{"id":21205,"date":"2026-08-16T17:34:49","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:34:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=21205"},"modified":"2026-08-16T17:34:49","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T15:34:49","slug":"fiat-cr-32","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/","title":{"rendered":"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"mfam\">\n<style> @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400;1,500&display=swap'); body.page-id-21205 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-21205 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-21205 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} html{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-21205{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-21205 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-21205 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);background:#fff;color:#14181f;line-height:1.7;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden; --bg2:#f6f8fb;--line:#e2e7ee;--txt:#14181f;--txt2:#454e5e;--txt3:#8b94a5;--blue:#5C91FF;--blue-ink:#3568e0;--blue-dim:rgba(92,145,255,.10)} #mfam *{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box} #mfam h1,#mfam h2,#mfam h3,#mfam h4,#mfam h5,#mfam b,#mfam strong,#mfam summary,#mfam .stat b,#mfam dt,#mfam dd{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam a{color:var(--blue-ink);text-decoration:none} #mfam img{display:block;max-width:100%} #mfam .wrap{max-width:1120px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px} #mfam h2{font-size:clamp(26px,3.4vw,36px);letter-spacing:-.5px;margin-bottom:8px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:14px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam section{padding:64px 0} #mfam p{color:var(--txt2);font-size:16.5px;max-width:70ch} #mfam p+p{margin-top:1em} #mfam p strong{color:var(--txt)} #mfam .hero{position:relative;min-height:620px;height:76vh;max-height:860px;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;overflow:hidden;background:#10141d} #mfam .hero-media{position:absolute;inset:0} #mfam .hero-media img{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;object-position:center 45%;opacity:.92} #mfam .hero-media::after{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(to top,rgba(8,10,15,.78) 0%,rgba(8,10,15,.15) 55%,rgba(8,10,15,.02))} #mfam .hero-in{position:relative;width:100%;padding-bottom:52px} #mfam .crumb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:18px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .crumb a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.7)} #mfam .hero h1{font-size:clamp(40px,6.5vw,80px);letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:1.04;color:#fff} #mfam .hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .hero .sub{font-size:clamp(16px,2vw,20px);color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);margin-top:14px;max-width:56ch;text-shadow:0 1px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.5)} #mfam .statstrip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.25);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);margin-top:36px} #mfam .stat{background:rgba(255,255,255,.95);padding:18px 22px} #mfam .stat b{display:block;font-size:clamp(20px,2.4vw,28px);color:#0d1117;letter-spacing:-.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} #mfam .credit{position:absolute;right:14px;bottom:8px;font-size:10px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55)} #mfam .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;padding:26px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .chip{font-size:12.5px;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .chip b{color:var(--txt3);margin-right:6px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px} #mfam .chip:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .chip.fly{background:var(--blue-dim);border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:start} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .pull{font-family:'Lora',Georgia,serif;font-style:italic;font-size:24px;line-height:1.5;color:#0d1117;border-left:3px solid var(--blue);padding:6px 0 6px 26px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .pull cite{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:16px} #mfam .pull cite b{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cards3{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:36px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cards3{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .ecard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:28px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .ecard .num{font-size:12px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:2px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .ecard h3{font-size:19px;margin:10px 0;letter-spacing:-.3px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .ecard p{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .deepset{margin-top:34px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:0} #mfam details.deep{background:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deepset details.deep:first-of-type{border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam details.deep[open]{border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam details.deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:20px 8px;font-size:16.5px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:22px;color:#0d1117} #mfam details.deep summary .no{flex:none;width:52px;font-size:30px;letter-spacing:-1px;color:#d5dbe6;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam details.deep summary .t{flex:1} #mfam details.deep:hover summary .t{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam details.deep summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam details.deep[open] summary::after{content:\"\u2013\"} #mfam details.deep .a{padding:0 8px 26px 74px;font-size:15px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:78ch} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam details.deep .a{padding-left:8px} #mfam details.deep summary .no{width:34px;font-size:22px}} #mfam details.deep .a p+p{margin-top:.9em} #mfam details.deep .a h5{font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#0d1117;margin:1.4em 0 .4em} #mfam details.deep .a img{margin:16px 0 6px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:12px} #mfam summary{list-style:none} #mfam summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .specgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;margin-top:36px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .specgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .spectable{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable h4{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:18px 24px;margin:0} #mfam .spectable dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{padding:12px 24px;font-size:14px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable dt{color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:right} #mfam .spectable dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .spectable dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .tl{margin-top:40px;position:relative;padding-left:34px} #mfam .tl::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:8px;top:6px;bottom:6px;width:2px;background:var(--line)} #mfam .tl-item{position:relative;padding-bottom:34px} #mfam .tl-item::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-32px;top:7px;width:14px;height:14px;background:#fff;border:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tl-item .yr{font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:1.5px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .tl-item h3{font-size:17px;margin:3px 0 5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .car{position:relative;margin-top:30px} #mfam .cbtn{position:absolute;top:calc(50% - 22px);width:44px;height:44px;background:var(--blue);border:none;color:#fff;font-size:24px;line-height:44px;text-align:center;cursor:pointer;z-index:6;padding:0} #mfam .cbtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cbtn.p{left:-8px} #mfam .cbtn.n{right:-8px} #mfam .track{display:flex;gap:16px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;padding:4px 0 10px;scrollbar-width:none} #mfam .track::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none} #mfam .mscard{flex:0 0 340px;scroll-snap-align:start;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .mscard .tag{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:12px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mscard h4{font-size:17px;letter-spacing:-.2px;margin-bottom:8px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .mscard p{font-size:13.5px;flex:1} #mfam .mscard details{border:none;background:none} #mfam .mscard details summary{cursor:pointer;margin-top:16px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mscard details[open] summary{display:none} #mfam .mscard details .full{margin-top:14px;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .gal figure{flex:0 0 78%;max-width:640px;scroll-snap-align:start;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;margin:0} #mfam .gal .ph{aspect-ratio:16\/9;width:100%;object-fit:cover} #mfam .gal .phold{aspect-ratio:16\/9;display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:8px;background:linear-gradient(160deg,#1a2233,#10141f);color:#8b94a5;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;text-align:center;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .gal figcaption{padding:14px 20px;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .gal figcaption span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:11.5px;display:block;margin-top:2px} #mfam .vidwrap{margin-top:30px;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .vidwrap iframe{width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidwrap{margin-top:30px;aspect-ratio:16\/9;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .vidwrap iframe{width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vid{position:relative;aspect-ratio:16\/9;overflow:hidden;border:1px solid var(--line);background:linear-gradient(160deg,#161d2c,#0d1119);display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center;gap:18px;margin-top:30px} #mfam .vid .play{width:78px;height:78px;background:var(--blue);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center} #mfam .vid p{font-size:13px;color:#8b94a5;text-align:center;max-width:52ch} #mfam .mapbox{margin-top:30px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:var(--bg2);padding:60px 30px;text-align:center} #mfam .maplegend{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:12px;justify-content:center;margin-top:24px} #mfam .maplegend span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt2);background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:7px 15px} #mfam .dot{width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block} #mfam .combat{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .combat{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .cstat{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-bottom:4px solid var(--line);padding:30px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .cstat b{display:block;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:-1px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .cstat.zero{border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cstat.zero b{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cstat span{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .qa{margin-top:30px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px} #mfam .qa details{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .qa details[open]{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qa summary{cursor:pointer;padding:20px 24px;font-size:16px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\u2013\"} #mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 24px 22px;font-size:15px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:75ch} #mfam .ad{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 40px} #mfam .ad .adin{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center} #mfam .ad .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ad h2{margin-bottom:12px;color:#fff} #mfam .ad .adp{margin:0 auto 26px;color:#9aa3b8} #mfam .flycard{flex:0 0 240px;scroll-snap-align:start;background:#151b26;border:1px solid #232b3d;padding:22px;text-align:center} #mfam .flycard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .flycard .fico{height:64px;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:14px} #mfam .flycard .fico svg{height:52px;width:auto} #mfam .flycard b{display:block;font-size:16px;color:#fff;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .flycard span{font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5} #mfam .btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--blue);color:#fff;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:.5px;padding:16px 36px;margin-top:28px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .btn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .relgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .rel{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .rel:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .rel .rk{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel h3{font-size:19px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .rel p{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .rel .go{display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .srclist{margin-top:26px;columns:2;column-gap:48px;list-style:none;font-size:14px} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .srclist{columns:1}} #mfam .srclist li{margin-bottom:10px;break-inside:avoid;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .srclist li span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;display:block} #mfam .finenote{margin-top:30px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .divider{border:none;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam .rel .rh{display:block;font-size:19px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rp{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .rel .rk,#mfam .rel .go{display:block} #mfam .rel .go{margin-top:14px} #mfam .fico{display:flex;height:64px;align-items:center;justify-content:center;margin-bottom:14px} #mfam .relgrid>p,#mfam .track>p{display:contents} body.page-id-21205 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} #mfam p{font-size:17px} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .qa summary{font-size:18px;padding:22px 26px} #mfam .qa details .a{font-size:16px;padding:0 26px 24px;max-width:78ch} #mfam details.deep summary{font-size:17.5px} #mfam details.deep .a{font-size:16px} #mfam .mscard h4{font-size:18px} #mfam .mscard p{font-size:15px} #mfam .mscard .tag{font-size:11.5px} #mfam .mscard details summary{font-size:14px} #mfam .mscard details .full{font-size:15px} #mfam .ecard h3{font-size:20px} #mfam .ecard p{font-size:15.5px} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{font-size:15px} #mfam .tl-item h3{font-size:18px} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:15.5px} #mfam .gal figcaption{font-size:14.5px} #mfam .gal figcaption span{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .chip{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11.5px} #mfam .flycard b{font-size:17px} #mfam .flycard span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .rel .rh{font-size:20px} #mfam .rel .rp{font-size:15px} #mfam .rel .go{font-size:14px} #mfam .srclist{font-size:15px} #mfam .srclist li span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .finenote{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .maplegend span{font-size:13.5px} #mfam .vid p{font-size:14px} #mfam .cstat span{font-size:12.5px} #mfam .btn{font-size:15px} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117} #mfam .fico img{height:72px;width:auto;max-width:192px;filter:drop-shadow(0 0 2px rgba(220,232,248,.5))} #mfam .flycard .fico{height:76px} #mfam .btn{font-size:17px;padding:18px 40px} span.chip{cursor:default} \/*mobfix1*\/@media(max-width:767px){#mfam .hero{height:auto;min-height:0;max-height:none;padding-top:96px}#mfam .car{padding-top:60px}#mfam .cbtn{top:0;bottom:auto}#mfam .cbtn.p{left:auto;right:52px}#mfam .cbtn.n{right:0}}<\/style>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can I fly in a Fiat CR.32?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Only a handful of Fiat CR.32s survive, all as static museum exhibits \\u2014 there is no airworthy original and no company offers flights in one. If you want to fly a real fighter yourself, MiGFlug offers cockpit experiences in genuine military jets you can actually strap into.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why was the Fiat CR.32 so successful in the Spanish Civil War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In the hands of skilled Italian and Spanish Nationalist pilots the CR.32 was strong, superbly agile and reliable, and it excelled in the tight-turning dogfights that dominated the Spanish air war of 1936\\u201339. It fought Republican Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 fighters and produced leading aces such as Joaquin Garcia-Morato.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did the CR.32 mislead Italian fighter doctrine?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Many historians argue that it did. The CR.32's dominance in Spain seemed to prove that an agile biplane dogfighter was still viable, which encouraged the Regia Aeronautica to field the biplane Fiat CR.42 into the Second World War just as fast monoplane fighters were taking over. It is a widely cited example of the right lesson learned from the wrong war.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was the Fiat CR.32 obsolete by the Second World War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. By 1940 the CR.32 was outclassed by modern monoplanes, but it still served in secondary and ground-attack roles in East Africa, North Africa and the Mediterranean before being withdrawn from front-line use.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many Fiat CR.32s were built and who used them?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Roughly 1,200 were built, though figures vary. Besides Italy, the type was exported to Hungary, Austria, China, Venezuela and Paraguay, and it was built under licence in Spain as the Hispano-Aviacion HA-132 'Chirri'.\"}}]}<\/script><header class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"hero-media\"><img data-opt-id=1928573775  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\"  src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Fiat CR.32 Italian biplane fighter\" decoding=\"async\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/\">Military Aircraft Encyclopedia<\/a> \u00b7 <span>Fighters<\/span> \u00b7 <span>Fiat CR.32<\/span><\/div>\n<h1>Fiat CR.32<br \/><em>King of the Spanish skies<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">The strong, superbly agile Italian biplane that dominated the dogfights of the Spanish Civil War \u2014 and, in doing so, helped convince Italy that the age of the fighting biplane was not yet over.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>~360 km\/h<\/b><span>Top speed (~224 mph)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>~1,200<\/b><span>Built (figures vary)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1933<\/b><span>First flight<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Biplane<\/b><span>Sesquiplane<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"credit\">Zerosei \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Role<\/b> Fighter \u00b7 ground attack<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Era<\/b> 1933 \u2013 1945<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Engine<\/b> Fiat A.30 RA V12<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Origin<\/b> Italy<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b> Retired<\/span><a class=\"chip fly\" href=\"#faq\">Want to fly a real fighter yourself?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The Story<\/div>\n<h2>The Fiat CR.32: the biplane that ruled the Spanish skies<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>In the early 1930s, while the world\u2019s air forces were still arguing about whether the future belonged to the biplane or the monoplane, Fiat\u2019s chief designer <strong>Celestino Rosatelli<\/strong> produced what many consider the finest biplane fighter ever built. The <strong>CR.32<\/strong>, first flown in 1933, was compact, immensely strong and delightful to fly \u2014 a taut little sesquiplane that seemed to turn on a wingtip.<\/p>\n<p>It was a refinement of Rosatelli\u2019s earlier CR.30, built around a Fiat A.30 V12 of around 600 horsepower and armed, in its definitive form, with a pair of hard-hitting Breda-SAFAT machine guns. On paper it was unremarkable; in the air it was a thoroughbred, and the Regia Aeronautica\u2019s display pilots made it famous across Europe with tight, immaculate aerobatics.<\/p>\n<p>Its real fame, though, was won in war. When the <strong>Spanish Civil War<\/strong> broke out in 1936, Italy sent CR.32s and their pilots to fight for the Nationalists as the <strong>Aviazione Legionaria<\/strong>. Over Spain the little Fiat met the Soviet-supplied Polikarpov I-15 biplane and the fast I-16 monoplane \u2014 and, in the swirling low-level dogfights that characterised that war, it more than held its own. Flown well, the CR.32 was strong enough to take punishment, agile enough to out-turn almost anything, and reliable enough to fight day after day.<\/p>\n<p>It produced aces. The leading Nationalist pilot, <strong>Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Morato<\/strong>, scored the majority of his roughly 40 victories on the type, and Italian and Spanish pilots alike came to trust the Fiat completely. By the end of the war the CR.32 had become, in reputation, the master of the Spanish skies.<\/p>\n<p>Therein lay a trap. The CR.32\u2019s success arguably taught Italy the wrong lesson. It seemed to prove that a nimble biplane dogfighter still had a place in modern air combat \u2014 a conclusion that helped justify sending its biplane successor, the <strong>CR.42 Falco<\/strong>, into the Second World War, just as fast, heavily armed monoplanes were rendering such aircraft obsolete.<\/p>\n<p>By 1940 the CR.32 itself was plainly out of date. Yet it fought on in the war\u2019s opening rounds \u2014 in <strong>East Africa<\/strong>, over the <strong>Western Desert<\/strong> of North Africa and in the mountains of the <strong>Greek<\/strong> front \u2014 flying secondary fighter, ground-attack and night sorties until at last it was withdrawn. A few survive in museums today; none is airworthy. The CR.32 remains one of history\u2019s great biplane fighters, and a cautionary tale about winning the last war too well.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pull\">\u201cStrong, agile and deadly in a turning fight \u2014 the CR.32 won its war so convincingly that it helped Italy learn the wrong lesson.\u201d<cite><b>The Fiat CR.32<\/b> \u2014 Celestino Rosatelli\u2019s masterpiece<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Fiat CR.32 and the biplane-versus-monoplane debate of the 1930s<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>When the CR.32 first flew in 1933, the fighter world was genuinely divided. Monoplanes promised speed, but early examples were tricky to fly and their structures were still unproven; biplanes offered agility, strength and docile handling that pilots and air staffs trusted. The CR.32 was the biplane school\u2019s finest argument \u2014 fast enough for its day, phenomenally manoeuvrable and rugged.<\/p>\n<p>What tipped the balance was combat experience \u2014 and here the CR.32\u2019s own record proved double-edged. Its dominance over Spain was read by many in Italy as proof that the agile dogfighter still ruled. Others, watching the fast Polikarpov I-16 dive in, fire and climb away at will, drew the opposite conclusion. Both were, in a sense, looking at the same aircraft. This debate is why the CR.32 matters far beyond its own service record.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"t\">How good was the Fiat CR.32 really? Reading the Spanish Civil War record honestly<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The CR.32\u2019s reputation as the \u201cking\u201d of the Spanish air war is well earned but needs care. Nationalist and Italian claims from that chaotic, poorly documented conflict are difficult to reconcile with Republican records, and victory tallies from the 1930s should be treated as approximate. What is not in doubt is that the type was strong, dependable and superbly agile, and that in skilled hands it was a genuinely dangerous opponent that could out-turn the I-15 and frustrate the faster I-16.<\/p>\n<p>Its weaknesses were equally real: it was slow by the standards of the coming decade and lightly armed with just two machine guns. The honest verdict is that the CR.32 was probably the best of the late biplane fighters \u2014 and that being the best of a type the future was leaving behind is a limited kind of triumph.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Design &amp; Engineering<\/div>\n<h2>How Fiat and Rosatelli built the perfect biplane fighter<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards3\">\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">01<\/div>\n<h3>A jewel of a sesquiplane<\/h3>\n<p>The CR.32 was a sesquiplane \u2014 its lower wing markedly smaller than the upper \u2014 built on a Warren-truss interplane strut arrangement that needed few bracing wires. The result was a compact, immensely strong airframe with light, beautifully harmonised controls that made it a natural dogfighter and a favourite of display pilots.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">02<\/div>\n<h3>The Fiat A.30 V12<\/h3>\n<p>Power came from a Fiat A.30 RA liquid-cooled V12 of roughly 600 hp \u2014 modest, but smooth and reliable. It gave the CR.32 a top speed of about 360 km\/h and, more importantly, the responsiveness and climb that a turning fight demanded. It was never fast, but it was always willing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">03<\/div>\n<h3>Breda-SAFAT guns<\/h3>\n<p>The definitive CR.32 carried two synchronised Breda-SAFAT machine guns \u2014 usually a pair of hard-hitting 12.7 mm weapons, though 7.7 mm guns and mixed fits were also used. Adequate against the lightly built aircraft of the mid-1930s, this modest battery would become a serious handicap against the armoured monoplanes of the next war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Fiat CR.32\u2019s agility: why pilots loved it and enemies feared the turn<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Almost every account of the CR.32, friend or foe, returns to the same word: agility. The aircraft could enter and hold an extraordinarily tight turn, reverse quickly, and remain controllable to the edge of a stall. For a well-trained pilot that meant a defensive fight was rarely hopeless \u2014 a CR.32 that could not out-run an attacker could very often out-turn it, forcing the faster aircraft to overshoot.<\/p>\n<p>The catch, already visible over Spain, was that a faster monoplane did not have to accept the turning fight. It could dive in from above, fire, and zoom-climb back out of reach, choosing when to engage. The CR.32 was the master of a game its newest opponents could simply decline to play \u2014 the central dilemma of every agile biplane in the monoplane age.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Specifications<\/div>\n<h2>Fiat CR.32 \u2014 by the numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Airframe &amp; performance<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Crew<\/dt>\n<dd>1<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>~7.45 m (24 ft 5 in)<\/dd>\n<dt>Wingspan (upper)<\/dt>\n<dd>~9.50 m (31 ft 2 in)<\/dd>\n<dt>Empty weight<\/dt>\n<dd>~1,325 kg (2,921 lb)<\/dd>\n<dt>Max takeoff weight<\/dt>\n<dd>~1,915 kg (4,222 lb)<\/dd>\n<dt>Max speed<\/dt>\n<dd>~360 km\/h (~224 mph) \u2014 estimate<\/dd>\n<dt>Service ceiling<\/dt>\n<dd>~7,700 m (~25,300 ft)<\/dd>\n<dt>Range<\/dt>\n<dd>~780 km (~485 mi)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Powerplant, armament &amp; programme<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Engine<\/dt>\n<dd>Fiat A.30 RA V12, ~600 hp<\/dd>\n<dt>Armament<\/dt>\n<dd>2 \u00d7 Breda-SAFAT MGs (typically 2 \u00d7 12.7 mm; 7.7 mm on some)<\/dd>\n<dt>First flight<\/dt>\n<dd>28 April 1933<\/dd>\n<dt>Built<\/dt>\n<dd>~1,200 (figures vary; 1933\u20131939)<\/dd>\n<dt>Operators<\/dt>\n<dd>Italy; also Spain, Hungary, Austria, China, Venezuela, Paraguay<\/dd>\n<dt>Cost per flight hour<\/dt>\n<dd>Not reliably recorded (1930s)<\/dd>\n<dt>Variants<\/dt>\n<dd>CR.32, CR.32bis, CR.32ter, CR.32quater; Hispano HA-132 Chirri<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Fiat CR.32\u2019s operating costs: why the numbers are lost<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Unlike modern jets, the CR.32 left almost no reliable cost-per-flight-hour record. It was a mid-1930s design produced in an era before such figures were tracked or published in the way they are today, and its operators \u2014 Fascist Italy, Nationalist Spain and a scattering of export customers \u2014 kept records that were incomplete then and are fragmentary now. Any specific hourly cost quoted for a CR.32 should be treated with suspicion.<\/p>\n<p>What can be said is that the CR.32 was, by design, a relatively cheap and simple aircraft: a modest V12, a rugged airframe and light armament. That affordability was part of its appeal to smaller air forces and is one reason roughly 1,200 were built and the type was licence-produced in Spain long after Italy had moved on.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">05<\/span><span class=\"t\">A family of Chirri: the CR.32bis, ter and quater<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The CR.32 evolved through several sub-types. The <strong>CR.32bis<\/strong> added two more machine guns in the lower wing and provision for light bombs, at some cost in agility; the <strong>CR.32ter<\/strong> and <strong>CR.32quater<\/strong> refined the equipment and lightened the aircraft again, the quater becoming the definitive single-seat fighter version. Spain\u2019s licence-built machines, nicknamed <strong>\u201cChirri\u201d<\/strong>, served long after 1939. Performance and armament varied between versions and sources; the figures above describe a representative CR.32.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>From Turin drawing board to the last biplane wars<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1933<\/div>\n<h3>First flight<\/h3>\n<p>Celestino Rosatelli\u2019s CR.32 makes its maiden flight on 28 April 1933, developed from the earlier CR.30. It enters Regia Aeronautica service the following year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1936\u201339<\/div>\n<h3>King of the Spanish skies<\/h3>\n<p>Italian Aviazione Legionaria and Spanish Nationalist CR.32s fight Republican I-15s and I-16s over Spain, winning a formidable reputation and producing aces such as Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Morato.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1930s<\/div>\n<h3>Exported and licence-built<\/h3>\n<p>The CR.32 is sold to Hungary, Austria, China, Venezuela and Paraguay, and built under licence in Spain as the Hispano-Aviaci\u00f3n HA-132 \u201cChirri\u201d.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<h3>Obsolete, but still fighting<\/h3>\n<p>By Italy\u2019s June 1940 entry into the Second World War the CR.32 is outdated, yet it flies front-line and secondary sorties in East Africa, North Africa, the Mediterranean and against Greece.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940\u201341<\/div>\n<h3>Second-line and night work<\/h3>\n<p>Outclassed by monoplanes, surviving CR.32s shift to ground attack, training and night duties before being withdrawn from combat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Post-war<\/div>\n<h3>Survivors and the Chirri<\/h3>\n<p>Spanish-built Chirris serve into the post-war years. A handful of CR.32s survive as museum exhibits \u2014 among them an example at the Italian Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle \u2014 but none remains airworthy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Stories<\/div>\n<h2>Twelve chapters in the Fiat CR.32\u2019s story<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:-712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"stcar\">\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Rosatelli\u2019s masterpiece<\/div>\n<h4>The finest fighting biplane<\/h4>\n<p>Many historians rate the CR.32 the best biplane fighter ever built \u2014 the high-water mark of a design tradition.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Celestino Rosatelli had spent a decade refining Fiat\u2019s CR series when the CR.32 appeared in 1933. Compact, immensely strong and beautifully balanced, it combined a proven Warren-truss wing structure with light, harmonised controls. For agility, strength and handling it has few rivals among biplanes \u2014 and it arrived just as the type was about to be overtaken by the monoplane.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Spain<\/div>\n<h4>King of the Spanish skies<\/h4>\n<p>Over Spain the CR.32 met the Soviet-built I-15 and I-16 \u2014 and in the dogfight it more than held its own.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">From 1936 the Italian Aviazione Legionaria flew CR.32s for the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War. In the low, swirling dogfights of that conflict the strong, agile Fiat proved a superb mount, out-turning the I-15 biplane and frustrating the faster I-16 monoplane. It became, in reputation, the master of the Spanish air war.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">The ace<\/div>\n<h4>Garc\u00eda-Morato\u2019s Fiat<\/h4>\n<p>The top Nationalist ace scored most of his roughly 40 victories flying the CR.32.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Morato, the leading Nationalist fighter pilot of the Spanish Civil War, flew the CR.32 through most of his career and scored the great majority of his roughly 40 credited victories on it. His success \u2014 and that of Italian legionary pilots \u2014 cemented the Fiat\u2019s formidable name. Air-war claims from Spain are hard to verify precisely, but his standing as the conflict\u2019s top ace is not in doubt.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">The wrong lesson<\/div>\n<h4>A victory that misled<\/h4>\n<p>The CR.32\u2019s Spanish triumph helped convince Italy that the agile biplane still had a future.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The CR.32\u2019s dominance over Spain seemed to prove that a nimble biplane dogfighter remained viable in modern war. That reading encouraged the Regia Aeronautica to field the biplane CR.42 Falco into the Second World War just as monoplanes were taking over. It is one of aviation\u2019s most-cited examples of the right lesson drawn from the wrong war.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">I-16 Rata<\/div>\n<h4>Biplane versus monoplane<\/h4>\n<p>Against the fast Polikarpov I-16, the CR.32 faced a preview of the future.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The Soviet-supplied I-16 \u2014 nicknamed \u201cRata\u201d by the Nationalists and \u201cMosca\u201d by the Republicans \u2014 was a stubby monoplane that could dive in, fire and climb away faster than the Fiat could follow. The CR.32 could out-turn it, but could not force it to fight on those terms. The duel over Spain foreshadowed the whole biplane-versus-monoplane story of the coming war.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Aerobatics<\/div>\n<h4>The pride of the Regia Aeronautica<\/h4>\n<p>Before the wars, CR.32s dazzled European crowds with immaculate formation aerobatics.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The Regia Aeronautica\u2019s display pilots used the CR.32\u2019s crisp handling to build a reputation for spectacular, tightly flown aerobatics at air meetings across Europe. That showmanship was more than propaganda: it reflected an aircraft that genuinely rewarded skilled hands, and it helped attract the export orders that spread the type abroad.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">East Africa<\/div>\n<h4>The forgotten campaign<\/h4>\n<p>In the highlands of Italian East Africa the obsolete CR.32 fought on into 1941.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">When Italy entered the Second World War in 1940, CR.32s in Eritrea and Ethiopia flew fighter and ground-attack sorties against British and Commonwealth forces in the isolated East African campaign. Cut off from resupply and hopelessly outdated, these aircraft fought a losing battle far from home until the Italian position in East Africa collapsed in 1941.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Western Desert<\/div>\n<h4>Ground attack over the sands<\/h4>\n<p>In North Africa the CR.32 traded the dogfight for the strafing run.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Over the Western Desert in 1940 the CR.32 was already too slow and lightly armed to face modern fighters on equal terms, so it was increasingly turned to ground attack and army co-operation. It was dangerous, thankless work in a machine a generation out of date, and it hastened the type\u2019s withdrawal from front-line service.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Greece<\/div>\n<h4>War in the mountains<\/h4>\n<p>CR.32s flew from Albania against Greece in the winter of 1940\u201341.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">During the Greco-Italian War the CR.32 flew close-support and fighter missions over the rugged Greek and Albanian fronts. In the harsh mountain winter the elderly biplane\u2019s ruggedness and short-field handling still had some value, even as the wider campaign went badly for Italy.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">The Chirri<\/div>\n<h4>Spain builds its own<\/h4>\n<p>Spain liked the CR.32 so much it built the type under licence as the \u201cChirri\u201d.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Hispano-Aviaci\u00f3n produced the CR.32 under licence in Spain as the HA-132 \u201cChirri\u201d, and these aircraft served the Spanish air arm long after Italy had retired the type. It was a striking testament to how well the design suited a smaller air force \u2014 cheap, tough and easy to fly \u2014 that a foreign customer kept building it after the war that made it famous had ended.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Exports<\/div>\n<h4>A biplane abroad<\/h4>\n<p>From Central Europe to South America, the CR.32 found foreign buyers.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Besides Spain, the CR.32 was exported to Hungary, Austria, China, Venezuela and Paraguay. Some of these aircraft saw combat \u2014 notably in China during the opening phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War \u2014 while others served as fighters and trainers. The spread of the type helped make the CR.32 one of the most widely used fighter biplanes of its generation.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Survivors<\/div>\n<h4>Where to see a CR.32 today<\/h4>\n<p>For a fighter built by the thousand, remarkably few CR.32s survive.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>The full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">A handful of CR.32s and Spanish-built Chirris survive as static museum exhibits, including an example preserved at the Italian Air Force Museum at Vigna di Valle on Lake Bracciano. None is airworthy, and no company offers flights in one. Between them these survivors preserve the shape of what many regard as the finest biplane fighter ever flown.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Gallery<\/div>\n<h2>The Fiat CR.32 in pictures<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:-660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"track gal\" id=\"gal\">\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-line-up.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1500862361  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-line-up.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A line-up of Fiat CR.32 biplane fighters of the Regia Aeronautica\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A line-up of Regia Aeronautica CR.32s.<span>Unknown author \/ Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-balearic-spain.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=556010089  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-balearic-spain.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A Fiat CR.32 of the Aviazione Legionaria in the Balearic Islands during the Spanish Civil War\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A CR.32 in the Balearics during the Spanish Civil War.<span>Unknown author \/ Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-italian-air-force.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1379177515  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-italian-air-force.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"An Italian Regia Aeronautica Fiat CR.32 fighter, period photograph\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A Regia Aeronautica CR.32, period photograph.<span>Fortepan \/ H\u00eddv\u00e9gi Zolt\u00e1n (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-formation.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=133320793  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-formation.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Two Fiat CR.32 biplane fighters\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Two CR.32 Chirri together.<span>Unknown author \/ Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-regia-aeronautica.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=454522044  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-regia-aeronautica.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A Fiat CR.32 biplane fighter of the Italian Regia Aeronautica\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A CR.32 in Regia Aeronautica service.<span>San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum \/ Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-benghazi-1941.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1870106766  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-benghazi-1941.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"RAAF officers inspect a captured Fiat CR.32 at Benghazi in 1941\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>RAAF officers with a captured CR.32 at Benghazi, 1941.<span>Australian armed forces \/ Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-hispano-chirri.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=292174840  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-hispano-chirri.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A Spanish Hispano-Aviaci\u00f3n HA-132 Chirri, the licence-built Fiat CR.32\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A Spanish-built HA-132 \u201cChirri\u201d, the licence CR.32.<span>Contando Estrelas \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-preserved.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1217805005  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-preserved.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A preserved Fiat CR.32 biplane fighter on display\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A preserved CR.32 on museum display.<span>Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1928573775  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Fiat CR.32 Italian biplane fighter preserved at a museum\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A preserved CR.32 \u2014 few survive today.<span>Zerosei \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Film<\/div>\n<h2>See the Fiat CR.32 in context<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vidwrap\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/F25fZS4GpoA\" title=\"King of the Skies in the Spanish Civil War \u2014 Fiat CR.32\" loading=\"lazy\" allow=\"accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top:14px;font-size:13.5px;color:#8b94a5\">Why did a biplane become the star fighter of the Spanish Civil War \u2014 and what did that success cost Italy later? This detailed history follows the CR.32 from Rosatelli\u2019s drawing board to the dogfights over Spain and its twilight service in the Second World War.<\/p>\n<p class=\"finenote vidcap\">Video: \u201cKing Of The Skies In The Spanish Civil War | Fiat CR.32\u201d by Rex\u2019s Hangar (~173,000 views). Embedded via YouTube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Operations<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Fiat CR.32 flew and fought<\/h2>\n<p>From its home plants in Turin the CR.32 spread across three continents: it made its name over Spain, soldiered on in Italy\u2019s East and North African campaigns, and was exported and licence-built from Central Europe to South America. Hover or tap a country to see its part in the Chirri\u2019s story.<\/p>\n<div id=\"cr32-map-widget\" style=\"font-family:'Gilroy semiBold','Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,Lucida,sans-serif;max-width:1080px;width:100%;margin-top:24px\">\n<div id=\"cr32-map-container\" style=\"width:100%;position:relative\"><svg id=\"cr32-map-svg\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\"><\/svg><\/p>\n<div id=\"cr32-tooltip\" style=\"position:fixed;background:#1a1a2e;color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;border-radius:0;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.3px;pointer-events:auto;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s;z-index:1000;max-width:360px;line-height:1.5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"cr32-controls\" style=\"display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:12px\"><button class=\"cr32-toggle active\" data-cat=\"migflug\" data-full=\"Origin &#038; Manufacturer\" data-short=\"Origin\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #5C91FF;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><span style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#5C91FF\"><\/span><span class=\"cr32-label\">Origin &#038; Manufacturer<\/span><span class=\"cr32-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button><button class=\"cr32-toggle active\" data-cat=\"combat\" data-full=\"Combat Theatres\" data-short=\"Combat\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #6B8E23;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><span style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#4A6741 25%,#6B8E23 25%,#6B8E23 50%,#556B2F 50%,#556B2F 75%,#8B9D77 75%);background-size:8px 8px\"><\/span><span class=\"cr32-label\">Combat Theatres<\/span><span class=\"cr32-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button><button class=\"cr32-toggle active\" data-cat=\"current\" data-full=\"Surviving Airframes\" data-short=\"Survivors\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #555;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><span style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#555\"><\/span><span class=\"cr32-label\">Surviving Airframes<\/span><span class=\"cr32-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button><button class=\"cr32-toggle active\" data-cat=\"former\" data-full=\"Export &#038; Licence Operators\" data-short=\"Operators\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #bbb;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><span style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#C0C0C0\"><\/span><span class=\"cr32-label\">Export &#038; Licence Operators<\/span><span class=\"cr32-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button><\/div>\n<div id=\"cr32-count\" style=\"text-align:left;font-size:14px;color:#666;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.7;width:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<style>#cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle:hover{border-color:#999!important} #cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle:not(.active){color:#999!important;border-color:#E0E0E0!important} #cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle:not(.active) .cr32-check{opacity:0!important} #cr32-map-widget .country{fill:#E8ECF1;stroke:#C8D0DA;stroke-width:.4;transition:fill .3s,stroke .3s} #cr32-map-widget .country:hover{stroke-width:1;stroke:#999} #cr32-map-widget .country.cat-migflug{fill:#5C91FF;stroke:#3A6FD8;stroke-width:.7} #cr32-map-widget .country.cat-combat{fill:url(#camo-pattern);stroke:#4A6741;stroke-width:.7} #cr32-map-widget .country.cat-current{fill:#555;stroke:#333;stroke-width:.7} #cr32-map-widget .country.cat-former{fill:#C0C0C0;stroke:#999;stroke-width:.5} #cr32-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:700;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #cr32-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:11px;font-weight:400;color:#aaa;display:block;margin-bottom:6px;letter-spacing:.3px} #cr32-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:12px;font-weight:600;color:#ccc;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #cr32-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:12px;color:#ccc;line-height:1.5;display:block} @media(max-width:600px){#cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle{padding:6px 10px!important;font-size:12px!important;gap:5px!important}#cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle span:first-child{width:12px!important;height:12px!important}#cr32-controls{gap:6px!important}#cr32-count{font-size:13px!important}#cr32-tooltip{max-width:calc(100vw - 32px)!important;font-size:12px!important;padding:8px 12px!important}} @media(max-width:400px){#cr32-map-widget .cr32-toggle{padding:5px 8px!important;font-size:11px!important;gap:4px!important}}<\/style>\n<p><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/d3\/7.8.5\/d3.min.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/topojson\/3.0.2\/topojson.min.js\"><\/script><script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3-geo-projection@4\/dist\/d3-geo-projection.min.js\"><\/script><div id=\"cr32-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"cr32-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><div class=\"maplegend\"><span><i class=\"dot\" style=\"background:#5C91FF\"><\/i> Origin &amp; manufacturer (Italy)<\/span><span><i class=\"dot\" style=\"background:#6B8E23\"><\/i> Combat theatres<\/span><span><i class=\"dot\" style=\"background:#555\"><\/i> Surviving airframes<\/span><span><i class=\"dot\" style=\"background:#C0C0C0\"><\/i> Export &amp; licence operators<\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"finenote\">Combat theatres mark where the CR.32 saw action, not the nationality of its pilots. Operator and fleet figures are approximate and vary between sources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat Record<\/div>\n<h2>The Fiat CR.32, by the numbers<\/h2>\n<p>The CR.32\u2019s record is dominated by a single conflict. Over Spain it was, by reputation, the outstanding fighter of the war; everywhere afterwards it was a brave anachronism. The figures below capture its scale and its most famous exploits rather than a precise, verified tally \u2014 air-war claims from the 1930s are notoriously hard to reconcile between sources.<\/p>\n<div class=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>~1,200<\/b><span>built (figures vary between sources)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat zero\"><b>~40<\/b><span>victories by Garc\u00eda-Morato, mostly on the CR.32<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>1936\u201339<\/b><span>its dominant war: the Spanish Civil War<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>2<\/b><span>machine guns \u2014 its growing weakness<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"margin-top:26px;font-size:14.5px;color:#454e5e\">Victory claims from the Spanish Civil War and the early Second World War vary widely between Italian, Spanish, Republican and British records; the figures above should be read as indicative of the type\u2019s scale and reputation, not as a definitive score.<\/p>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">06<\/span><span class=\"t\">Fiat CR.32 versus Polikarpov I-16: the dogfight that previewed the Second World War<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The defining match-up of the Spanish air war pitted the CR.32 against the Soviet-built Polikarpov I-16 \u2014 and it is one of the most instructive fighter duels in history. The Fiat was a biplane: slower in level flight and in the dive, but able to turn inside almost anything. The I-16 was a stubby, fast monoplane that accelerated, dived and zoom-climbed far better than the CR.32 but could not match its turn.<\/p>\n<p>The result depended entirely on who dictated the fight. A CR.32 pilot who could drag the I-16 into a turning battle often won; an I-16 pilot who used speed to make slashing dive-and-zoom attacks, refusing to circle, could fight on his own terms and escape. Neither aircraft was simply \u201cbetter\u201d. But the trend was unmistakable to anyone willing to see it: the fast monoplane chose the terms of combat, and in the next war that advantage would prove decisive. The CR.32 won many of these fights and still, in a deeper sense, lost the argument.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">07<\/span><span class=\"t\">Fiat CR.32 exports and the Hispano \u201cChirri\u201d: a biplane fighter for smaller air forces<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Few interwar fighters travelled as widely as the CR.32. Hungary and Austria bought it for their expanding air arms; China acquired a small batch that saw combat in the opening phase of the war with Japan; and in South America both Venezuela and Paraguay operated the type. For a smaller air force the appeal was obvious \u2014 the CR.32 was cheap, tough, forgiving to fly and combat-proven, exactly the qualities a limited budget rewarded.<\/p>\n<p>Spain took the relationship furthest of all. Having flown the CR.32 to fame in its civil war, Spain built the aircraft under licence as the <strong>Hispano-Aviaci\u00f3n HA-132 \u201cChirri\u201d<\/strong>, and these machines served the Spanish air arm for years after 1939. Exact export and licence totals vary between sources, but the breadth of the CR.32\u2019s foreign service is a measure of how good a light biplane fighter it was \u2014 and of how reluctant the world was to let the type go.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">08<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Fiat CR.32\u2019s legacy: the finest biplane fighter and a lesson in timing<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The CR.32\u2019s place in history is oddly paradoxical. Judged purely as a biplane fighter it is one of the greats \u2014 arguably the finest of its kind, and certainly the most successful in combat, with a record over Spain that few rivals can match. Yet it is remembered almost as often as a cautionary tale: proof that an aircraft can win its war so convincingly that it teaches its makers the wrong thing.<\/p>\n<p>Both readings are fair, and together they are why the CR.32 still repays study. It sits exactly on the hinge between two eras of air combat \u2014 the last, best expression of the agile biplane, flying into a decade that belonged to the fast monoplane. To understand why Italy took a biplane, the CR.42, to war in 1940 is to understand the CR.32 first. In that sense the little Fiat\u2019s influence outlived its own front-line career by years, and its shadow falls across the whole story of Italian fighter aviation in the Second World War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">FAQ<\/div>\n<h2>Fiat CR.32 \u2014 questions &amp; answers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open=\"\">\n<summary>Can I fly in a Fiat CR.32?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>No. Only a handful of Fiat CR.32s survive, all as static museum exhibits \u2014 there is no airworthy original and no company offers flights in one. However, you <strong>can<\/strong> fly in several genuine military jets today with an experienced fighter pilot beside you. See what\u2019s bookable at <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">migflug.com\/flights-prices<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was the Fiat CR.32 so successful in the Spanish Civil War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>In the hands of skilled Italian and Spanish Nationalist pilots the CR.32 was strong, superbly agile and reliable, and it excelled in the tight-turning dogfights that dominated the Spanish air war of 1936\u201339. It fought Republican Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 fighters and produced leading aces such as Joaqu\u00edn Garc\u00eda-Morato. Its reputation as the \u201cking\u201d of the Spanish skies is well earned, though victory claims from that war are hard to verify precisely.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did the CR.32 mislead Italian fighter doctrine?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Many historians argue that it did. The CR.32\u2019s dominance in Spain seemed to prove that an agile biplane dogfighter was still viable, which encouraged the Regia Aeronautica to field the biplane Fiat CR.42 into the Second World War just as fast monoplane fighters were taking over. It is a widely cited example of the right lesson learned from the wrong war \u2014 though Italy\u2019s limited supply of powerful inline engines also played a part.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Was the Fiat CR.32 obsolete by the Second World War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Yes. By 1940 the CR.32 was outclassed by modern monoplanes, but it still served in secondary and ground-attack roles in East Africa, North Africa and the Mediterranean before being withdrawn from front-line use. Its biplane successor, the CR.42, carried the same idea a few years further \u2014 with the same result.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many Fiat CR.32s were built and who used them?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Roughly 1,200 were built, though figures vary between sources. Besides Italy, the type was exported to Hungary, Austria, China, Venezuela and Paraguay, and it was built under licence in Spain as the Hispano-Aviaci\u00f3n HA-132 \u201cChirri\u201d, which served for years after the Spanish Civil War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Fly a Fighter Yourself<\/div>\n<h2>You can\u2019t fly a CR.32 \u2014 but you can fly a fighter jet<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">The CR.32\u2019s war belongs to history, and no airworthy example survives. But the thrill of flying a real fighter does not. With MiGFlug you can strap into a genuine jet \u2014 from the L-39 Albatros to a MiG-29 at the edge of space \u2014 with an experienced fighter pilot beside you.<\/p>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:-520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"flycar\"><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAACOCAMAAAAoyq6hAAAAYFBMVEVHcEyut62mvL7HxrPwozoKMHlBQkbMy7h3d3SspI5ub2\/FkEzuozvAv61blb5hZWpfuOyvrptxcW\/\/qzhawf+Ni264t6MMFzScm4rjhhbS0b5\/gHtWW2Pa2cZey\/\/q7O5rLEUTAAAAEXRSTlMAdKXu\/P3+\/v01bv6fzP6u4\/EZI0IAAAuDSURBVHja7Z0JY6o8E4Vrqxg3FBRIDdr\/\/y+\/zCRg2LcAue83B2\/3a20ez8xk9euLRCKRSCQSiUQikUgkEolEIpGs6AzanM8HQ9QqawK5F7UFASNqmnV0uDdoe6bGWUXbeyMSil0uxCxTRGQFbe5ExK0ksm0BQlHLsZh1p8zuGBAi4lDhS0ScK3xR1EVcMWZt9b+7CelITeRQ4UvF7yqF71bpbtw+X6Did2ldIyYiBpcQQr2Vkp\/jZ\/K6Uhsta5GwQ4yILKuwkwgl9mVjFiMiTukoyCNuJZFOh0giVGo5FbOkiIhbQBgRcajwVcUvEXGn8KXuiINJhIi4VWcREdeSiARCRNyKWeSR5TrrfYFQl92pmEWDKIuJ9QZCRJyKWeQRtwpfIuJeEiEibhW+RMS9JAIiIk7FLPKIazGLiDgXs4iIS4Uv5RGnOuvkETdjFhFxDggRWSOJMCki4kThKwSXCkDyfSQYzVitF7NYBChieWWKAYsgIit01pmIuCJQVYUJzbPPKEVDWqOWRe4TQSvolopZaI1mGrlNWMkkRGQebbpZaAlaG79IEgl6i9MwyhK6xP2JsOLaeCIyh777AwkCRuWvSzGrQkRQsTWDgglEaMXW2jGrXP7SyNaahS\/2EjmNoziVRKrVL\/UR141ZlR4iha21gdQQcaHaOsDt8P8YsypBa\/lO4uGwkfo2ddPKPt98b47H4795rP1QIDFfessCvmIAIuAXfpEP4fZ418n86kMwwW4PhLTZ\/FOvODA4ZgWidjPi0T4GZQRAEIPU\/FkMQLr09uFRPd7yI8T0UFz+jZgVTw9aGLeux4MdN0gKl4tyo+JQVui\/u4gAEGESyrEc\/nNJJIijhsURkslxkh++LzyoRVD8\/emu0yKiBERjeQAV16EMj1lB06oUJmTNdR2STGVpdFSGiPdS6Ii4Y8osDndpF5CwFkjmltvNZSab4UB425ZEXEQkc0pTmXPIAtPm+xqmnr6kwjSE8x8jHvGAq3CVqwCE7TqIqBTit\/yANIqzTIbHrNq8XuEi21Z+cGXXy4V\/Xz6XqpQC3cyw8EgigB+WREASjxZSwuVJghtIYrHb7drTiALS+iPgE0eRXGIbpW\/DGU8slG2p45CORnFpFUWtE3gURQLcBpi8NN6XgLQSeYtuIIqJkzYZEbOCqPfqUxGMUiFgvf5EajxIBNJKJOwIWUaaX8kmqnMFr89W1uawCfRyxSHqDYQHk\/X8SxMFhEfoz10HkRu6sw8QRLKCTVpfo+IUoWQoz1eS2rNIZINHmCRhjAUvctFAdo93WwoJb4+eevuLD5C2viLCNqqqG03PpfPTeez\/giRJmAIC7zKHNBJRKSTsz0O6aeM4kG4ufCmD\/L12Eoj4AAmCXU6kuVvYH8gNuiwyvy+aQs5nOGt\/MJCMy2iL2DJIEiEQT3PJgKTNKSRkfYEwjG7vhZHoYWtI42UyUbd4PM4iFgzykhldiisgkcrtuUXSd2MKEf156PT\/XqfiOsjqHhtqG+BrVJx6ABnXOwwZt2AQjFgJ3lMGJGA5kZpS6z0IiDC89H58r4EE9umIuo0HSpH6h7dIfzQyiwhrEUsBCTye9Q3zqOU3pZB+Va+f\/eT7rZBs1gFSF0zUwB52pGN9q+lZD7EItxGxOPDYqaeA9+nf45NHCBb6cWlAV3UL+\/ULcx4P339g0bZC3DrYCu\/BIkCECeRkPH0CNSRTGIbxQRoIToE83h0FlgpYPiYkH3yyQtxitlormj1ixS\/oFSaJp4H8\/v6eei7kEz5cvn\/zSxMixYSOBvHzIsFfo97SewujuS0S2QOSqpkx73T6bWbSltSYADiSjuRz01OI2TTWO+eR++R72ZglbEWUaO6IlQOJVSqXQYo3Mek\/4BkKNI\/IRrx2JaX+wpkk2w89\/SnMZgYSFIAwyCEfJnxgFV5Ums\/cqHmYXWoy8RcdTLkKW0GlNUpY4BE8VVIPNRDgcMIR3zKToTxK02k41alPTIBZMsnkely4zrKSd9msOT3vhyggYRogBwBRil2yRROPhVbEGA4OQHHnXZdZ08WstRqfGUj8t9\/lg71hCHUucoDvnTIeMZZXCkiSMv1mvHaJqd3VygqnPnWWjWYTcxZZenYqH+wNNQ5u4sjKXUVhOhDBeRSmXlLAgl6Zv86aPuDUMr3OAzsWCfLB3jRUFAwsuT9MIGmS1s3v957iVNP7XACWApTjXFYpHAQ0kUg0r0NkFkmTnR7KSlX2OBXqXs1DU5BvZQporqo62JiNgVQ4K1GZJ9cXX8qQz5LXuRpRxlHlu7rwlcLVJb+ov9tZ+cb52CKLKzgyfzAEgiyYl9Q8JiOMpS2VYVwZ4YP6QVLZFaAc5rTIxETCSyWKiE6n7Wm7vfcXvE51I5r4jyeBHuyNzVhVHC7pDUR+e3Adgl4RpldsO6V0Vpbg0y3CIiBxnyhJBtdqFRK7fnRepMwR1xQVXQ755JV6Xt1BFpeNcSOvQE6xR0TYm0viksVpmCXa9evBTJQBZZ+PLZ4a42U7ECOvNALplfRUtvc+xddxliwyKQfbI6HXJeEkOq6viPOdIZAtPN5cdHc7JP+wAUjvp6S2Sp5VLDGpEBllkrttGlLYT\/YiHMmA1b1C4AK5oAokqsYkqLLyFv+Mh3Q7ZOhfL6lEWQVmJ6FUXzR66GPazkBDKlFAYHUvLPAN9epr+a6lnGBVICxV6uWQMc9GrIuz8GWBSfWc2MG5HVLH73Y7jUz5P+NfuMPVFcABz4OMuGRTWvzC62KSCUQ3VR+H8HhcuI5ECKPFnh0mh+vUsBUrKjji97v91XC2owMZ1L8KCDokzatMACNghZixSp7V1bWFkJXi1cMhIxNolIfGUFdfU\/eIH2HT09QCGBoISl7NJZPig4g6hT+cCWdAQgASJmV5igyvGUXTQDz2aXzWs8qKJuHIf5kMqklynrh2+yB7JEyYZ\/Tykb3DFJNoVOYyQp7mAUhwfsL7bONRUBK9oacChHlpnk7CmhRT65DIAo7cKNLm56n9+OPxeBW4Qwb\/\/lHllijOYINhTr8D2WzhBv+xbQ2lDli8Mgai50NYWD+4aPbUp49T8KYBI4HR+jQ9w+MGkmyxHA8m7wRN1Ti2DGVwIR30Dja6QQAnmZSiIYsoq0d8GBNUdcPvjUCERRzy3nX6PJ2tbaiCzfo\/+\/3zud\/\/NOwU7zdVxbK9aRbFm39b4okxQIbz4G3TxSyvZ6ZHrrJfJBcE83q99hLOT92W2Napqrz17FFpXoAkTIfUzOZ+vlYcnbe81IYZBaZVJDkaMIwkA1heL7AN6mcf\/5Q2a1Z9zGsXD5eEK4g\/t34GqWkU44nPWoEUp0u4vWhVATITEvOkBWWZp2YjP8oA4bb\/rNmhPoCNzqLSa6k5FCDWg7vdJwbkp3DXTlMao+pm9PoktTSsATKMR8y7N4SXumDb89fMUmeRmKbJoCAfuPYmJjifYW+aqc9pDWMm8o1Oh1fjEGZhVrPHWjxW6RNvF1rhpU7r2Vwy1+Tal6W9hLQKoOBWgJUfrRGPXg3WMifIKmSEZXvUArnfz1\/L6oAR7Vv7JqsDTO\/U64kg95pV7c\/G2VUQnvygxbLLUDuldGRC77kUr25EaNXjCfKDrqAWKFinwUDtzPT1zD323NffWdPRKJ9qIihVEuUDVVoli11hPA\/guA99L6XrMxr0kTPnRWSHwV20ecA\/uiZAC70qYWy8ns166esJv1KVIy3XwCeLun0+qxl+OH85q8w+2kEqxD2zuk2FuYKd7AGzQ70bXGFwFc\/K+PqHdDC0gbMrDS9hOsqf+q+yRoVA23wKjwwfyg+gOEkO+Dd9\/ceUhbzSKaQXE1vWNq9XI7OJyu6neOfY+lLwUPAkVNB\/kMGw4s602EbdPvouHNN1+SlevfW5E32\/+jdpfZFIJBKJRCKRSCQSiUQikUgk0tz6H3r\/4mrgrizYAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"Aero L-39 Albatros side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the L-39 Albatros<\/b><span>The world\u2019s most-flown jet trainer \u2014 aerobatics included<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/f104-starfighter-flight\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed F-104 Starfighter side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the F-104 Starfighter<\/b><span>\u201cThe missile with a man in it\u201d<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/mig-21-launch\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-21<\/b><span>The Cold War\u2019s most-produced jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/t-33-in-canada\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the T-33 Shooting Star<\/b><span>America\u2019s first jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/vampire-flight-near-london\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAASwAAABrCAMAAAD6iU8nAAAAPFBMVEVHcEwKJ2CUqr2twNCYr8OdtcmYscWrvs5awv6duM0PIkutwNCascd+l7iTqbqhuNCSqsS2ytuEwedce55\/SX8hAAAAC3RSTlMA7tbhJEx3\/v6sWVEoSM0AAAgUSURBVHja7ZyJeusoDIVbb4oDAey+\/7sOQoDB8YKdpc1cnfS706SZhPw+EkLQfn2xWCwWi8VisVgsFovFYrFYH6em6\/u+axhECat6GMQw1B2j2Fc9AGrQLbPYUzeAsAKQTGtXPcESQgJw3trLWIJggZRDzbQ21QZjCanF0DOQoii0OUsA0yqDhc5iWmUpyznLfs+0SlKWcxbS4uJ0p8oKzkJagsut3ZRFznK0uqtXY8WM0rVO7iykBd+kK94sMsY0y+\/RWTglcnG6mN+FuHOWXSYyrZ3JcHIW0uICYmsyTJzFtHZhJc4SXMrvVA6ps3BGHLjcWoc1c5Z9nJP8WpmVO8tZi6fEGSyx4iwBnOQ3YOXO+vi01bYd7vD1F1Lfd49+mGbdWQ7XJwZi07aWUT06RuNwSdQ9DRbcwfq4+qFpO7LSOHhII6SwLn3zMmchrY9pbjVdDDlkBN5ZImU1DvDA52khdxYAzGB9wu5Y0yacPCMQI9ibEHrUgF\/uBuPQt8+AlTkLQGstrXTfWv3drlZmqARW2N+b\/sWPCvij\/inOkojHGKVu6nanP3hwBFOUp3OjBlyApcV4uQ\/DUWj8z1C352FZSmqBzkzm9qdo2SmvroeQxy++W\/kTsSzDConsVKInWNr5aZfWrxZd2OC26aB16qtK+jXZmMH63oQ1+e2UuRBWiMPBheE6NOjfjscXlrX9qmsYgihn2AtsDKbV0ern+2cflhDJvNifgUXZHN9USa3ddAgutxs3Gj8gjU9s38OodZV374aWAQpyGRuSgSsl\/WU2I2kJVnwwmqv5ag7BokvkeJjIRzpW7kHkF+r5F9Nq0EY1rkkzPCICAvqKqJKWONAFxiuOI9c2lY\/jxVEb\/XcXG7OeZKBs\/7e6r\/DYY9e1u9w6fHFI3jWMUGPloGU0GI7AYB3xkiICow3jzDqJBkBQ\/CUCj8f\/43Glq7J8\/W9HrmT2Iwiu9ETJH\/TDAaS7NpZb3W8y66eXE3cVafpuvu4CIWu6Eu1zyq\/GzWpARhJSEqlomvT7NTxLAry8SgYZ5QKGHtAyRIs3rglucdAQ2XIEtUpC6QCChimP2LTr0i+xO7oji4V3TQHn40zKyQlp96N0aMkTNWijg3wgL74U+DMeMSE6Yv2SwypM61A6AnrN6XVTcv6qIDsHr9lkh6Ccn\/wr0ZsEWPOPU0wrHTTIwudO7woBGobl\/fntpqK5RO87OyTV9PqATymRXjZ7ibondbnt7BKFQM2vRQprkdABanACVpq1BfKaxWPTKzf3KpodCi8bARJJxvX+8I+GF5rY2fxpH3XojLLpL0y2AJvDDhkZY+moueTSbLAgbRYvCvISfXe3FHVlSkSmz\/g+8fGUkgniHF4600uaaD24BNZSfaziFFYiLUvHbGDVncN9rY91YFWpMH0Y+QC0u3kdwlQb0l1aF0AGbhrBxrLLl6C+HjSEedlZpXGoN4J5GBYXkn55UVls0ncg5INO85UjQBK+87CAzPqbnCZgmGRjG8mX1RrO5Sw09Lq3bDBCu1P9eGqKqMmnOm1lvislFWNywuzM6S4tnHDWZsC6AXeFNSOuQSqfzvRJaLD\/Q5D7fY8Fg8l0RqX2SQgqXQwLDOzQOtZdx+UtUvOJLZR6fjXyqOz65HZWBCcOwgIzVGmXO2sraXle5zYFXWLrHTY\/9ceqQZwynD4Se6sZLM9+EnFB8Wy4Ugxnab5+tJUSpwMdInMqusrG+YilZrySvQPM+wrAHKkyYI9W96wGVNsGapBW4LBFDZ5gqSwcbeqZyGttDoThdtKiT1M9fy+4c2ZzsxI1ElZj81memjq5MrkjtXomLOvU6nV9PE\/NpdrlVZ6rkYx5FjKlhUyj8lAYbictt6FjXt9U\/\/6xwprbyFmlDbF\/QvtvZnH\/rXhGdB9WxbvmQILfgaXdMlDJ1\/fUaX\/Kv12otA1VbPpOU\/3rWnXG3LYJqptb8uiwytaBnJGH6qz152pqMtjBVy9n9XWdYEm\/3vErFBOa1YvYCN3sXvo1U\/hd3AnVoTpLLK2lIZJCVm\/YNE2dlQ0nxJ\/zWdwl0VKvkNtRWES5RQ8cXBsulKUpqHexysNwlt7nETjtLsVALSU3LXbS4+mHYMkMVErKjrx\/y2Z8CkvJnJVcCThNpEzYtTTak5MUgjIGZbjv9zlN3nc4krPCk2eOomGbNx27uqawks0RnX7kjYTlAlOS5ZJdX7pr0m3O+8b4IWeB0QuccMyqf9cZj8xZ1OzHD6WXc\/c2vzxmw40a0\/BADx7u424a7vtQobOu1++bnA8hbN\/lZGT+jSzN7es9+CJMy5zcOKu3n7O69q5BkYwiDZ4p4HJjRZSzamFePMCJlh54SquYvKnaXzlk1XRdCsykirs3s7Cc5345tyE9sLm7s2KlRUi3nFT1q4f3cFPERWDOak5NLmX5VWOBKIA17YioAuHT\/sTfx2qajmJSmg2FnCb30vyqr1xvSIatIlUsfHb1S9G3brHK7BFL0aWFVjoP6nhiCzTEJUHcAz0kLITV3wI1J6ZLkc0JGn+oTOFtRbdyQ2lZ\/VFQM2ImrdePSD1BEjsw1eO\/1\/O2c8fdOWSPQaJkVuGBn69PE6Z+n8kKme0Dua1BctnJYvrsP\/BBh28DM\/kkY8UDgJaRO7bY\/p\/+DgptTVaV64LGCa4YVWTtZlAbaxUy6v70b9U8BZrfB7fg0gpMy2UhqsrBqaaTr\/\/gX9NpaHsyFR3JTnXiYCuLxWKxWCwWi8VisVgsFovF+uf1H3jQrUZE9wwrAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\" alt=\"de Havilland Vampire side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the DH Vampire<\/b><span>A piece of early jet history<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/s-211-jet-flight-munich\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"SIAI-Marchetti S.211 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the S.211<\/b><span>Agile Italian jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-mb-326-jet-provost-in-italy\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Aermacchi MB-326 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MB-326<\/b><span>The classic Aermacchi jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/mig-15-fagot-czech-republic\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=410802366 src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-15<\/b><span>The Soviet legend of the Korean War<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">See all flights &amp; prices<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-top:44px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Keep Exploring<\/div>\n<h2>Related aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-42-falco\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Successor<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Fiat CR.42 Falco<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The CR.32\u2019s biplane successor \u2014 the aircraft the Spanish lesson helped send into the Second World War, and the last front-line fighter biplane.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Explore<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"\/aircraft\/gloster-gladiator\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The British Rival<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Gloster Gladiator<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The RAF\u2019s last biplane fighter, which duelled Italian biplanes over the desert and the Mediterranean at the very end of the biplane era.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Explore<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"\/aircraft\/fiat-g50-freccia\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Monoplane Answer<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Fiat G.50 Freccia<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fiat\u2019s early monoplane fighter \u2014 the shape of the future the CR.32\u2019s success had helped Italy postpone.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Explore<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources<\/div>\n<h2>Where these facts come from<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aeronautica.difesa.it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Italian Air Force \u2014 Aeronautica Militare<\/a><span>Museum &#038; heritage of the Regia Aeronautica<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.key.aero\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Key.Aero<\/a><span>Aviation history &#038; the interwar Fiat fighters<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial War Museums<\/a><span>The air war in Spain and the Mediterranean<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/airandspace.si.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/a><span>Interwar fighter development<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sandiegoairandspace.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum<\/a><span>Archive photography of the CR.32<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MiGFlug \u2014 Afterburner<\/a><span>MiGFlug\u2019s own aviation magazine<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"finenote\">Figures are drawn from museum and reference sources and cross-checked; where sources differ, the most commonly cited value is given, and estimates are flagged. Performance and armament varied between the CR.32\u2019s sub-types and between individual aircraft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Military Aircraft Encyclopedia \u00b7 Fighters \u00b7 Fiat CR.32 Fiat CR.32King of the Spanish skies The strong, superbly agile Italian biplane that dominated the dogfights of the Spanish Civil War \u2014 and, in doing so, helped convince Italy that the age of the fighting biplane was not yet over. ~360 km\/hTop speed (~224 mph) ~1,200Built (figures [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21206,"parent":15960,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21205","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs &amp; Stories | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/fiat-cr-32\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs &amp; Stories | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/fiat-cr-32\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1440\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@migflug\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"21 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/\",\"name\":\"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs & Stories | MiGFlug\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-16T15:34:49+00:00\",\"description\":\"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg\",\"width\":1920,\"height\":1440,\"caption\":\"A preserved Fiat CR.32. Zerosei \\\/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/fiat-cr-32\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug\",\"description\":\"Fly a Jet Fighter Yourself\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"ar\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"ar\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":100,\"caption\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MiGFlug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/migflug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/migflug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/MiGFlug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.ch\\\/migflug\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs & Stories | MiGFlug","description":"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/fiat-cr-32\/","og_locale":"ar_AR","og_type":"article","og_title":"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs & Stories | MiGFlug","og_description":"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.","og_url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\/fiat-cr-32\/","og_site_name":"MiGFlug","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1440,"url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@migflug","twitter_misc":{"\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631":"21 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/","name":"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs & Stories | MiGFlug","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg","datePublished":"2026-08-16T15:34:49+00:00","description":"The Fiat CR.32 was the Italian biplane fighter that ruled the Spanish Civil War. Its history, specs, photos, operations map and honest legacy.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"ar","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/fiat-cr-32-fighter.jpg","width":1920,"height":1440,"caption":"A preserved Fiat CR.32. Zerosei \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0)"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Fiat CR.32 \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","name":"\u0645\u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0648\u063a","description":"\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0643","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"ar"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization","name":"\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 MiGFlug GmbH","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"ar","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","width":200,"height":100,"caption":"MiGFlug GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","https:\/\/x.com\/migflug","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/migflug\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MiGFlug","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/migflug.com\/","https:\/\/www.pinterest.ch\/migflug\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21205","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21205"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21205\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21215,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21205\/revisions\/21215"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15960"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21206"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21205"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u0648\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}