{"id":22038563,"date":"2026-09-13T13:41:30","date_gmt":"2026-09-13T11:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/breguet-941-stol-blown-wing-mcdonnell-188-stolport\/"},"modified":"2026-09-13T13:44:45","modified_gmt":"2026-09-13T11:44:45","slug":"breguet-941-stol-blown-wing-mcdonnell-188-stolport","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/breguet-941-stol-blown-wing-mcdonnell-188-stolport\/","title":{"rendered":"Breguet 941: The STOL Airliner Eastern Actually Flew"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\r\n\r\n<p>In 1968, for two months, Eastern Air Lines flew fare-paying passengers between cities in the north-eastern United States in a French military transport with four propellers all driven by the same shaft.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The following year American Airlines tried the same aircraft, and then the Federal Aviation Administration used it to test an idea called the STOLport: small airfields close to city centres, served by aircraft that could get in and out of a few hundred metres of runway. Short-hop air travel without the drive to the airport.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It did not happen. The airlines wanted jets and conventional runways. Only five Breguet 941s were ever built.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f5f5f5;padding:20px;margin:26px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700\">Quick Facts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>What it was:<\/strong> A French four-engine turboprop short takeoff and landing (STOL) transport<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>The trick:<\/strong> Four free-turbine turboshafts driving a common powershaft, which turned four oversize propellers spaced along the wing leading edge, behind full-span slotted flaps<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>The French name for it:<\/strong> &ldquo;L&rsquo;aile souffl&eacute;e&rdquo; &mdash; the blown wing<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Proof of concept:<\/strong> Breguet 940 Integral, four 400 hp Turbomeca Turmo II turboshafts, first flew 21 May 1958<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Prototype:<\/strong> Breguet 941, first flight 1 June 1961<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Production:<\/strong> Four Breguet 941S for the French Air Force, first flying 19 April 1967<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Total built:<\/strong> One prototype and four production aircraft<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>US licensee:<\/strong> McDonnell Aircraft, which marketed it as the McDonnell 188<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>French service:<\/strong> 1967 to 1974<\/p><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Why All Four Propellers Share One Shaft<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>This is the detail that makes the Breguet 941 worth knowing about. Louis Charles Breguet&rsquo;s idea, developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, was to blow the entire wing with propeller slipstream and then deflect that slipstream downwards with enormous full-span slotted flaps. Do it properly and the wing generates lift at speeds where it would normally have stalled long ago.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>For that to work, the propeller wash has to cover the whole span evenly. So the propellers are oversize and closely spaced along the leading edge, and &mdash; critically &mdash; all four are connected to a common powershaft driven by all four engines.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The consequence is the elegant part. If an engine fails, you do not lose the thrust on one side and the lift behind it. All four propellers keep turning, just with less power. On a conventional four-engined aircraft with a blown wing, losing an outboard engine at low speed would produce an asymmetric lift loss that no pilot could counter. Breguet designed that failure mode out of existence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/breguet-941-1962-period-photograph.jpg\" alt=\"The Breguet 941 photographed in 1962\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">The Breguet 941 in February 1962, the year after its first flight. The four oversize, closely spaced propellers and the deep full-span flaps are the entire design in one picture. Photo: Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Concept Worked<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The experimental Breguet 940 Integral first flew on 21 May 1958 with four 400 horsepower Turbomeca Turmo II turboshafts, and demonstrated excellent short-field performance. That was convincing enough that in February 1960 an order was placed for a prototype capable of carrying a useful load.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>That aircraft, the Breguet 941, first flew on 1 June 1961. Testing went well enough to produce an order for four improved Breguet 941S aircraft for the French Air Force, with more powerful engines and a modified rear cargo door for air-dropping stores. The first 941S flew on 19 April 1967.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #1565c0;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;Four free-turbine turboshaft engines to drive a common powershaft, which, in turn drove four oversize propellers, which were evenly spaced along the leading edge of the wing with large, full-span, slotted flaps, with the arrangement known as &ldquo;l&rsquo;aile souffl&eacute;e&rdquo; or blown wing.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Br&eacute;guet 941 design description<\/strong> &mdash; On the blown-wing arrangement<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/rnwjifs9YwM\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>McDonnell&rsquo;s own promotional film for the aircraft as the Model 188 &mdash; worth watching for the short-field demonstrations alone.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">America Very Nearly Bought It<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>McDonnell Aircraft acquired a US production licence and began marketing the aircraft with minimal changes as the McDonnell 188. It also promoted an upgraded 188E with a circular-section pressurised fuselage and uprated engines, and after McDonnell merged with Douglas the combined company proposed something bigger again as the McDonnell Douglas 210.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The prototype was tested extensively in France and the United States. McDonnell ran demonstrations with it in late 1964 and again in early 1965. NASA evaluated it. The US military evaluated it. Nobody ordered it.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Then came the airline trials: two months of limited passenger operations with Eastern Air Lines in 1968, American Airlines the following year, and the FAA using the same aircraft to assess whether STOLports could work.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/09\/breguet-941s-62e-escadre-de-transport-french-air-force.jpg\" alt=\"A Breguet 941S of the French Air Force 62e escadre de transport\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A 941S in French Air Force service with the 62e escadre de transport. Only four production aircraft were built, and all served from 1967 until 1974. Photo: Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Why It Failed<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>The verdict was commercial, not technical. Airlines were primarily interested in operating jets from conventional airports, and they did not embrace the STOLport concept. No sales resulted. None of the proposed upgraded versions left the drawing board.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Breguet had also intended to go further with a pressurised airliner version, the Br 942, seating 40 in first or business class on a new 3.1 metre diameter circular fuselage. After the limited success of the 941 and 941S, and with expected running costs high, that was abandoned too.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #d32f2f;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;The company found that airlines were primarily interested in operating jets from conventional airports, and did not embrace the novel STOLport concept; no sales resulted.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Br&eacute;guet 941 programme outcome<\/strong> &mdash; On why the STOLport concept did not sell<\/div><\/div><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>The four French Air Force aircraft served until 1974. Then the whole idea was quietly filed away.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/NCh5yInzNfU\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Idea Came Back<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<p>There is a reason this matters beyond curiosity value. The short-field regional market the Breguet 941 was built for did eventually arrive &mdash; it just went to far simpler aircraft. The de Havilland Canada Twin Otter and its successors took that business with fixed wings, two engines and no shared driveshaft at all, because adequate short-field performance at low cost beat exceptional short-field performance at high cost.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HI8sve2YIlM\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>A Twin Otter doing, more cheaply, the job the Breguet 941 was designed to do.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>And the STOLport concept itself never quite died. Every current proposal for electric aircraft and air taxis operating from small sites near city centres is arguing the same case Breguet and McDonnell made in 1968, to the same sceptical audience. The aeroplane was not wrong. The market was just fifty years away.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\r\n\r\n\r\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>What was the Breguet 941?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The Breguet 941 was a French four-engine turboprop short takeoff and landing transport aircraft developed in the 1960s. Only five were completed: one prototype and four production Breguet 941S aircraft for the French Air Force. It was also marketed in the United States by McDonnell as the Model 188.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why were all four of the Breguet 941&rsquo;s propellers connected?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Its four free-turbine turboshaft engines drove a common powershaft, which in turn drove all four oversize propellers. This meant an engine failure reduced the power available to every propeller rather than stopping one of them. Because the aircraft relied on propeller slipstream blowing across the whole wing to generate lift at low speed, losing the airflow behind a single propeller would have caused a dangerous asymmetric loss of lift.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What does l&rsquo;aile souffl&eacute;e mean?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">It translates as the blown wing. The Breguet design used four oversize propellers spaced evenly along the wing leading edge to blow air across the entire span, combined with large full-span slotted flaps that deflected that airflow downwards. The effect was to keep the wing producing lift at speeds where it would otherwise have stalled, giving very short takeoff and landing distances.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Did any airline actually fly passengers in a Breguet 941?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Yes. McDonnell Douglas used a production Breguet 941S for limited passenger operations for two months in 1968 with Eastern Air Lines, flying between busy urban centres in the north-eastern United States. The following year the same aircraft was tested by American Airlines, and then by the Federal Aviation Administration to evaluate the STOLport concept.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why did the Breguet 941 fail commercially?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The reasons were commercial rather than technical. Airlines were primarily interested in operating jets from conventional airports and did not embrace the STOLport idea of small airfields close to city centres. No sales resulted, and proposed developments including the pressurised Breguet 942 airliner and the McDonnell Douglas 210 never left the drawing board.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How many Breguet 941s were built and how long did they serve?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">One Breguet 941 prototype and four production Breguet 941S aircraft were built, preceded by the single experimental Breguet 940 Integral that proved the concept. The four 941S aircraft entered French Air Force service in 1967 and served until 1974.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>When did the Breguet 941 first fly?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The Breguet 941 prototype first flew on 1 June 1961. The concept demonstrator that preceded it, the Breguet 940 Integral powered by four 400 horsepower Turbomeca Turmo II turboshafts, first flew on 21 May 1958. The first production Breguet 941S flew on 19 April 1967.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What was the Breguet 941?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Breguet 941 was a French four-engine turboprop short takeoff and landing transport aircraft developed in the 1960s. Only five were completed: one prototype and four production Breguet 941S aircraft for the French Air Force. It was also marketed in the United States by McDonnell as the Model 188.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why were all four of the Breguet 941\u2019s propellers connected?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Its four free-turbine turboshaft engines drove a common powershaft, which in turn drove all four oversize propellers. This meant an engine failure reduced the power available to every propeller rather than stopping one of them. Because the aircraft relied on propeller slipstream blowing across the whole wing to generate lift at low speed, losing the airflow behind a single propeller would have caused a dangerous asymmetric loss of lift.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What does l\u2019aile souffl\u00e9e mean?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It translates as the blown wing. The Breguet design used four oversize propellers spaced evenly along the wing leading edge to blow air across the entire span, combined with large full-span slotted flaps that deflected that airflow downwards. The effect was to keep the wing producing lift at speeds where it would otherwise have stalled, giving very short takeoff and landing distances.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Did any airline actually fly passengers in a Breguet 941?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. McDonnell Douglas used a production Breguet 941S for limited passenger operations for two months in 1968 with Eastern Air Lines, flying between busy urban centres in the north-eastern United States. The following year the same aircraft was tested by American Airlines, and then by the Federal Aviation Administration to evaluate the STOLport concept.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why did the Breguet 941 fail commercially?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The reasons were commercial rather than technical. Airlines were primarily interested in operating jets from conventional airports and did not embrace the STOLport idea of small airfields close to city centres. No sales resulted, and proposed developments including the pressurised Breguet 942 airliner and the McDonnell Douglas 210 never left the drawing board.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many Breguet 941s were built and how long did they serve?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"One Breguet 941 prototype and four production Breguet 941S aircraft were built, preceded by the single experimental Breguet 940 Integral that proved the concept. The four 941S aircraft entered French Air Force service in 1967 and served until 1974.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"When did the Breguet 941 first fly?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Breguet 941 prototype first flew on 1 June 1961. The concept demonstrator that preceded it, the Breguet 940 Integral powered by four 400 horsepower Turbomeca Turmo II turboshafts, first flew on 21 May 1958. The first production Breguet 941S flew on 19 April 1967.\"}}]}<\/script><p><em>Sources: Br&eacute;guet company records, NASA, McDonnell Aircraft and McDonnell Douglas programme material, Federal Aviation Administration STOLport evaluations, Mus&eacute;e de l&rsquo;Air et de l&rsquo;Espace.<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n<div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/bell-xv-15-tiltrotor-v-22-osprey-ancestor-1977\/\">Bell XV-15: The Tiltrotor That Bowed to the Crowd<\/a><\/p><\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Four propellers on one shaft, a wing blown from tip to tip, and two months of Eastern Air Lines passenger service. Five were built.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":22038068,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[665,666],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22038563","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aviation-world","category-history-and-legends"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Breguet 941: The STOL Airliner Eastern Actually Flew<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Breguet 941 drove four propellers off one shaft to blow its whole wing. Eastern Air Lines flew passengers in it. 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