{"id":24891127,"date":"2026-09-26T16:54:43","date_gmt":"2026-09-26T14:54:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/radar-horizon-why-flying-under-the-radar-is-literal\/"},"modified":"2026-09-26T16:55:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-26T14:55:36","slug":"radar-horizon-why-flying-under-the-radar-is-literal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/it\/radar-horizon-why-flying-under-the-radar-is-literal\/","title":{"rendered":"Radar Horizon: Why Flying Under the Radar Is Literal"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\r\n\r\n<p>&ldquo;Flying under the radar&rdquo; is one of the few pieces of aviation slang that means exactly what it says. It is not a metaphor about avoiding attention. It is a statement about geometry, and the geometry is unforgiving in both directions.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Ask how far a military radar can see and you will get an answer in hundreds of kilometres. That answer is almost always wrong for the case that matters, because the number people quote is a power figure and the thing that usually stops a radar first is the curve of the Earth.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>A radar set can be as powerful as you like. If the target is below the horizon, none of that power reaches it. And the horizon is much closer than most people expect.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f5f7fa;border:1px solid #dfe5ee;padding:18px 22px;margin:28px 0\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;color:#222;font-size:17px\">Quick Facts<\/p>\r\n<ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:20px;color:#333;line-height:1.7\">\r\n<li><strong>The rule of thumb:<\/strong> radar horizon in nautical miles is roughly 1.23 times the square root of height in feet, for radar and target added together<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Why not the true horizon:<\/strong> the atmosphere bends radio waves downward, so radar engineers use an effective Earth radius of 4\/3 the real one<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>The standard value:<\/strong> ITU-R Recommendation P.834-9 gives an effective Earth radius factor of k = 4\/3 below 1,000 m<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Ground radar, 100 ft antenna, target at 100 ft:<\/strong> about 25 nautical miles, or 46 km<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Same radar, target at 30,000 ft:<\/strong> about 225 nautical miles, or 417 km &mdash; nine times further for the same transmitter<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>E-3 Sentry:<\/strong> operates above 29,000 ft; the USAF fact sheet quotes detection of low-flying targets at more than 250 miles<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>GlobalEye:<\/strong> Saab publishes detection of low-flying threats beyond 400 km from a 35,000 ft cruise<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>The exception:<\/strong> over-the-horizon radar bounces high-frequency waves off the ionosphere and reaches 1,000 to 3,000 km<\/li>\r\n<li><strong>Ducting:<\/strong> when the refractivity gradient falls below &minus;157 N\/km the atmosphere traps the beam and range goes strange<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Earth gets in the way first<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Radar is line-of-sight. A pulse leaves the antenna, travels in what is very nearly a straight line, hits something and comes back. The Earth, inconveniently, is not flat, so the straight line eventually leaves the surface behind and carries on into empty sky.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>One complication makes it slightly better. The atmosphere is denser near the ground, and that density gradient bends a radio ray gently downward, so it follows the curve of the planet a little further than pure optics would allow. Rather than model the bending, engineers cheat elegantly: keep the ray straight and make the planet flatter. Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 sets the standard effective Earth radius factor at k = 4\/3 for heights below 1,000 metres, which turns a 6,371 km planet into an 8,495 km one.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Run the geometry on that inflated sphere and you get the rule of thumb every radar operator knows. The horizon distance in nautical miles is about 1.23 times the square root of the height in feet. Because both ends matter, you add the radar&rsquo;s figure to the target&rsquo;s: a radar at height H can see a target at height h out to roughly 1.23 times the sum of their square roots.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It is a rule of thumb and deserves to be called one. It assumes a standard atmosphere that the real one frequently ignores, it takes no account of terrain, and it says nothing about whether the return will be strong enough to detect once it gets there. What it does is set a hard ceiling. Beyond that line, transmitter power is irrelevant.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/an-fps-117-ground-radar-1.jpg\" alt=\"A Royal Australian Air Force AN\/TPS-77 transportable air defence radar with its antenna raised\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A Royal Australian Air Force AN\/TPS-77 transportable air defence radar. The height of that antenna above the ground is one of the two numbers that set how far it can see. Photo: Nick-D, CC BY-SA 3.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">What the numbers actually look like<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Put a ground radar antenna 100 feet up &mdash; a respectable mast &mdash; and point it at an aircraft flying at 100 feet. The sum is 1.23 times ten plus ten, which is about 25 nautical miles. Forty-six kilometres. At 500 knots, an aircraft crosses that from first possible detection to overhead in roughly three minutes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Now let the same aircraft climb to 30,000 feet and change nothing else. The horizon becomes 1.23 times ten plus 173, which is about 225 nautical miles, or 417 km. The same radar, the same transmitter, the same everything: nine times the range, bought entirely with altitude.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>That single comparison is the whole of low-level tactics. It is why strike packages went down to 200 feet in the Cold War, why the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/panavia-tornado\/\">Panavia Tornado<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-111-aardvark\/\">F-111<\/a> were built around terrain-following radar, and why the crews practised it obsessively. Descending is not about hiding in the noise. It is about physically putting the curvature of the Earth between yourself and the antenna.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JultKcPcKjk\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Terrain makes it better still. The horizon formula assumes a smooth sphere; real ground has hills, ridges and valleys, and every one of them is an opaque wall to a radar beam. Flying a valley floor with a ridge between you and a known radar site is called terrain masking, and it is far more effective than the raw geometry suggests, because you are no longer waiting for the planet to curve &mdash; you have put a mountain in the way.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/raf-tornado-low-level-st-marys-loch.jpg\" alt=\"An RAF Panavia Tornado GR4 flying low over St Mary&rsquo;s Loch in Scotland\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">An RAF Tornado GR4 at low level over St Mary&rsquo;s Loch. Descending is not about hiding in clutter; it is about putting the curve of the Earth, or a Scottish hill, between the aircraft and the antenna. Photo: Walter Baxter, CC BY-SA 2.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Which is why AWACS exists<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>If the horizon is set by height, and you cannot make the Earth flatter than 4\/3, there is exactly one lever left: put the radar higher. Not on a taller mast &mdash; a mast tall enough to matter is not a mast, it is a mountain. Put it in an aeroplane.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Work the same arithmetic from 29,000 feet against a target at 100 feet and you get about 222 nautical miles, a little over 250 statute miles. The USAF fact sheet for the E-3 Sentry says the aircraft operates above 29,000 feet and that its radar detects low-flying targets at more than 250 miles. Those two numbers are not a coincidence. The quoted performance against a low target is, essentially, the radar horizon.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/e-3-sentry-awacs-mission-1.jpg\" alt=\"A US Air Force Boeing E-3 Sentry AWACS in flight seen from above\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A USAF E-3 Sentry. The rotodome gets the attention, but the decisive number is the altitude underneath it. US Air Force photo.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Saab&rsquo;s GlobalEye makes the same argument in metric. The company publishes detection of low-flying threats beyond 400 km from a cruise around 35,000 feet. The horizon from 35,000 feet against a target at 100 feet works out near 450 km, so the advertised figure sits comfortably inside what the geometry permits rather than straining against it. Manufacturers of airborne early warning aircraft are, in effect, selling altitude.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #1565c0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;surveillance from the Earth&rsquo;s surface up into the stratosphere, over land or water &hellip; detect, identify and track enemy and friendly low-flying aircraft by eliminating ground clutter returns&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>US Air Force E-3 Sentry fact sheet<\/strong> &mdash; official USAF aircraft fact sheet, describing the AN\/APY radar<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ppHYXzbg918\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>There is a second problem that comes with looking down, and it is the one the Sentry&rsquo;s fact sheet quietly boasts about solving: a radar pointed at the ground gets an enormous return from the ground. Separating a low-flying aircraft from that clutter took pulse-Doppler processing, which is a story in itself and one we have already told in <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/how-does-radar-work-pulse-doppler-range-bearing-explained\/\">how radar actually works<\/a>. Geometry gets the beam to the target. Signal processing is what lets you believe the echo.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/oRLLxOwohEM\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">When the atmosphere misbehaves<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The 4\/3 factor is a standard, not a law. Real air departs from it constantly, and when it departs far enough the beam stops behaving.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>ITU-R P.834-9 puts a number on the interesting case: when the vertical refractivity gradient at a given height falls below &minus;157 N\/km, the ray curves more sharply than the Earth does and becomes trapped in a duct. Warm air over a cool sea does this routinely. A radar caught in a duct can detect targets far past its nominal horizon, and can simultaneously go blind to targets above the duct that it would normally see easily.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Operators know this as anomalous propagation, and it is why a coastal radar occasionally paints shipping two hundred miles away on a summer evening and misses an aircraft at twenty. The geometry is not wrong; the atmosphere has temporarily changed the geometry.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The one radar that cheats<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>Everything above assumes the beam travels in a nearly straight line. There is a family of radars that refuses to accept this, and they look like nothing else in the business: over-the-horizon radar, which uses high frequencies and treats the ionosphere as a mirror.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #d32f2f;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;JORN works by refracting high-frequency electromagnetic waves off the ionosphere to &lsquo;see&rsquo; objects thousands of kilometres away that are invisible to conventional radars because of the curvature of the earth&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Defence Science and Technology Group<\/strong> &mdash; Australian Department of Defence, on the Jindalee Operational Radar Network<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>Australia&rsquo;s JORN does wide-area surveillance at ranges of 1,000 to 3,000 km, which is not an improvement on the radar horizon so much as a refusal to play by it. The price is severe: enormous antenna fields, coarse resolution, accuracy measured in kilometres rather than metres, and a dependence on ionospheric conditions that change with the time of day, the season and the solar cycle. It tells you something is out there. It does not give a fighter controller a firing solution.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/duga-over-the-horizon-radar-1.jpg\" alt=\"The abandoned Duga over-the-horizon radar antenna array near Chernobyl in Ukraine\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">The Soviet Duga array at Chernobyl-2, the larger antenna around 150 m high. Over-the-horizon radar buys thousands of kilometres of range and pays for it in size, resolution and dependence on the ionosphere. Photo: Ingmar Runge, CC BY 3.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The Soviet Union built the same idea at Chernobyl-2 and elsewhere, and the enormous Duga arrays are still standing. Shortwave listeners around the world knew the system by the repetitive tapping it put across the bands and nicknamed it the Russian Woodpecker, long before anybody in the West would say publicly what it was.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Why the phrase is literal<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>So the honest answer to &ldquo;how far can radar detect an aircraft&rdquo; is a question in return: how high is the aircraft, and how high is the antenna? Everything else &mdash; transmitter power, antenna gain, processing &mdash; only matters inside the line those two numbers draw.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>That is why airborne early warning aircraft are among the most valuable assets any air force owns, and among the first things anyone plans to shoot at. It is why crews spent decades learning to fly at 200 feet in cloud and at night. And it is why &ldquo;under the radar&rdquo; is not a figure of speech at all. There is a line in the sky, it is drawn by the curve of the planet, and you can get beneath it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><em>Sources: Recommendation ITU-R P.834-9 on the effects of tropospheric refraction; the US Air Force E-3 Sentry fact sheet; Saab&rsquo;s published GlobalEye figures; the Australian Defence Science and Technology Group on the Jindalee Operational Radar Network; Wikipedia (Radar horizon, Over-the-horizon radar).<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>How far can radar detect an aircraft?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">It depends almost entirely on height, not power. Radar is line-of-sight, so the limit is the radar horizon: roughly 1.23 times the square root of the height in feet, in nautical miles, added for radar and target. A ground radar 100 feet up sees a target at 100 feet out to about 25 nautical miles, and the same target at 30,000 feet out to about 225.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is the radar horizon?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The radar horizon is the distance at which the curvature of the Earth puts a target below a radar\u2019s line of sight. Because the atmosphere bends radio waves slightly downward, engineers calculate it using an effective Earth radius of four-thirds the real one, a value standardised in ITU-R Recommendation P.834-9 for heights below 1,000 metres.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Can you really fly under the radar?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Yes, and the phrase is literal. Descending puts the curve of the Earth, or intervening terrain, physically between the aircraft and the antenna, so no amount of transmitter power helps. This is why Cold War strike tactics went down to a few hundred feet and why aircraft such as the Tornado and F-111 were built around terrain-following radar.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why do air forces need AWACS aircraft?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Because the only way to extend a line-of-sight horizon is to raise the radar, and no mast is tall enough. Putting the antenna at 29,000 to 35,000 feet moves the horizon against a low-flying target from around 25 nautical miles to well over 200. Airborne early warning aircraft are, in effect, selling altitude.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How far can an E-3 Sentry see?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The US Air Force fact sheet says the E-3 Sentry operates above 29,000 feet and detects low-flying targets at more than 250 miles. That figure is close to the pure radar horizon from that altitude, which is about 222 nautical miles against a target at 100 feet, so the quoted range is set by geometry rather than transmitter power.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is over-the-horizon radar?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Over-the-horizon radar refracts high-frequency waves off the ionosphere to reach targets beyond the line-of-sight horizon. Australia\u2019s Jindalee Operational Radar Network covers ranges of 1,000 to 3,000 kilometres this way. The trade-offs are enormous antenna fields, coarse accuracy measured in kilometres, and dependence on changing ionospheric conditions.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What is radar ducting?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Ducting happens when the atmosphere bends a radar beam more sharply than the Earth curves, trapping it in a layer near the surface. ITU-R P.834-9 puts the threshold at a vertical refractivity gradient below minus 157 N per kilometre. A ducted radar can see far past its normal horizon while going blind to targets above the duct.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Does terrain masking work better than flying low over the sea?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Usually yes. The radar horizon formula assumes a smooth sphere, but real ground has ridges and valleys that block a beam completely. Flying a valley with high ground between the aircraft and a known radar site removes line of sight immediately, rather than waiting for the planet to curve away over tens of miles.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How far can radar detect an aircraft?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It depends almost entirely on height, not power. Radar is line-of-sight, so the limit is the radar horizon: roughly 1.23 times the square root of the height in feet, in nautical miles, added for radar and target. A ground radar 100 feet up sees a target at 100 feet out to about 25 nautical miles, and the same target at 30,000 feet out to about 225.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the radar horizon?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The radar horizon is the distance at which the curvature of the Earth puts a target below a radar\u2019s line of sight. Because the atmosphere bends radio waves slightly downward, engineers calculate it using an effective Earth radius of four-thirds the real one, a value standardised in ITU-R Recommendation P.834-9 for heights below 1,000 metres.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can you really fly under the radar?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes, and the phrase is literal. Descending puts the curve of the Earth, or intervening terrain, physically between the aircraft and the antenna, so no amount of transmitter power helps. This is why Cold War strike tactics went down to a few hundred feet and why aircraft such as the Tornado and F-111 were built around terrain-following radar.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why do air forces need AWACS aircraft?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because the only way to extend a line-of-sight horizon is to raise the radar, and no mast is tall enough. Putting the antenna at 29,000 to 35,000 feet moves the horizon against a low-flying target from around 25 nautical miles to well over 200. Airborne early warning aircraft are, in effect, selling altitude.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How far can an E-3 Sentry see?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The US Air Force fact sheet says the E-3 Sentry operates above 29,000 feet and detects low-flying targets at more than 250 miles. That figure is close to the pure radar horizon from that altitude, which is about 222 nautical miles against a target at 100 feet, so the quoted range is set by geometry rather than transmitter power.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is over-the-horizon radar?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Over-the-horizon radar refracts high-frequency waves off the ionosphere to reach targets beyond the line-of-sight horizon. Australia\u2019s Jindalee Operational Radar Network covers ranges of 1,000 to 3,000 kilometres this way. The trade-offs are enormous antenna fields, coarse accuracy measured in kilometres, and dependence on changing ionospheric conditions.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is radar ducting?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Ducting happens when the atmosphere bends a radar beam more sharply than the Earth curves, trapping it in a layer near the surface. ITU-R P.834-9 puts the threshold at a vertical refractivity gradient below minus 157 N per kilometre. A ducted radar can see far past its normal horizon while going blind to targets above the duct.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Does terrain masking work better than flying low over the sea?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Usually yes. The radar horizon formula assumes a smooth sphere, but real ground has ridges and valleys that block a beam completely. Flying a valley with high ground between the aircraft and a known radar site removes line of sight immediately, rather than waiting for the planet to curve away over tens of miles.\"}}]}<\/script><div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\">\r\n<p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/how-does-radar-work-pulse-doppler-range-bearing-explained\/\">How Does Radar Work? Pulse-Doppler, Range and Bearing Explained<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/terrain-following-radar-low-level-flight-explained\/\">Terrain-Following Radar: Flying at 200 Feet in the Dark<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/dew-line-distant-early-warning-arctic-radar-history\/\">The DEW Line: A Radar Fence Across the Top of the World<\/a><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/canada-saab-globaleye-term-sheet-six-aircraft-rcaf-2026\/\">Canada Moves Closer to Six Saab GlobalEye Aircraft<\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&ldquo;Flying under the radar&rdquo; is one of the few pieces of aviation slang that means exactly what it says. It is not a metaphor about avoiding attention. It is a statement about geometry, and the geometry is unforgiving in both directions. Ask how far a military radar can see and you will get an answer [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23,"featured_media":24889708,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[665,664],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24891127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aviation-world","category-military-aviation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Radar Horizon: Why You Can Fly Under the Radar | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The radar horizon, not transmitter power, sets how far a radar sees. 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