{"id":19027,"date":"2026-07-29T14:05:58","date_gmt":"2026-07-29T12:05:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=19027"},"modified":"2026-08-02T10:26:10","modified_gmt":"2026-08-02T08:26:10","slug":"il-2-sturmovik","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/","title":{"rendered":"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"mfam\">\n<style> @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400;1,500&display=swap'); body.page-id-19027 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-19027 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-19027 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} html{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-19027{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-19027 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-19027 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);background:#fff;color:#14181f;line-height:1.7;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden; --bg2:#f6f8fb;--line:#e2e7ee;--txt:#14181f;--txt2:#454e5e;--txt3:#8b94a5;--blue:#5C91FF;--blue-ink:#3568e0;--blue-dim:rgba(92,145,255,.10)} #mfam *{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box} #mfam h1,#mfam h2,#mfam h3,#mfam h4,#mfam h5,#mfam b,#mfam strong,#mfam summary,#mfam .stat b,#mfam dt,#mfam dd{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam a{color:var(--blue-ink);text-decoration:none} #mfam img{display:block;max-width:100%} #mfam .wrap{max-width:1120px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px} #mfam h2{font-size:clamp(26px,3.4vw,36px);letter-spacing:-.5px;margin-bottom:8px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:14px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam section{padding:64px 0} #mfam p{color:var(--txt2);font-size:16.5px;max-width:70ch} #mfam p+p{margin-top:1em} #mfam p strong{color:var(--txt)} #mfam .hero{position:relative;min-height:620px;height:76vh;max-height:860px;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;overflow:hidden;background:#10141d} #mfam .hero-media{position:absolute;inset:0} #mfam .hero-media img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 45%;opacity:.92} #mfam .hero-media::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(8,10,15,.78) 0%,rgba(8,10,15,.15) 55%,rgba(8,10,15,.02))} #mfam .hero-in{position:relative;width:100%;padding-bottom:52px} #mfam .crumb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:18px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .crumb a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.7)} #mfam .hero h1{font-size:clamp(40px,6.5vw,80px);letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:1.04;color:#fff} #mfam .hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .hero .sub{font-size:clamp(16px,2vw,20px);color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);margin-top:14px;max-width:56ch;text-shadow:0 1px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.5)} #mfam .statstrip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.25);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);margin-top:36px} #mfam .stat{background:rgba(255,255,255,.95);padding:18px 22px} #mfam .stat b{display:block;font-size:clamp(20px,2.4vw,28px);color:#0d1117;letter-spacing:-.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} #mfam .credit{position:absolute;right:14px;bottom:8px;font-size:10px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55)} #mfam .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;padding:26px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .chip{font-size:12.5px;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .chip b{color:var(--txt3);margin-right:6px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px} #mfam .chip:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .chip.fly{background:var(--blue-dim);border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:start} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .pull{font-family:'Lora',Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:24px;line-height:1.5;color:#0d1117;border-left:3px solid var(--blue);padding:6px 0 6px 26px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .pull cite{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:16px} #mfam .pull cite b{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cards3{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:36px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cards3{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .ecard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:28px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .ecard .num{font-size:12px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:2px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .ecard h3{font-size:19px;margin:10px 0;letter-spacing:-.3px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .ecard p{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .deepset{margin-top:34px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:0} #mfam details.deep{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deepset details.deep:first-of-type{border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam details.deep[open]{border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam details.deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:20px 8px;font-size:16.5px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:22px;color:#0d1117} #mfam details.deep summary .no{flex:none;width:52px;font-size:30px;letter-spacing:-1px;color:#d5dbe6;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam details.deep summary .t{flex:1} #mfam details.deep:hover summary .t{color:var(--blue-ink)}  #mfam details.deep summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam details.deep[open] summary::after{content:\"\u2013\"} #mfam details.deep .a{padding:0 8px 26px 74px;font-size:15px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:78ch} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam details.deep .a{padding-left:8px} #mfam details.deep summary .no{width:34px;font-size:22px}} #mfam details.deep .a p+p{margin-top:.9em} #mfam details.deep .a h5{font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#0d1117;margin:1.4em 0 .4em} #mfam details.deep .a img{margin:16px 0 6px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:12px} #mfam summary{list-style:none} #mfam summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .specgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;margin-top:36px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .specgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .spectable{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable h4{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:18px 24px;margin:0} #mfam .spectable dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{padding:12px 24px;font-size:14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable dt{color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:right} #mfam .spectable dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .spectable dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .tl{margin-top:40px;position:relative;padding-left:34px} #mfam .tl::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:8px;top:6px;bottom:6px;width:2px;background:var(--line)} #mfam .tl-item{position:relative;padding-bottom:34px} #mfam .tl-item::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-32px;top:7px;width:14px;height:14px;background:#fff;border:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tl-item .yr{font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:1.5px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .tl-item h3{font-size:17px;margin:3px 0 5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .car{position:relative;margin-top:30px} #mfam .cbtn{position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 22px);width:44px;height:44px;background:var(--blue);border:none;color:#fff;font-size:24px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;z-index:6;padding:0} #mfam .cbtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cbtn.p{left:-8px} #mfam .cbtn.n{right:-8px} #mfam .track{display:flex;gap:16px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;padding:4px 0 10px;scrollbar-width:none} #mfam .track::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none} #mfam .mscard{flex:0 0 340px;scroll-snap-align:start;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .mscard .tag{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:12px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mscard h4{font-size:17px;letter-spacing:-.2px;margin-bottom:8px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .mscard p{font-size:13.5px;flex:1} #mfam .mscard details{border:none;background:none} #mfam .mscard details summary{cursor:pointer;margin-top:16px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mscard details[open] summary{display:none} #mfam .mscard details .full{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .gal figure{flex:0 0 78%;max-width:640px;scroll-snap-align:start;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;margin:0} #mfam .gal .ph{aspect-ratio:16\/9;width:100%;object-fit:cover} #mfam .gal .phold{aspect-ratio:16\/9;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;background:linear-gradient(160deg,#1a2233,#10141f);color:#8b94a5;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .gal figcaption{padding:14px 20px;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .gal figcaption span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:11.5px;display:block;margin-top:2px} #mfam .vidwrap{margin-top:30px;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .vidwrap iframe{width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidwrap{margin-top:30px;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .vidwrap iframe{width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vid{position:relative;aspect-ratio:16\/9;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line);background:linear-gradient(160deg,#161d2c,#0d1119);display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:18px;margin-top:30px} #mfam .vid .play{width:78px;height:78px;background:var(--blue);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center} #mfam .vid p{font-size:13px;color:#8b94a5;text-align:center;max-width:52ch} #mfam .mapbox{margin-top:30px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--bg2);padding:60px 30px;text-align:center} #mfam .maplegend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;justify-content:center;margin-top:24px} #mfam .maplegend span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt2);background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:7px 15px} #mfam .dot{width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block} #mfam .combat{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .combat{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .cstat{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:4px solid var(--line);padding:30px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .cstat b{display:block;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:-1px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .cstat.zero{border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cstat.zero b{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cstat span{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .qa{margin-top:30px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px} #mfam .qa details{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .qa details[open]{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qa summary{cursor:pointer;padding:20px 24px;font-size:16px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\u2013\"} #mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 24px 22px;font-size:15px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:75ch} #mfam .ad{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 40px} #mfam .ad .adin{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center} #mfam .ad .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ad h2{margin-bottom:12px;color:#fff} #mfam .ad .adp{margin:0 auto 26px;color:#9aa3b8} #mfam .flycard{flex:0 0 240px;scroll-snap-align:start;background:#151b26;border:1px solid #232b3d;padding:22px;text-align:center} #mfam .flycard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .flycard .fico{height:64px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:14px} #mfam .flycard .fico svg{height:52px;width:auto} #mfam .flycard b{display:block;font-size:16px;color:#fff;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .flycard span{font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5} #mfam .btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--blue);color:#fff;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.5px;padding:16px 36px;margin-top:28px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .btn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .relgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .rel{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .rel:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .rel .rk{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel h3{font-size:19px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .rel p{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .rel .go{display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .srclist{margin-top:26px;columns:2;column-gap:48px;list-style:none;font-size:14px} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .srclist{columns:1}} #mfam .srclist li{margin-bottom:10px;break-inside:avoid;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .srclist li span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;display:block} #mfam .finenote{margin-top:30px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .divider{border:none;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam .rel .rh{display:block;font-size:19px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rp{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .rel .rk,#mfam .rel .go{display:block} #mfam .rel .go{margin-top:14px} #mfam .fico{display:flex;height:64px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:14px} #mfam .relgrid>p,#mfam .track>p{display:contents}  body.page-id-19027 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} #mfam p{font-size:17px} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .qa summary{font-size:18px;padding:22px 26px} #mfam .qa details .a{font-size:16px;padding:0 26px 24px;max-width:78ch} #mfam details.deep summary{font-size:17.5px} #mfam details.deep .a{font-size:16px} #mfam .mscard h4{font-size:18px} #mfam .mscard p{font-size:15px} #mfam .mscard .tag{font-size:11.5px} #mfam .mscard details summary{font-size:14px} #mfam .mscard details .full{font-size:15px} #mfam .ecard h3{font-size:20px} #mfam .ecard p{font-size:15.5px} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{font-size:15px} #mfam .tl-item h3{font-size:18px} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:15.5px} #mfam .gal figcaption{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .gal figcaption span{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .chip{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11.5px} #mfam .flycard b{font-size:17px} #mfam .flycard span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .rel .rh{font-size:20px} #mfam .rel .rp{font-size:15px} #mfam .rel .go{font-size:14px} #mfam .srclist{font-size:15px} #mfam .srclist li span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .finenote{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .maplegend span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .vid p{font-size:14px} #mfam .cstat span{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .btn{font-size:15px}  #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117}  #mfam .fico img{height:72px;width:auto;max-width:192px;filter:drop-shadow(0 0 2px rgba(220,232,248,.5))} #mfam .flycard .fico{height:76px} #mfam .btn{font-size:17px;padding:18px 40px} span.chip{cursor:default} \/*mobfix1*\/@media(max-width:767px){#mfam .hero{height:auto;min-height:0;max-height:none;padding-top:96px}#mfam .car{padding-top:60px}#mfam .cbtn{top:0;bottom:auto}#mfam .cbtn.p{left:auto;right:52px}#mfam .cbtn.n{right:0}}<\/style>\n<p> <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I fly in an Il-2?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No. There are no passenger flights in an Il-2 Sturmovik; only a handful survive and the airworthy examples are irreplaceable museum aircraft. You can, however, fly in several genuine military jets today via MiGFlug.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why was the Il-2 called the flying tank?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Because its armour was a structural part of the airframe. A single formed steel shell, the bathtub, enclosed the engine, fuel and pilot and carried loads itself, letting the aircraft survive low-level fire that would down conventional aircraft.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many Il-2s were built?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Around 36,000 Il-2s, and roughly 42,000 counting the follow-on Il-10, making it the most-produced military aircraft in history.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why did the Il-2 add a rear gunner?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The single-seat Il-2 had no defence against fighters attacking from behind and suffered heavy losses in 1941-42. From late 1942 a two-seat version restored a rear gunner with a 12.7 mm machine gun, improving survivability.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What were PTAB bomblets?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Small shaped-charge anti-tank bomblets, about 1.5 kg each, carried by the hundred. First used in strength at Kursk in 1943, they could pierce the thinner top armour of German tanks.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is the Il-2 still flying?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Not in service; the type was retired in the 1950s. A few restored Il-2s survive, several rebuilt from airframes recovered from Eastern-Front crash sites, and appear at museums and airshows.\"}}]}<\/script> <\/p>\n<header class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"hero-media\"><img data-opt-id=1128241716  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:TJRE.c966\/w:1536\/h:994\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png\"  src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201536%20994%22%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22994%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22994%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik Soviet WWII attack aircraft in flight\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/\">Aircraft Museum<\/a> \u203a <span>Ground-attack<\/span> \u203a <span>Il-2<\/span><\/div>\n<h1>Ilyushin Il-2<br \/><em>\u201cSturmovik\u201d<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">The Red Army\u2019s armoured \u201cflying tank\u201d \u2014 a ground-attack aircraft whose armour <em>was<\/em> its airframe, built in greater numbers than any other military aircraft in history and central to victory on the Eastern Front.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>~36,000<\/b><span>Il-2 built \u00b7 the most-produced military aircraft ever<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1941<\/b><span>Combat debut \u00b7 first flight 1939<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>\u201cBlack Death\u201d<\/b><span>German troops\u2019 nickname for it<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>2 \u00d7 23 mm<\/b><span>Cannon \u00b7 plus rockets &amp; PTAB bomblets<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"credit\">Photo: Clemens Vasters \u00b7 CC BY 2.0<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Role<\/b>Armoured ground-attack &amp; close support<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Era<\/b>World War II &amp; early Cold War<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Engine<\/b>1 \u00d7 Mikulin AM-38<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Origin<\/b>USSR \u00b7 Ilyushin<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Retired (a few restored)<\/span><a class=\"chip fly\" href=\"#faq\">Want to fly a real warbird yourself?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The Story<\/div>\n<h2>The Il-2 Sturmovik: Stalin\u2019s flying tank<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>In the late 1930s the Soviet designer <strong>Sergey Ilyushin<\/strong> set out to solve a problem that had defeated every other air force: how to build a ground-attack aircraft that could survive flying low and slow over a battlefield thick with rifle, machine-gun and light flak fire. His answer, first flown in <strong>1939<\/strong>, was radical. Instead of bolting armour plate onto an existing airframe, he made the armour <em>the<\/em> airframe. A single formed shell of steel \u2014 the \u201cbronekorpus,\u201d commonly likened to a bathtub \u2014 wrapped the engine, coolant system, fuel and cockpit and carried structural loads itself. The armour did not just protect the aircraft; it <em>was<\/em> a load-bearing part of it.<\/p>\n<p>The Il-2 entered service in <strong>1941<\/strong>, days before the German invasion, and its early career was brutal. To boost performance the type initially flew as a <strong>single-seater<\/strong>, with no defence against fighters attacking from behind \u2014 and German pilots quickly learned to strike from the unprotected rear. Losses were severe. From late 1942 Ilyushin restored a second crewman: a rear gunner with a heavy 12.7&nbsp;mm machine gun, sitting behind the armoured tub in a far less protected position. The two-seat Il-2 was still vulnerable, but it could now bite back, and it is the version most people picture today.<\/p>\n<p>What made the Sturmovik feared was its firepower. It carried <strong>23&nbsp;mm cannon<\/strong>, unguided <strong>RS-82 and RS-132 rockets<\/strong>, and from 1943 the <strong>PTAB<\/strong> \u2014 small shaped-charge anti-tank bomblets scattered by the hundred, able to punch through the thinner top armour of German tanks. At the <strong>Battle of Kursk<\/strong> in July 1943, Il-2 units flying the \u201ccircle of death\u201d carousel attacked massed Panzers with these weapons. German troops reportedly nicknamed the aircraft the <strong>\u201cBlack Death\u201d<\/strong> and the \u201cConcrete Plane\u201d for its toughness. Built in staggering numbers \u2014 roughly <strong>36,000 Il-2s<\/strong>, and about 42,000 counting the follow-on Il-10 \u2014 it remains the most-produced military aircraft in history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pull\">\u201cThe Il-2 aircraft are necessary for our Red Army now, like air, like bread.\u201d<cite><b>Attributed to Josef Stalin<\/b> \u2014 a 1941 telegram demanding more Sturmoviks<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Il-2 Sturmovik\u2019s armoured bathtub: how the armour became the airframe<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Most armoured aircraft of the era carried protection as dead weight \u2014 plates added on top of a conventional structure. Ilyushin inverted the idea. The Il-2\u2019s forward fuselage was a single moulded shell of hardened steel, commonly cited between roughly 4 and 12&nbsp;mm thick depending on location, that enclosed the Mikulin engine, the radiators, the fuel and the pilot, and simultaneously served as primary structure. Because the armour did double duty as skin and frame, the aircraft carried far more protection for a given weight penalty than a bolt-on scheme would allow \u2014 commonly cited at several hundred kilograms of steel.<\/p>\n<p>The trade-off was performance: the Il-2 was heavy, and never fast or agile. But over the battlefield that mattered less than survivability. Returning Sturmoviks were routinely counted with dozens of hits, and accounts describe individual aircraft absorbing very large numbers of strikes and still flying home \u2014 figures that should be read as illustrative of its reputation for toughness rather than precise engineering data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Design &amp; Engineering<\/div>\n<h2>What makes the Il-2 special<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards3\">\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">01<\/div>\n<h3>Structural armour \u2014 the \u2018bathtub\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>The Il-2\u2019s defining feature was its <strong>armoured shell<\/strong>, a single formed tub of steel that enclosed engine, radiators, fuel and pilot and doubled as load-bearing structure. Because the armour <em>was<\/em> the airframe, the aircraft could carry heavy protection where a bolted-on scheme could not \u2014 the origin of its \u201cflying tank\u201d reputation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Anti-tank firepower \u2014 cannon, rockets &amp; PTAB<\/h3>\n<p>The Sturmovik carried <strong>2 \u00d7 23&nbsp;mm cannon<\/strong>, machine guns, and up to eight <strong>RS-82 \/ RS-132 rockets<\/strong>. Its most devastating weapon arrived in 1943: the <strong>PTAB<\/strong> shaped-charge bomblet, dropped in hundreds to defeat the thin top armour of tanks \u2014 used to great effect at Kursk.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">03<\/div>\n<h3>Built by the tens of thousands<\/h3>\n<p>Rugged, simple and made partly of wood and steel rather than scarce light alloys, the Il-2 was ideal for mass production. Around <strong>36,000<\/strong> were built \u2014 about 42,000 with the Il-10 successor \u2014 making it the <strong>most-produced military aircraft in history<\/strong> and a backbone of Soviet air power.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Il-2 Sturmovik at Kursk: PTAB bomblets and the \u2018circle of death\u2019<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The PTAB (protivotankovaya aviabomba) was a small shaped-charge bomblet weighing about 1.5&nbsp;kg. A single Il-2 could carry hundreds of them in its bomb bays and scatter them across an area, so that even near-misses could pierce the thinner armour on a tank\u2019s engine deck and turret roof. First used in strength at the <strong>Battle of Kursk<\/strong> in July 1943, they let the Sturmovik attack massed armour far more effectively than free-fall bombs or cannon alone. Il-2 units also flew the \u201c<strong>krug smerti<\/strong>\u201d or circle of death \u2014 a rotating wheel of aircraft in which each covered the tail of the one ahead while taking turns to dive on the target. Soviet claims of tanks destroyed at Kursk were very high and are now regarded by historians as inflated, but the psychological and disruptive effect on German armour was real.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"t\">The single-seat Il-2\u2019s fatal blind spot \u2014 and the rear gunner who fixed it<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>To wring more speed and range out of the design, the Il-2 entered service as a <strong>single-seater<\/strong>. It was well protected from the front and below, but had nothing covering its tail \u2014 and German fighter pilots soon learned to attack from behind and slightly below, into the aircraft\u2019s blind spot. Loss rates in 1941\u201342 were punishing. The fix was to restore the <strong>rear gunner<\/strong> that early prototypes had carried, armed with a 12.7&nbsp;mm UBT machine gun, from late 1942. The gunner sat behind the armoured tub with much less protection than the pilot, and gunner casualties were heavy \u2014 but the two-seat Il-2 could finally defend its tail, and survivability improved markedly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Technical Data<\/div>\n<h2>Full Il-2 specifications<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Airframe &amp; Performance<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Crew<\/dt>\n<dd>2 (pilot + rear gunner; early aircraft single-seat)<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>~11.6 m<\/dd>\n<dt>Wingspan<\/dt>\n<dd>~14.6 m<\/dd>\n<dt>Height<\/dt>\n<dd>~4.2 m<\/dd>\n<dt>Max takeoff weight<\/dt>\n<dd>~6,360 kg<\/dd>\n<dt>Max speed<\/dt>\n<dd>~410 km\/h (at low level)<\/dd>\n<dt>Range<\/dt>\n<dd>~720 km<\/dd>\n<dt>Service ceiling<\/dt>\n<dd>~5,500 m<\/dd>\n<dt>Armoured shell<\/dt>\n<dd>Structural steel \u201cbathtub\u201d (several hundred kg)<\/dd>\n<dt>First flight<\/dt>\n<dd>2 October 1939 (TsKB-55 \/ BSh-2)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Propulsion &amp; Armament<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Engine<\/dt>\n<dd>1 \u00d7 Mikulin AM-38 (later AM-38F)<\/dd>\n<dt>Power<\/dt>\n<dd>~1,600\u20131,720 hp<\/dd>\n<dt>Cannon<\/dt>\n<dd>2 \u00d7 23 mm VYa-23 (early: 20 mm ShVAK)<\/dd>\n<dt>Machine guns<\/dt>\n<dd>2 \u00d7 7.62 mm ShKAS + 1 \u00d7 12.7 mm UBT (rear)<\/dd>\n<dt>Rockets<\/dt>\n<dd>Up to 8 \u00d7 RS-82 \/ RS-132<\/dd>\n<dt>Bombs<\/dt>\n<dd>Up to ~600 kg, incl. PTAB bomblets<\/dd>\n<dt>Built<\/dt>\n<dd>~36,000 Il-2 (1941\u20131945)<\/dd>\n<dt>Cost per flight hour<\/dt>\n<dd>No meaningful modern figure (wartime state product)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Il-2 Sturmovik\u2019s cost: why no dollar price exists<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The Il-2 was a wartime Soviet state product, built to a planned economy\u2019s output targets rather than sold on an open market, so there is no meaningful flyaway dollar price or cost-per-flight-hour figure for it. What the record does make clear is that it was designed to be <strong>cheap and fast to build<\/strong> \u2014 using wood in the rear fuselage and outer wings to spare scarce aluminium, and simple enough that factories could turn out thousands per month at the production peak. That affordability, as much as its armour, is why roughly 36,000 were built. Any precise cost figure attached to the type should be treated as an estimate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>The Il-2 from drawing board to war\u2019s end<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1938<\/div>\n<h3>Ilyushin proposes an armoured attacker<\/h3>\n<p>Sergey Ilyushin pitches a heavily armoured ground-attack aircraft (the BSh \/ TsKB-55) with an armour shell that forms part of the structure.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1939<\/div>\n<h3>First flight<\/h3>\n<p>The prototype flies on 2 October 1939, initially as a two-seat design with a rear crewman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1941<\/div>\n<h3>Enters service \u2014 as a single-seater<\/h3>\n<p>The Il-2 reaches units just as Germany invades. Flown single-seat for performance, it proves dangerously exposed to fighters from behind.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1942<\/div>\n<h3>The rear gunner returns<\/h3>\n<p>From late 1942 the two-seat Il-2 restores a rear gunner with a 12.7 mm machine gun, sharply improving survivability.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1943<\/div>\n<h3>PTAB bomblets debut at Kursk<\/h3>\n<p>At the Battle of Kursk, Sturmoviks scatter shaped-charge PTAB bomblets over massed German armour to devastating disruptive effect.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1944<\/div>\n<h3>Peak production<\/h3>\n<p>Soviet factories pour out Il-2s in enormous numbers; the type becomes the backbone of Red Army close air support.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1945<\/div>\n<h3>War\u2019s end \u2014 ~36,000 built<\/h3>\n<p>By VE-Day the Il-2 is the most-produced military aircraft in history; the more refined Il-10 is entering service alongside it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Postwar<\/div>\n<h3>Service across the Eastern Bloc<\/h3>\n<p>Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Mongolia operate Il-2s and Il-10s into the early 1950s before jets replace them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Stories &amp; Eyewitnesses<\/div>\n<h2>From the Eastern Front: twelve Sturmovik stories<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:-712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"stcar\">\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Origin \u00b7 1938<\/div>\n<h4>The armour that became the airframe<\/h4>\n<p>Sergey Ilyushin\u2019s insight: make the armour a structural part of the aircraft, not dead weight.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">When Ilyushin designed the Sturmovik he rejected the usual approach of bolting armour plate onto a conventional airframe. Instead he made a single formed steel shell \u2014 the bronekorpus \u2014 that wrapped the engine, cooling system, fuel and pilot and also carried structural loads. This let the Il-2 haul far more protection for a given weight than a bolt-on scheme, and it is the core reason the aircraft earned its \u201cflying tank\u201d reputation.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Design<\/div>\n<h4>Why they called it the \u2018flying tank\u2019<\/h4>\n<p>The armoured tub protected the vital core of the aircraft against small-arms and light flak.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The forward fuselage was a shell of hardened steel, commonly cited between roughly 4 and 12 mm thick depending on location. It shrugged off rifle-calibre fire and much light flak over the battlefield \u2014 the environment that shredded conventional aircraft. The cost was weight: the Il-2 was heavy and unspectacular in speed and manoeuvre, a deliberate trade of performance for survivability.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">1941\u201342<\/div>\n<h4>The single-seat blind spot<\/h4>\n<p>Flown without a rear gunner for speed, early Il-2s were savaged by fighters attacking from behind.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">To boost performance the Il-2 initially served as a single-seater. It was superbly protected from the front and below but had nothing covering its tail. German fighter pilots learned to attack from behind and slightly below, into the blind spot, and Il-2 losses in the first year of the war on the Eastern Front were heavy.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">1942<\/div>\n<h4>The gunner who fixed it<\/h4>\n<p>A rear gunner with a heavy machine gun was restored \u2014 brave, exposed work behind the armour.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">From late 1942 the two-seat Il-2 brought back a rear gunner armed with a 12.7 mm UBT machine gun. He sat behind the armoured tub, far less protected than the pilot, and gunner casualties were disproportionately high. But the aircraft could finally defend its tail, and survivability improved markedly.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Attributed to Stalin<\/div>\n<h4>\u2018Like air, like bread\u2019<\/h4>\n<p>A 1941 telegram reportedly demanded more Sturmoviks in the bluntest possible terms.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">As the Il-2 proved itself, Stalin is widely reported to have wired a lagging factory that the aircraft were \u201cnecessary for our Red Army now, like air, like bread,\u201d and to have demanded output be raised at once. The exact wording is retold in several forms, but the episode captures how central the Sturmovik had become to the Soviet war effort.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">German nickname<\/div>\n<h4>The \u2018Black Death\u2019<\/h4>\n<p>German troops are said to have given the Il-2 grim nicknames born of its toughness.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">German soldiers reportedly called the Il-2 the \u201cSchwarzer Tod\u201d \u2014 Black Death \u2014 and variants like the \u201cConcrete Plane\u201d or \u201cIron Gustav,\u201d references to how hard it was to shoot down. As with many wartime nicknames the attributions are anecdotal, but they reflect a real respect for how much punishment the aircraft could take.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Kursk \u00b7 1943<\/div>\n<h4>PTAB against the Panzers<\/h4>\n<p>Tiny shaped-charge bomblets, dropped by the hundred, could pierce a tank\u2019s thin top armour.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The PTAB shaped-charge bomblet weighed about 1.5 kg, and a single Il-2 could carry hundreds. Scattered over an area, they defeated the thinner armour on a tank\u2019s roof and engine deck. First used in strength at Kursk in July 1943, they made the Sturmovik a genuine anti-armour weapon rather than just a strafer.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Tactics<\/div>\n<h4>The circle of death<\/h4>\n<p>Il-2s attacked in a rotating wheel, each covering the tail of the one ahead.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Over a target Sturmoviks often formed the \u201ckrug smerti\u201d \u2014 circle of death \u2014 a continuous wheel of aircraft. Each in turn peeled off to dive on the target while the others covered its tail, keeping constant pressure on the ground while denying enemy fighters an easy shot at any isolated aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Ruggedness<\/div>\n<h4>Home on a wing and a prayer<\/h4>\n<p>Sturmoviks routinely returned riddled with hits that would have downed lesser aircraft.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Accounts from the Eastern Front repeatedly describe Il-2s coming home with dozens of holes, shredded control surfaces and damaged structure, thanks to the armoured core protecting the crew and engine. The specific hit-counts that circulate are best read as illustrative of the aircraft\u2019s reputation rather than precise records, but the underlying toughness was very real.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Production<\/div>\n<h4>More than any aircraft ever built<\/h4>\n<p>Around 36,000 Il-2s rolled out \u2014 a number no other military aircraft has matched.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Designed for mass production, with wooden rear fuselage and outer wings to spare aluminium, the Il-2 was built in staggering quantity: roughly 36,000 airframes, and about 42,000 including the Il-10. No other military aircraft in history has been produced in such numbers, and that sheer output was itself a weapon.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Successor<\/div>\n<h4>From Il-2 to Il-10<\/h4>\n<p>A cleaner, faster all-metal development carried the Sturmovik idea past 1945.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Late in the war Ilyushin developed the Il-10, an all-metal successor with better aerodynamics and performance while keeping the armoured-attacker concept. It entered service in 1944\u201345 and served alongside and after the Il-2, seeing further combat in Korea. Counted together, the two types top 40,000 built.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Legacy<\/div>\n<h4>The Sturmovik after the war<\/h4>\n<p>Il-2s and Il-10s flew on across the Eastern Bloc before jets took over.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">After 1945 the Sturmovik equipped several allied air forces \u2014 Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Mongolia among them \u2014 serving into the early 1950s. Today only a handful of restored Il-2s survive, several rebuilt from airframes recovered from wartime crash sites, standing as monuments to the most-produced warplane ever made.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Gallery<\/div>\n<h2>The Sturmovik in pictures<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:-660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track gal\" id=\"gal\">\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:854\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-preserved.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=854264419  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:653\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-preserved.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20653%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22653%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22653%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A preserved Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik  the armoured ground-attack aircraft built in greater numbers than any other.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A preserved Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 the armoured ground-attack aircraft built in greater numbers than any other.<span>Photo: Clemens Vasters \u00b7 CC BY 2.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-shturmovik-wartime-eastern-front.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=717391550  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:654\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-shturmovik-wartime-eastern-front.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20654%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22654%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22654%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A wartime Il-2 Shturmovik of the Soviet Air Force  the Red Armys flying tank of the Eastern Front.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A wartime Il-2 Shturmovik of the Soviet Air Force \u2014 the Red Army\u2019s \u2018flying tank\u2019 of the Eastern Front.<span>Photo: San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum Archives \u00b7 Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:855\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-airworthy-restoration.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=2114355217  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:655\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-airworthy-restoration.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20655%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"An Il-2 rebuilt to airworthy condition from an airframe recovered from a wartime crash site.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>An Il-2 rebuilt to airworthy condition from an airframe recovered from a wartime crash site.<span>Photo: Harveyqs \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:855\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-armoured-forward-fuselage.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=2125055760  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:655\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-armoured-forward-fuselage.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20655%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"The same restoration seen head-on  note the heavy armoured forward fuselage around the engine.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>The same restoration seen head-on \u2014 note the heavy armoured forward fuselage around the engine.<span>Photo: Harveyqs \u00b7 CC BY-SA 3.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:855\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-recovered-airframe.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=294659063  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:655\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-recovered-airframe.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20655%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22655%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"An Il-2 recovered from an Eastern-Front crash site and preserved on display.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>An Il-2 recovered from an Eastern-Front crash site and preserved on display.<span>Photo: Harveyqs \u00b7 CC BY-SA 4.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:854\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-two-seat-canopy-1.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1780298512  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:653\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/il-2-sturmovik-two-seat-canopy-1.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20653%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22653%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22653%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A preserved two-seat Il-2 in three-quarter view, its long stepped canopy covering pilot and rear gunner.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A preserved two-seat Il-2 in three-quarter view, its long stepped canopy covering pilot and rear gunner.<span>Photo: Clemens Vasters \u00b7 CC BY 2.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Watch<\/div>\n<h2>The Sturmovik in motion<\/h2>\n<p>A verified documentary feature for the Il-2 is on the way \u2014 <em>video coming soon<\/em>. In the meantime, explore the photo gallery above and the eyewitness stories from the Eastern Front.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Operations<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Sturmovik flew<\/h2>\n<div id=\"sr71-map-widget\" style=\"font-family:'Gilroy semiBold','Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,Lucida,sans-serif;max-width:1080px;width:100%;\">\n<div id=\"sr71-map-container\" style=\"width:100%;position:relative\"><svg id=\"sr71-map-svg\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\"><\/svg><\/p>\n<div id=\"sr71-tooltip\" style=\"position:fixed;background:#1a1a2e;color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;border-radius:0;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.3px;pointer-events:auto;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s;z-index:1000;max-width:360px;line-height:1.5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"sr71-controls\" style=\"display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:12px;\"> <button class=\"sr71-toggle active\" data-cat=\"migflug\" data-full=\"Origin &amp; primary user\" data-short=\"Origin\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #5C91FF;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:0;flex-shrink:0;background:#5C91FF\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"sr71-label\">Origin &amp; primary user<\/span><span class=\"sr71-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"sr71-toggle active\" data-cat=\"combat\" data-full=\"Combat use (WWII)\" data-short=\"Combat\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #6B8E23;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:0;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#4A6741 25%,#6B8E23 25%,#6B8E23 50%,#556B2F 50%,#556B2F 75%,#8B9D77 75%);background-size:8px 8px\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"sr71-label\">Combat use (WWII)<\/span><span class=\"sr71-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"sr71-toggle active\" data-cat=\"current\" data-full=\"Surviving Airframes on Display\" data-short=\"Museums\" style=\"display: none; align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(85, 85, 85); border-radius: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(26, 26, 46); white-space: nowrap; transition: 0.25s;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:0;flex-shrink:0;background:#555\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"sr71-label\">Surviving Airframes on Display<\/span><span class=\"sr71-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"sr71-toggle active\" data-cat=\"former\" data-full=\"Former postwar operators\" data-short=\"Former\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #bbb;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:0;flex-shrink:0;background:#C0C0C0\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"sr71-label\">Former postwar operators<\/span><span class=\"sr71-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <\/div>\n<div id=\"sr71-count\" style=\"text-align:left;font-size:14px;color:#666;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.7;width:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<style> #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle:hover{border-color:#999!important} #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle:not(.active){color:#999!important;border-color:#E0E0E0!important} #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle:not(.active) .sr71-check{opacity:0!important} #sr71-map-widget .country{fill:#E8ECF1;stroke:#C8D0DA;stroke-width:.4;transition:fill .3s,stroke .3s} #sr71-map-widget .country:hover{stroke-width:1;stroke:#999} #sr71-map-widget .country.cat-migflug{fill:#5C91FF;stroke:#3A6FD8;stroke-width:.7} #sr71-map-widget .country.cat-combat{fill:url(#camo-pattern);stroke:#4A6741;stroke-width:.7} #sr71-map-widget .country.cat-current{fill:#555;stroke:#333;stroke-width:.7} #sr71-map-widget .country.cat-former{fill:#C0C0C0;stroke:#999;stroke-width:.5} #sr71-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:700;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #sr71-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:11px;font-weight:400;color:#aaa;display:block;margin-bottom:6px;letter-spacing:.3px} #sr71-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:12px;font-weight:600;color:#ccc;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #sr71-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:12px;color:#ccc;line-height:1.5;display:block} #sr71-tooltip .tt-links{margin-top:6px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px} #sr71-tooltip .tt-links a{color:#5C91FF;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:4px} #sr71-tooltip .tt-links a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#7AABFF} #sr71-tooltip .tt-links a::after{content:'\\2197';font-size:10px} @media(max-width:600px){ #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle{ padding:6px 10px!important; font-size:12px!important; gap:5px!important; } #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle div{ width:12px!important; height:12px!important; } #sr71-controls{ gap:6px!important; } #sr71-count{ font-size:13px!important; } #sr71-tooltip{ max-width:calc(100vw - 32px)!important; font-size:12px!important; padding:8px 12px!important; } #sr71-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:14px!important} #sr71-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:10px!important} #sr71-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:11px!important} #sr71-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:11px!important} #sr71-tooltip .tt-links a{font-size:11px!important} } @media(max-width:400px){ #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle{ padding:5px 8px!important; font-size:11px!important; gap:4px!important; } #sr71-map-widget .sr71-toggle div{ width:10px!important; height:10px!important; } #sr71-controls{ gap:4px!important; } } <\/style>\n<p> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/d3\/7.8.5\/d3.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/topojson\/3.0.2\/topojson.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3-geo-projection@4\/dist\/d3-geo-projection.min.js\"><\/script> <\/p>\n<div id=\"sr71-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sr71-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat Record<\/div>\n<h2>The record that defines the Il-2<\/h2>\n<p>The Sturmovik\u2019s significance is not measured in air-to-air kills but in mass, endurance and effect on the ground. It flew hundreds of thousands of close-support sorties over the Eastern Front, blunting German offensives and supporting Soviet advances from Moscow to Berlin \u2014 and it did so in numbers no other combat aircraft has ever matched.<\/p>\n<div class=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>~36,000<\/b><span>Built \u2014 the most-produced military aircraft in history<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>Kursk 1943<\/b><span>PTAB shaped-charge bomblets debut against massed armour<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>Hundreds of thousands<\/b><span>Combat sorties flown across the Eastern Front<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Compare the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/fighter-jet-combat-statistics\/\">combat record of every military aircraft<\/a>. Figures as of July 2026.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Il-2 Sturmovik<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open=\"\">\n<summary>Can I fly in an Il-2?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No \u2014 there are no passenger flights in an Il-2 Sturmovik. Only a handful survive worldwide, and the few airworthy examples are irreplaceable museum aircraft, not ride platforms. You <b>can<\/b>, however, fly in several genuine military jets today \u2014 see <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">migflug.com\/flights-prices\/<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was the Il-2 called the \u2018flying tank\u2019?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because its armour was a structural part of the airframe. A single formed steel shell \u2014 the \u201cbathtub\u201d \u2014 enclosed the engine, fuel and pilot and carried loads itself, letting the aircraft survive low-level fire that would down conventional types.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many Il-2s were built?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Around 36,000 Il-2s, and roughly 42,000 counting the follow-on Il-10. That makes it the most-produced military aircraft in history \u2014 more than any single-type fighter or bomber of the war.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why did the Il-2 add a rear gunner?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The single-seat Il-2 had no defence against fighters attacking from behind and suffered heavy losses in 1941\u201342. From late 1942 a two-seat version restored a rear gunner with a 12.7 mm machine gun, which improved survivability \u2014 though the gunner\u2019s position was far less protected than the pilot\u2019s.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What were PTAB bomblets?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Small shaped-charge anti-tank bomblets, about 1.5 kg each, carried by the hundred. Scattered over massed armour \u2014 first in strength at Kursk in 1943 \u2014 they could pierce the thinner top armour of German tanks, making the Il-2 a genuine anti-tank weapon.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why did the Germans call it the \u2018Black Death\u2019?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">German troops reportedly nicknamed the Il-2 the \u201cSchwarzer Tod\u201d (Black Death) and the \u201cConcrete Plane\u201d because of how hard it was to shoot down and how feared its low-level attacks were. The nicknames are anecdotal but widely reported.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the Il-2 still flying?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Not in service. The type was retired in the 1950s. A few restored Il-2s exist today \u2014 several rebuilt from airframes recovered from Eastern-Front crash sites \u2014 and appear at museums and airshows.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You can\u2019t fly the Il-2.<br \/>These, you can.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">Some legends only live in museums \u2014 others are fuelled and waiting. MiGFlug has put civilians in real military jet cockpits since 2004.<\/p>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:-520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"flycar\"><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Aero L-39 Albatros side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the L-39 Albatros<\/b><span>The world\u2019s most-flown jet trainer \u2014 aerobatics included<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/f104-starfighter-flight\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed F-104 Starfighter side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the F-104 Starfighter<\/b><span>\u201cThe missile with a man in it\u201d<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/mig-21-launch\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-21<\/b><span>The Cold War\u2019s most-produced jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/t-33-in-canada\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the T-33 Shooting Star<\/b><span>America\u2019s first jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/vampire-flight-near-london\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"de Havilland Vampire side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the DH Vampire<\/b><span>A piece of early jet history<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/s-211-jet-flight-munich\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"SIAI-Marchetti S.211 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the S.211<\/b><span>Agile Italian jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-mb-326-jet-provost-in-italy\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Aermacchi MB-326 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MB-326<\/b><span>The classic Aermacchi jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/mig-15-fagot-czech-republic\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-15<\/b><span>The Soviet legend of the Korean War<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">See all flights &amp; prices<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-top:44px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Related Aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Continue the tour<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/su-25-frogfoot\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Jet Heir<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Su-25 Frogfoot<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Soviet Union\u2019s armoured jet ground-attacker \u2014 the Sturmovik idea carried into the jet age, and still fighting today.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Su-25 story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/a-1-skyraider\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Counterpart<\/span><span class=\"rh\">A-1 Skyraider<\/span><span class=\"rp\">America\u2019s piston-engined close-support workhorse \u2014 a rugged, heavily armed attacker in the same spirit as the Il-2.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Skyraider story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-28-beagle\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Ilyushin Stablemate<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Il-28 Beagle<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Ilyushin\u2019s first mass-produced jet bomber \u2014 the design bureau\u2019s next great production success after the Sturmovik.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Il-28 story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/militarymachine.com\/ww2-aircraft\/il-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Military Machine \u2014 Ilyushin Il-2 Shturmovik<\/a><span>Specifications, armour construction, production totals and the Stalin telegram.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/planehistoria.com\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PlaneHistoria \u2014 The Flying Tank<\/a><span>The structural armour bathtub, AM-38 engine, PTAB bomblets and the two-seat fix.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nationalinterest.org\/blog\/buzz\/russias-il-2-sturmovik-flying-tank-no-plane-has-been-built-19315\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The National Interest \u2014 The \u2018Flying Tank\u2019<\/a><span>Why no aircraft has been built in bigger numbers, and its role crushing German armour.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.militaryfactory.com\/aircraft\/detail.php?aircraft_id=134\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Military Factory \u2014 Ilyushin Il-2 (Bark)<\/a><span>Reference specifications, armament fits and variant history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/iconicww2.com\/aircraft\/il2.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iconic WW2 \u2014 Il-2, the flying tank<\/a><span>Design origins, the circle-of-death tactic and Eastern-Front service.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/the-il-2-sturmovik-the-most-produced-military-aircraft-in-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MiGFlug Afterburner \u2014 The Il-2, the Most-Produced Military Aircraft<\/a><span>MiGFlug\u2019s own feature on the Sturmovik\u2019s record-setting production.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The National WWII Museum<\/a><span>Context on Eastern-Front air power and Soviet ground-attack operations.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div id=\"galfix71\" data-js=\"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\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"galfix71\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aircraft Museum \u203a Ground-attack \u203a Il-2 Ilyushin Il-2\u201cSturmovik\u201d The Red Army\u2019s armoured \u201cflying tank\u201d \u2014 a ground-attack aircraft whose armour was its airframe, built in greater numbers than any other military aircraft in history and central to victory on the Eastern Front. ~36,000Il-2 built \u00b7 the most-produced military aircraft ever 1941Combat debut \u00b7 first flight [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":19887,"parent":15960,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-19027","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs &amp; Stories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/il-2-sturmovik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs &amp; Stories\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/il-2-sturmovik\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-08-02T08:26:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-preserved-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1707\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@migflug\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"19 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs & Stories\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-07-29T12:05:58+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-08-02T08:26:10+00:00\",\"description\":\"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1243,\"caption\":\"Photo: Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/il-2-sturmovik\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug\",\"description\":\"Fly a Jet Fighter Yourself\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":100,\"caption\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MiGFlug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/migflug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/migflug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/MiGFlug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.ch\\\/migflug\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs & Stories","description":"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/il-2-sturmovik\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs & Stories","og_description":"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.","og_url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/il-2-sturmovik\/","og_site_name":"MiGFlug","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","article_modified_time":"2026-08-02T08:26:10+00:00","og_image":[{"width":2560,"height":1707,"url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-preserved-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@migflug","twitter_misc":{"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"19 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/","name":"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs & Stories","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:TJRE.c966\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png","datePublished":"2026-07-29T12:05:58+00:00","dateModified":"2026-08-02T08:26:10+00:00","description":"The Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik is the most-produced combat aircraft in history \u2014 full history, specifications, photos and pilot stories.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:TJRE.c966\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:TJRE.c966\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/ilyushin-il-2-sturmovik-in-flight.png","width":1920,"height":1243,"caption":"Photo: Unknown authorUnknown author, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Ilyushin Il-2 Sturmovik \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","name":"\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u063a","description":"\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization","name":"\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 MiGFlug GmbH","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","width":200,"height":100,"caption":"MiGFlug GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","https:\/\/x.com\/migflug","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/migflug\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MiGFlug","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/migflug.com\/","https:\/\/www.pinterest.ch\/migflug\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=19027"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19888,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/19027\/revisions\/19888"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15960"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/19887"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=19027"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}