{"id":32260663,"date":"2026-11-11T11:28:47","date_gmt":"2026-11-11T10:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/bristol-beaufort-torpedo-bomber-gneisenau-campbell-vc\/"},"modified":"2026-11-11T11:31:51","modified_gmt":"2026-11-11T10:31:51","slug":"bristol-beaufort-torpedo-bomber-gneisenau-campbell-vc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/bristol-beaufort-torpedo-bomber-gneisenau-campbell-vc\/","title":{"rendered":"Bristol Beaufort: The Torpedo Bomber That Hit the Gneisenau"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\n\n<!-- mfsh:top -->\n\n<style>\n.mfsh-trigger{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;height:44px;padding:0 18px;margin:0 0 26px;border:2px solid #0F1720;background:#fff;color:#0F1720;font-family:inherit;font-size:14px;font-weight:700;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none;cursor:pointer;box-shadow:none;transition:background 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Under the fuselage hung a single torpedo. Ahead, across the Channel, lay Brest, the German battlecruiser <em>Gneisenau<\/em>, and some of the most heavily defended water in occupied Europe.<\/p>\n\n<p>Campbell was 23, a Cambridge chemistry graduate from the Ayrshire coast. He and his three crewmates did not come home, and for months nobody in Britain knew exactly what they had done. When the story finally arrived, by way of French Resistance contacts and German prisoners, it earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross and turned an unglamorous Coastal Command workhorse into a legend.<\/p>\n\n<p>This is the story of the Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber, an aircraft that asked its crews to fly low, straight and steady into the guns, and that went on to fight from besieged Malta and, in far greater numbers than most people realise, from Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:18px 22px;margin:26px 0 30px;font-size:15px;line-height:1.7\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:600;color:#0d1117;font-size:17px\">Quick Facts<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:20px\"><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Type:<\/strong> Twin-engined, four-crew torpedo bomber and general reconnaissance aircraft designed by the Bristol Aeroplane Company; first flight 15 October 1938<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>RAF service:<\/strong> Coastal Command&rsquo;s standard torpedo bomber in the early war years; No. 22 Squadron received the first aircraft in late 1939 and opened operations with minelaying in April 1940<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Engines:<\/strong> Bristol Taurus radials in British-built aircraft; Pratt &amp; Whitney R-1830 Twin Wasps in Australian-built aircraft<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Brest, 6 April 1941:<\/strong> Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell&rsquo;s crew torpedoed the battlecruiser <em>Gneisenau<\/em> in harbour; all four airmen were killed<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Victoria Cross:<\/strong> Awarded to Campbell posthumously, published in The London Gazette on 13 March 1942<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Malta:<\/strong> On 15 June 1942 a Malta-based Beaufort of No. 217 Squadron torpedoed the Italian heavy cruiser <em>Trento<\/em>, which the submarine HMS <em>Umbra<\/em> then sank<\/li><li style=\"margin:4px 0\"><strong>Australia:<\/strong> 700 Beauforts were built by the Department of Aircraft Production between 1941 and 1944, with final assembly at Fishermans Bend in Melbourne and Mascot in Sydney<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">A Torpedo Bomber Built for a Grim Job<\/h2>\n\n<p>The Beaufort grew out of an Air Ministry requirement for a coastal aircraft that could carry a torpedo, bombs or mines, with a crew of four: pilot, navigator, wireless operator and gunner. Bristol drew on its <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-blenheim\/\">Blenheim<\/a> light bomber for the design, and the result could carry a single 18-inch torpedo or up to 2,000lb of bombs.<\/p>\n\n<p>Its Bristol Taurus sleeve-valve engines gave trouble from the start. They ran hot and delayed the first flight until 15 October 1938, and more problems grounded the operational fleet for a time in 1940 until fixes were made. No. 22 Squadron began taking deliveries in late 1939 and flew its first Beaufort operations in April 1940, laying mines off the enemy coast.<\/p>\n\n<p>For roughly three years the Beaufort was Coastal Command&rsquo;s standard torpedo bomber, and the job was as dangerous as any in the RAF. To launch a torpedo that would run true, a pilot had to hold a low, straight and steady approach to the target, the one flight path that also suited every gunner aboard the ship and around it.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mmFKCTsMBUs\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Brest, 6 April 1941<\/h2>\n\n<p>By spring 1941 the battlecruisers <em>Scharnhorst<\/em> and <em>Gneisenau<\/em> were sitting in Brest after a raiding cruise in the Atlantic, a standing threat to every convoy. Bombers had attacked them repeatedly. Coastal Command decided to try torpedoes, and No. 22 Squadron sent a detachment of Beauforts from its home at North Coates in Lincolnshire to St Eval in Cornwall, closer to the target.<\/p>\n\n<p>The plan for the dawn of 6 April called for six aircraft: bomb-carrying Beauforts to go in first, with torpedo aircraft following. Almost nothing went to plan. Heavy overnight rain turned St Eval into a swamp and kept the bombers on the ground, and the torpedo aircraft lost each other in mist and rain over the sea. In the end, Campbell&rsquo;s Beaufort, serial N1016 and coded OA-X, was the only one to make an attack.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/beaufort-22-squadron-north-coates-taxi.jpg\" alt=\"Bristol Beaufort Mk I torpedo bombers of No. 22 Squadron RAF taxiing at North Coates\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Beaufort Mk Is of No. 22 Squadron, Kenneth Campbell&rsquo;s unit, taxi back to dispersal at North Coates, Lincolnshire. Photo: Royal Air Force official photographer B. J. Daventry (IWM CH 646), public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Royal_Air_Force_Coastal_Command,_1939-1945._CH646.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>With him were three men: Sergeant James Scott of the Royal Canadian Air Force, his observer and navigator; Sergeant William Mulliss, wireless operator; and Flight Sergeant Ralph Hillman, wireless operator and air gunner. The <em>Gneisenau<\/em> had just been moved out of dry dock and was moored against the quay on the north shore of the harbour, behind a stone mole, with flak batteries on the high ground behind her and anti-aircraft ships anchored in front.<\/p>\n\n<p>Campbell came in at wave-top height, crossed the mole and dropped his torpedo at point-blank range. It hit the battlecruiser aft on the starboard side. Seconds later the Beaufort, turning away towards the rising ground, was hit by the defences and crashed into the harbour. All four men were killed.<\/p>\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">&ldquo;Valour of the Highest Order&rdquo;<\/h2>\n\n<p>No British eyes saw the attack. What London eventually learned came from French Resistance members working in the Brest docks and from captured German naval personnel. It was enough. On 13 March 1942, almost a year after his death, The London Gazette published Campbell&rsquo;s Victoria Cross citation, and it is one of the most vivid in the RAF&rsquo;s history.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;This was well known to Flying Officer Campbell who, despising the heavy odds, went cheerfully and resolutely to the task. He ran the gauntlet of the defences. Coming in almost at sea level, he passed the anti-aircraft ships at less than mast-height in the very mouths of their guns, and skimming over the mole launched a torpedo at point-blank range.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>The London Gazette, 13 March 1942<\/strong> &mdash; Victoria Cross citation for Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell, No. 22 Squadron<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>The &ldquo;this&rdquo; in the citation&rsquo;s first line is the grimmest part: the Air Ministry noted that even an aircraft that got through the defences would find it almost impossible to avoid crashing into the rising ground beyond the harbour after a low-level attack. Campbell, it says, knew that before he took off.<\/p>\n\n<p>The Germans recovered the bodies and buried the four airmen with full military honours. They lie together in the Commonwealth plot at Brest (Kerfautras) Cemetery. One widely repeated account holds that Scott, the navigator, was found in the pilot&rsquo;s seat, suggesting Campbell had already been hit before the crash, though that detail cannot be confirmed from the official record.<\/p>\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">What One Torpedo Achieved<\/h2>\n\n<p>The torpedo did real damage. The <em>Gneisenau<\/em> took on water and had to go straight back into dry dock for repairs to her stern and starboard propeller shaft. A few nights later, RAF bombers hit her again while she sat in the dock, killing dozens of her crew and stretching the repair work out by months.<\/p>\n\n<p>She did not put to sea again until February 1942, when she and the <em>Scharnhorst<\/em> ran up the English Channel to Germany in the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/channel-dash-esmonde-swordfish-operation-cerberus-1942\/\">Channel Dash<\/a>. Beauforts flew against them that day too, alongside the Fleet Air Arm&rsquo;s <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fairey-swordfish\/\">Swordfish<\/a> biplanes, without stopping them. But for most of 1941 one of Germany&rsquo;s most dangerous surface raiders was out of the Atlantic war, and a single Beaufort crew had done much of that work.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Nifzg5EHZQg\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Campbell&rsquo;s parents were left with a Victoria Cross and a short citation. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records him simply as the son of James and Jane Campbell of Stevenston, Ayrshire, a Cambridge graduate, aged 23.<\/p>\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Malta: Hunting Convoys From a Besieged Island<\/h2>\n\n<p>In 1942 the Beaufort&rsquo;s war moved south. Malta sat astride the Axis supply route to North Africa, and torpedo bombers flying from the island could reach the convoys carrying fuel and supplies to Rommel&rsquo;s army. No. 39 Squadron flew Beauforts from Luqa, and in June 1942 No. 217 Squadron, whose aircraft had been heading for Ceylon, was diverted to Malta and thrown into the fight.<\/p>\n\n<p>On 15 June, during the battles around the Harpoon and Vigorous convoys, Flying Officer Arthur Aldridge of No. 217 Squadron made a lone dawn attack on the Italian fleet and put a torpedo into the heavy cruiser <em>Trento<\/em>. Disabled and burning, she was finished off hours later by the British submarine HMS <em>Umbra<\/em>, and according to Italian accounts only around half of her crew of more than 1,100 were rescued.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/beaufort-malta-low-level-anti-shipping-attack.jpg\" alt=\"Malta-based Bristol Beaufort Mk II flying at low level over the sea during an anti-shipping attack\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A Malta-based Beaufort Mk II skims the sea during an attack on Axis shipping. Photo: Royal Air Force official photographer (IWM ME(RAF) 5224), public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Royal_Air_Force_Operations_in_Malta,_Gibraltar_and_the_Mediterranean,_1940-1945._ME(RAF)5224.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The cost was heavy. Malta&rsquo;s aircrews flew on short rations, fell sick and attacked escorted convoys covered by Axis fighters, and squadrons lost crews week after week. From 1943, the RAF&rsquo;s anti-shipping strikes increasingly passed to the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-beaufighter\/\">Beaufighter<\/a>, a heavier and faster Bristol type that borrowed heavily from the Beaufort and has <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/bristol-beaufighter-whispering-death-raf-history\/\">a story of its own<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Australia Builds Its Own<\/h2>\n\n<p>The biggest Beaufort story of all may be Australian. In 1939, with its front line made up of obsolete types, Australia decided to build the Beaufort at home. The original idea was to assemble aircraft from British components, but once Britain was fighting for its life, that supply dried up and Australia had to make almost everything itself, swapping the Taurus for the American Pratt &amp; Whitney Twin Wasp.<\/p>\n\n<p>The Department of Aircraft Production built 700 Beauforts between 1941 and August 1944, with final assembly at Fishermans Bend in Melbourne and Mascot in Sydney and major sections made in state railway workshops. Each aircraft needed some 39,000 parts. Estimates of the workforce range from about 24,000 to nearly 30,000 people, roughly a third of them women.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/dap-beaufort-production-fishermans-bend-1943.jpg\" alt=\"Australian-built Bristol Beaufort Mk VIII torpedo bombers on the production line at Fishermans Bend, Melbourne\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">Beaufort Mk VIIIs take shape at the Department of Aircraft Production plant at Fishermans Bend, Melbourne, around 1943. Photo: US Office of War Information, public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bristol_Beaufort_production_at_DAP_Australia1_c1943.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Air Vice-Marshal Kym Osley, a long-time supporter of the Beaufort veterans, put the scale of that gamble in plain terms at the last reunion of the RAAF&rsquo;s Beaufort squadrons, held at Melbourne&rsquo;s Shrine of Remembrance.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;We couldn&rsquo;t rely on just getting overseas aeroplanes delivered. We had to start producing them ourselves. [&hellip;] We didn&rsquo;t just, you know, sort of put a few dollars down on the Beaufort. We put the whole lot. We bet on red and actually it came up for us.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Air Vice-Marshal Kym Osley AM, CSC<\/strong> &mdash; Speaking at the final Beaufort squadrons reunion, Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Workhorse of the Pacific<\/h2>\n\n<p>Australian Beauforts flew coastal patrols and convoy escorts from late 1941, and from late 1942 squadrons in New Guinea were bombing Japanese bases, attacking shipping, supporting troops on the ground and flying reconnaissance. Accounts of the number of RAAF squadrons that flew the type range from about 19 frontline units to more than 30 squadrons and units in all.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/G1lS2lGFdHk\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n\n\n<p>Torpedoes were not their strongest suit. When eight Beauforts of No. 100 Squadron RAAF opened the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/battle-of-the-bismarck-sea-1943-skip-bombing\/\">Battle of the Bismarck Sea<\/a> with a torpedo attack on 3 March 1943, they scored no hits, and the convoy was destroyed by low-level bombing instead. It was No. 100 Squadron&rsquo;s last torpedo mission, and the RAAF&rsquo;s Beauforts fought on chiefly as bombers until the end of the war.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px;width:100%\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/11\/beaufort-production-woman-riveting-south-australia-1943.jpg\" alt=\"A young woman riveting wing ribs for a Beaufort bomber in a South Australian factory in 1943\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;max-width:100%;display:block\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A young woman rivets ribs for a Beaufort bomber in South Australia in 1943; around a third of Australia&rsquo;s Beaufort workforce were women. Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Riveting_ribs_of_a_Beaufort_bomber.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Riveting ribs of a Beaufort bomber<\/a> by D. Darian Smith, State Library of South Australia, <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>, via Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The human cost was steep there as well. Speaking at the same reunion, Beaufort historian Tony Clark said 505 RAAF personnel who served in Beaufort squadrons lost their lives, 96 of them in training in Gippsland. From a stone mole in Brest to the airstrips of New Guinea, the Beaufort asked a great deal of the young men who flew it, and Kenneth Campbell&rsquo;s lone run at the <em>Gneisenau<\/em> remains the clearest picture of what that meant.<\/p>\n\n<p><em>Sources: The London Gazette (13 March 1942), Royal Air Force Museum, Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Aircrew Remembered, Victoria Cross Online, TracesOfWar, MaritimeQuest, Warfare History Network, KBismarck.com, Difesa Online, Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne, ADF-Serials, Pacific Wrecks, Australian War Memorial, History of War, Classic Warbirds, Warbirds Resource Group.<\/em><\/p>\n\n<!-- mfsh:bottom -->\n\n<button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-trigger mfsh-bottom\" data-mfsh-placement=\"bottom\" aria-haspopup=\"dialog\"><svg><use href=\"#mfsh-i-share\"\/><\/svg>Share this story<\/button>\n\n<!-- \/mfsh:bottom -->\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mf-photo-credits\" data-no-translation style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;font-style:italic;margin:6px 0 18px\">Header photo: Royal Air Force official photographer B. J. Daventry (IWM CH 644), public domain, via <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bristol_Beaufort_Mk_Is_of_No._22_Squadron_RAF_at_North_Coates_in_Lincolnshire,_19_July_1940._CH644.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikimedia Commons<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<style>.mfq{margin:34px 0 8px}.mfq h2{font:26px\/1.3 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;padding-top:22px;margin:0 0 6px}.mfq .qa details{border-top:1px solid #5C91FF;margin:0;padding:0}.mfq .qa details:last-of-type{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee}.mfq .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:22px 26px;font:18px\/1.7 \"Gilroy semiBold\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117}.mfq .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mfq .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font:24px Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#3568e0;flex:0 0 auto}.mfq .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mfq .qa details:hover summary{color:#3568e0}.mfq .qa .a{font:16px\/1.7 \"Gilroy regular\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#454e5e;padding:0 26px 24px}.mfq .qa .a a{color:#3568e0}@media(max-width:680px){.mfq .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}.mfq .qa .a{padding:0 14px 20px}}<\/style>\n\n\n<section class=\"mfq\"><h2>Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2><div class=\"qa\"><details open><summary>What was the Bristol Beaufort?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">The Bristol Beaufort was a twin-engined British torpedo bomber with a crew of four that first flew on 15 October 1938. It served as RAF Coastal Command's standard torpedo bomber in the early war years, carrying torpedoes, bombs or mines, and was later built in large numbers in Australia.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Who was Kenneth Campbell VC?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell was a 23-year-old Scottish Beaufort pilot with No. 22 Squadron RAF. On 6 April 1941 he torpedoed the German battlecruiser Gneisenau in Brest harbour and was killed with his three crewmates. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross, published in The London Gazette on 13 March 1942.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How badly did the Beaufort attack damage the Gneisenau?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Kenneth Campbell's torpedo hit the Gneisenau aft on the starboard side and forced her back into dry dock for repairs to her stern and propeller shaft. RAF bombers then hit her in the dock days later. She did not put to sea again until the Channel Dash of February 1942.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Why was only one Beaufort able to attack Brest on 6 April 1941?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Six Beauforts were planned for the Brest raid, but heavy rain turned St Eval airfield into a swamp and kept the bomb-carrying aircraft on the ground, and the torpedo aircraft were separated in mist and rain. Kenneth Campbell's Beaufort was the only one that attacked the Gneisenau.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>What did Beauforts do from Malta?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Beauforts of No. 39 and No. 217 Squadrons flew from Luqa on Malta against Axis convoys supplying North Africa. On 15 June 1942 Arthur Aldridge of No. 217 Squadron torpedoed the Italian heavy cruiser Trento, which the submarine HMS Umbra then sank. Losses among Malta's Beaufort crews were heavy.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>How many Bristol Beauforts were built in Australia?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">Australia's Department of Aircraft Production built 700 Beauforts between 1941 and August 1944, with final assembly at Fishermans Bend in Melbourne and Mascot in Sydney. Australian Beauforts used Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp engines instead of the British Bristol Taurus, and about a third of the workforce were women.<\/div><\/details><details><summary>Is the Bristol Beaufort the same as the Bristol Beaufighter?<\/summary><div class=\"a\">No. The Beaufighter was a separate, heavier and faster Bristol type that borrowed heavily from the Beaufort design. From 1943 the Beaufighter increasingly took over RAF anti-shipping strikes, while the Beaufort remained the RAAF's main bomber type in the Pacific until the end of the war.<\/div><\/details><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What was the Bristol Beaufort?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Bristol Beaufort was a twin-engined British torpedo bomber with a crew of four that first flew on 15 October 1938. It served as RAF Coastal Command's standard torpedo bomber in the early war years, carrying torpedoes, bombs or mines, and was later built in large numbers in Australia.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who was Kenneth Campbell VC?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Flying Officer Kenneth Campbell was a 23-year-old Scottish Beaufort pilot with No. 22 Squadron RAF. On 6 April 1941 he torpedoed the German battlecruiser Gneisenau in Brest harbour and was killed with his three crewmates. He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross, published in The London Gazette on 13 March 1942.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How badly did the Beaufort attack damage the Gneisenau?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Kenneth Campbell's torpedo hit the Gneisenau aft on the starboard side and forced her back into dry dock for repairs to her stern and propeller shaft. RAF bombers then hit her in the dock days later. She did not put to sea again until the Channel Dash of February 1942.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why was only one Beaufort able to attack Brest on 6 April 1941?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Six Beauforts were planned for the Brest raid, but heavy rain turned St Eval airfield into a swamp and kept the bomb-carrying aircraft on the ground, and the torpedo aircraft were separated in mist and rain. Kenneth Campbell's Beaufort was the only one that attacked the Gneisenau.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What did Beauforts do from Malta?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Beauforts of No. 39 and No. 217 Squadrons flew from Luqa on Malta against Axis convoys supplying North Africa. On 15 June 1942 Arthur Aldridge of No. 217 Squadron torpedoed the Italian heavy cruiser Trento, which the submarine HMS Umbra then sank. Losses among Malta's Beaufort crews were heavy.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many Bristol Beauforts were built in Australia?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Australia's Department of Aircraft Production built 700 Beauforts between 1941 and August 1944, with final assembly at Fishermans Bend in Melbourne and Mascot in Sydney. 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From 1943 the Beaufighter increasingly took over RAF anti-shipping strikes, while the Beaufort remained the RAAF's main bomber type in the Pacific until the end of the war.\"}}]}<\/script><div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/channel-dash-esmonde-swordfish-operation-cerberus-1942\/\">The Channel Dash: Six Swordfish Against a Battle Fleet<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/bristol-beaufighter-whispering-death-raf-history\/\">The Whispering Death: How the Bristol Beaufighter Killed Quietly<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/battle-of-the-bismarck-sea-1943-skip-bombing\/\">Battle of the Bismarck Sea: Bombing Ships at Fifteen Feet<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/operation-pedestal-1942-malta-convoy-carrier-air-battle-ohio\/\">Operation Pedestal: The Carrier Air Battle That Saved Malta in 1942<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\n\n<!--mfcred1-->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On 6 April 1941 Kenneth Campbell flew a lone Bristol Beaufort into Brest harbour and torpedoed the Gneisenau, winning a posthumous VC. This is the story of the torpedo bomber that also fought from Malta and was built by the hundred in Australia.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":24,"featured_media":32260534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[666,664],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32260663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-and-legends","category-military-aviation"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Bristol Beaufort: The Torpedo Bomber That Hit the Gneisenau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Bristol Beaufort torpedo bomber: Kenneth Campbell&#039;s VC attack on the Gneisenau at Brest, Malta&#039;s anti-shipping war and 700 Australian-built Beauforts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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