer a{color:#5C91FF}<\/style><h2 class=\"mf-faq-h\">Related Questions<\/h2><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What air defences does Iran have?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Iran operates a layered air defence network: long-range systems like the Russian S-300PMU-2 and indigenous Bavar-373 (200\u2013300 km), medium-range Khordad-15 and Mersad, and short-range Tor-M1 and Ya Zahra-3 batteries, backed by widespread shoulder-fired MANPADS. The doctrine is dispersed and mobile, built to survive an opening strike.<\/p>\n<!-- mfsh:bottom -->\n\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-trigger mfsh-bottom\" data-mfsh-placement=\"bottom\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><svg><use href=\"#mfsh-i-share\"\/><\/svg>Share this story<\/button>\n\n<!-- \/mfsh:bottom -->\n<\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What is the Bavar-373?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>The Bavar-373 is Iran's domestically built long-range surface-to-air missile system, which Tehran presents as a rival to Russia's S-300. Iran claims the upgraded Bavar-373-II can engage targets out to about 300 km, making it the backbone of its indigenous air defence.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What is the S-300 and does Iran have it?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>The S-300 is a Russian long-range surface-to-air missile system; Iran received four batteries of the S-300PMU-2 (NATO designation SA-20B) in 2016. Firing the 48N6E2 missile, it can engage aircraft and cruise missiles out to 200 km and above 25 km altitude, and was positioned around Tehran, Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>Did US and Israeli strikes destroy Iran's air defences?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Not entirely. Despite the Pentagon declaring air superiority after roughly 13,000 sorties, Iran's mobile launchers and MANPADS survived well enough to keep fighting \u2014 even <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/first-shootdown-in-23-years-what-it-reveals-about-irans-air-defences\/\">shooting down an American fighter<\/a>. Fixed radar sites and strategic batteries were hit hardest.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What are MANPADS?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>MANPADS are man-portable air-defence systems \u2014 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles. Cheap, mobile and easy to hide, they are nearly impossible for a suppression campaign to eliminate, and they are assessed as a likely weapon behind <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/two-down-in-one-day-f-15e-and-a-10-lost-over-iran\/\">manned aircraft losses over Iran<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What is Iran's air defence doctrine?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Iran follows a layered, dispersed, mobile-first doctrine designed to survive an opening strike and keep fighting. By spreading mobile launchers and relying heavily on MANPADS, it accepts the loss of fixed sites while preserving enough survivable assets to threaten attacking aircraft.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What air defences does Iran have?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Iran operates a layered air defence network: long-range systems like the Russian S-300PMU-2 and indigenous Bavar-373 (200\u2013300 km), medium-range Khordad-15 and Mersad, and short-range Tor-M1 and Ya Zahra-3 batteries, backed by widespread shoulder-fired MANPADS. The doctrine is dispersed and mobile, built to survive an opening strike.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the Bavar-373?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Bavar-373 is Iran's domestically built long-range surface-to-air missile system, which Tehran presents as a rival to Russia's S-300. Iran claims the upgraded Bavar-373-II can engage targets out to about 300 km, making it the backbone of its indigenous air defence.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the S-300 and does Iran have it?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The S-300 is a Russian long-range surface-to-air missile system; Iran received four batteries of the S-300PMU-2 (NATO designation SA-20B) in 2016. Firing the 48N6E2 missile, it can engage aircraft and cruise missiles out to 200 km and above 25 km altitude, and was positioned around Tehran, Isfahan, Natanz and Fordow.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Did US and Israeli strikes destroy Iran's air defences?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Not entirely. Despite the Pentagon declaring air superiority after roughly 13,000 sorties, Iran's mobile launchers and MANPADS survived well enough to keep fighting \u2014 even <a href=\\\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/first-shootdown-in-23-years-what-it-reveals-about-irans-air-defences\/\\\">shooting down an American fighter<\/a>. Fixed radar sites and strategic batteries were hit hardest.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What are MANPADS?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"MANPADS are man-portable air-defence systems \u2014 shoulder-fired surface-to-air missiles. Cheap, mobile and easy to hide, they are nearly impossible for a suppression campaign to eliminate, and they are assessed as a likely weapon behind <a href=\\\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/two-down-in-one-day-f-15e-and-a-10-lost-over-iran\/\\\">manned aircraft losses over Iran<\/a>.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is Iran's air defence doctrine?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Iran follows a layered, dispersed, mobile-first doctrine designed to survive an opening strike and keep fighting. By spreading mobile launchers and relying heavily on MANPADS, it accepts the loss of fixed sites while preserving enough survivable assets to threaten attacking aircraft.\"}}]}<\/script><!-- \/mf-faq -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Share this story Quick Facts Long-Range SAMs S-300PMU-2 (Russian, 200 km range) and Bavar-373 (indigenous, 200\u2013300 km range) Medium-Range SAMs Khordad-15 (150 km), Mersad (modernised MIM-23 Hawk), Talash family (60\u2013200 km) Short-Range \/ Point Defence Tor-M1, Azarakhsh, Zubin, Ya Zahra-3, Herz-9 \u2014 plus widespread MANPADS Doctrine Layered, dispersed, mobile-first \u2014 designed to survive an opening [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":210696,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[664,670],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-210694","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-military-aviation","category-news"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Battered but Biting: Inside Iran&#039;s Air Defence Network<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Iran&#039;s air defences are damaged but not dead. 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