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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc .incd{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .inc h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;margin:7px 0 9px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .inc p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .inc .incs{display:block;margin-top:11px;font-size:13px} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .kfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lebanese-air-force\/\">Lebanese Air Force<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>Rayak Air Base<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">&#1602;&#1575;&#1593;&#1583;&#1577; &#1585;&#1610;&#1575;&#1602; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1608;&#1610;&#1577; (Base a&#233;rienne de Rayak)<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Active (birthplace of the Lebanese Air Force in 1949; helicopter, training and technical schools and the air force museum; no jets since the Hunters were retired in 2014)<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>OLRA<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>3,039 m<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1914<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>Lebanese Air Force<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Governorate<\/b>Beqaa Governorate (Zahle District)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>900 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>33.8522 N, 35.9903 E<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Rayak Air Base: what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Rayak, in the Bekaa Valley between Zahle and Anjar, is where the Lebanese Air Force was born and where it still trains its pilots and mechanics. Its first runway was a strip of sand: the Goethe-Institut&rsquo;s history of the base traces it to a Bavarian air unit sent to the Ottoman front in the First World War, and English Wikipedia dates it to 1914. Corrugated-steel buildings from that war, probably hangars, still stand. Under the French mandate it was, in the words of an account of the air force&rsquo;s early years republished by GlobalSecurity, the &ldquo;jewel&rdquo; of the air bases, and during the Second World War the Vichy authorities let German aircraft bound for Baghdad land in the Bekaa.<\/p>\n<p>Lebanon assumed command of the base on 1 August 1945, according to English Wikipedia, and when the French air force left in 1949 the field was rebuilt in a little over two months. The Lebanese Army dates the founding of the air force to 10 June 1949 at Rayak, under Lieutenant Colonel Emile Boustany; GlobalSecurity and Wikipedia give 1 June. The air force headquarters stayed at Rayak until 1969, the army says.<\/p>\n<p>The base has been on the receiving end of every Lebanese war. In 1976 the pro-Syrian faction of the breakaway Lebanese Arab Army guarded it; in September 1983 Syrian shelling drove the Hunters to a strip on the coast at Halat; and on 13 July 2006 Israeli jets destroyed its runways, saying Hezbollah used them to move supplies. On 12 November 2008 four Hunters flew again from Rayak, fifty years after the type entered service, before their retirement in 2014. Today, by English Wikipedia&rsquo;s account, Rayak holds the Gazelle and training squadrons, the aviation and technical schools and the air force museum.<\/p>\n<p>The Lebanese AIP could not be retrieved (the aeronautical information page of the Beirut airport site is password-protected), so the coordinates, elevation and runway are those of the English Wikipedia infobox and should be checked.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>Rayak from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Rayak Air Base seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>One runway, 3,039 m of concrete.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Rayak Air Base seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=35.94957,33.83652,36.03099,33.86792\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=35.95200,33.83103,36.02856,33.87341\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=35.97138,33.83652,36.00918,33.86792\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><section class=\"pqband\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>The Hawker Hunter aircraft and Sikorsky helicopters have been nonoperational for many years, in the absence of financial resources to maintain them.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Brig. Gen. Ziad Haikal<\/b><span>Commander of the Lebanese Air Force<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/industry\/2021\/08\/12\/canadian-firm-begins-negotiations-to-buy-lebanese-hawker-hunters-jets\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Defense News, 12 August 2021<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Rayak Air Base in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>ICAO<\/dt>\n<dd>OLRA<\/dd>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>Lebanon<\/dd>\n<dt>Governorate<\/dt>\n<dd>Beqaa Governorate<span class=\"gnote\">Zahle District<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>33.8522 N, 35.9903 E<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>900 m <span class=\"imp\">(2,953 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Military<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Runways<\/dt>\n<dd>1<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator<\/dt>\n<dd>04\/22<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>3,039 m <span class=\"imp\">(9,970 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Concrete<\/dd>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>None<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Active<span class=\"gnote\">birthplace of the Lebanese Air Force in 1949; helicopter, training and technical schools and the air force museum; no jets since the Hunters were retired in 2014<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>Lebanese Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1914<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>Rayak Air Base, Lebanese Air Force<span class=\"gnote\">Lebanese Armed Forces<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>3 current, 2 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>3<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from Rayak Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div><span>Current<\/span><em>3 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>8th Squadron<small>Scout and anti-armour helicopter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Aerospatiale SA342L Gazelle<\/dd>\n<dt>15th Squadron<small>Helicopter training squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Robinson R44 Raven II, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/uh-1-huey\/\">Bell UH-1H<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Lebanese Air Force Aviation School and Technical School<small>Flying and technical training &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Robinson R44 Raven II<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div><span>Former<\/span><em>2 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">2nd Squadron<small>2008&ndash;2014 &middot; Four of the eight surviving Hunters (one two-seater, three single-seaters) returned to service with 2nd Squadron at Rayak on 12 November 2008, according to English Wikipedia; Wikipedia&rsquo;s Rayak article says three. Nonoperational from 2010 according to the air force commander quoted by Defense News; retired in 2014.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hunter\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Hunter FGA.70A and T.66<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Training squadron<small>1949&ndash; &middot; MILAVIA describes Rayak as the air force&rsquo;s sole base in the early years, home of the training squadron with Percival aircraft. The Harvards arrived in 1952.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Percival Prentice<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p>Aerospatiale SA342L Gazelle, Robinson R44 Raven II, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/uh-1-huey\/\">Bell UH-1H<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hunter\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Hunter FGA.70A and T.66<\/a>, Percival Prentice<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What Rayak is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>Birthplace of the Lebanese Air Force<\/h3>\n<p>The air force was founded here, in the Bekaa Valley, and its headquarters stayed until 1969.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">10 June 1949, under Lt. Col. Emile Boustany, according to the Lebanese Army (1 June in other sources).<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>A runway older than Lebanon<\/h3>\n<p>A Bavarian air unit laid the first sand strip during the First World War; buildings from that time are still in use.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">First strip dated to 1914; today&rsquo;s concrete runway is 3,039 m long, per English Wikipedia.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>The Hunters&rsquo; last flight line<\/h3>\n<p>Grounded since 1994, Lebanon&rsquo;s Hawker Hunters returned to service at Rayak after the Nahr al-Bared battle.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">12 November 2008: four of eight surviving Hunters, 50 years after the type entered Lebanese service.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>Bombed in 2006<\/h3>\n<p>Israeli jets struck Rayak and Qlayaat on the second day of the 2006 war, the first attacks on the Lebanese army in that conflict.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">13 July 2006: runways destroyed; Israel said they were used by Hezbollah to move supplies.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>The air force museum<\/h3>\n<p>One hangar holds the survivors of the air force&rsquo;s first sixty years; visits need the air force&rsquo;s permission.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">8 aircraft, from Vampire T.55 L-154 to Gazelle L-809.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">06<\/div>\n<h3>The air force&rsquo;s schoolhouse<\/h3>\n<p>Pilots, mechanics and helicopter crews are trained here.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Home of the only flight simulator in the air force, a UH-1 simulator, per English Wikipedia.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>From a Bavarian sand strip to the &ldquo;jewel&rdquo; of the mandate<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The airfield at Rayak is older than the Lebanese state. Christian Kirchen&rsquo;s history for the Goethe-Institut traces the first runway, &ldquo;a simple track of sand&rdquo;, to a Bavarian air regiment founded at Oberschlei&#223;heim in 1912 and sent to the Ottoman front in the First World War; English Wikipedia dates the strip to 1914 and credits German engineers. Two buildings clad in corrugated steel, probably hangars, and a timber-framed building near the runway survive from that time, and a 2021 photo essay on the base notes that the former barracks of the German engineers are still in use.<\/p>\n<p>Under the French mandate that followed the First World War, Rayak became a French base. An account of the air force&rsquo;s early years republished by GlobalSecurity calls it the &ldquo;jewel&rdquo; of the air bases under the mandate. In the Second World War it passed to Vichy France, and the Goethe-Institut records that German pilots on their way to Baghdad were given permission to land in the Bekaa. When British and Australian forces invaded Syria and Lebanon in June 1941, the Australian 25th Brigade was given the task of advancing on what Wikipedia calls the large Vichy French air base at Rayak.<\/p>\n<p>The same photo essay lists what is left of those decades: corrugated hangars built for Vichy fighters, an abandoned French military hospital and a wartime jail. It counts German, Ottoman, French, Vichy French, Australian, Free French, Lebanese and Syrian control of the base before it returned to Lebanon. The Syrian period is that author&rsquo;s account and was not confirmed in an official source.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>1949: an air force built from scratch<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Lebanon assumed command of Rayak on 1 August 1945, according to English Wikipedia, but the French air force stayed until 1949. When it left, reconstruction of the administration building, hangars and control tower took more than two months, the account republished by GlobalSecurity says. The Lebanese Army dates the founding of the air force to 10 June 1949 at Rayak, under Lieutenant Colonel Emile Boustany; GlobalSecurity and Wikipedia give 1 June, and GlobalSecurity says Boustany had been assigned to the task on 13 May 1949.<\/p>\n<p>The first aircraft were Percival Prentices and Proctors, and the first instructors were foreign: four from the Royal Air Force, two former Luftwaffe pilots who had trained Syrian pilots, Italians and a French detachment, according to the same account. The first pilot course graduated on 1 July 1952. MILAVIA describes Rayak as the air force&rsquo;s sole base in those years, home of the training squadron.<\/p>\n<p>The sources disagree on when the headquarters left. GlobalSecurity says the air force command moved to Beirut on 1 December 1954, when Rayak became a separate command under Colonel Wajih Karam; the Lebanese Army&rsquo;s own history says the headquarters stayed at Rayak until 1969, when it moved to the Ministry of National Defence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>War years: mutiny, shelling and the 2006 strikes<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>When the army split in 1976, most of the air force&rsquo;s flying assets were at Rayak, with the helicopters at Beirut and the Mirages at Kleyate. English Wikipedia&rsquo;s article on the breakaway Lebanese Arab Army says its pro-Syrian Vanguard faction was headquartered at Rayak and that its men were mostly confined to barracks or guarding the adjoining air base.<\/p>\n<p>In September 1983, during the Mountain War, Rayak was shelled by the Syrian Army, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s account of that war, and the Hunters moved to an improvised strip at Halat on the coast near Byblos. The Hunters were grounded in 1994.<\/p>\n<p>On 13 July 2006, the second day of the war between Israel and Hezbollah, Israeli jets attacked Rayak and the Qlayaat military airport in the north, destroying their runways. Wikipedia&rsquo;s timeline of the war records Israel&rsquo;s claim that the runways were used by Hezbollah to transfer supplies, and notes that these were the first attacks on the Lebanese army in that conflict. The Lebanese government called Israel&rsquo;s response disproportionate and asked for a ceasefire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>The Hunters&rsquo; last stand, and a museum<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>In August 2007, after Nahr al-Bared, the army decided to put its Hunters back into service; spare parts, including cartridges for the Martin-Baker ejection seats, held the work up. On 12 November 2008, fifty years after the type entered Lebanese service, four of the eight surviving Hunters, one two-seater and three single-seaters, returned to service with 2nd Squadron at Rayak, according to English Wikipedia. MILAVIA counted four operational Hunters at Rayak in 2011, three FGA.70s and a T.66.<\/p>\n<p>It did not last. The commander of the air force, Brigadier General Ziad Haikal, told Defense News in 2021 that the Hunters had been nonoperational since 2010 for lack of money; they were formally retired in 2014. In August 2021 five Hunters and their spares were offered to Canada&rsquo;s Lortie Aviation for about $1 million, for use as adversary aircraft in training.<\/p>\n<p>Two Hunters stayed at Rayak for the museum. The air force museum occupies a single hangar and is not open to the public; visits need the permission of the air force. Aviation Museum EU lists eight aircraft: Vampire T.55 L-154, Hunter F.6 L-271, Alouette II L-302, Alouette III L-329, AB212 L-557, Magister L-602 and Gazelles L-801 and L-809. Wikipedia&rsquo;s list adds a T-6 and the air force&rsquo;s single de Havilland Dove.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Rayak, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1914<\/div>\n<p>A sand runway is laid out during the First World War; the Goethe-Institut credits a Bavarian air unit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1941<\/div>\n<p>June: the Australian 25th Brigade is sent against the Vichy base; in the same war Vichy let German aircraft bound for Baghdad land in the Bekaa.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1945<\/div>\n<p>1 August: Lebanon assumes command of the base, per English Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1949<\/div>\n<p>The French air force leaves; 10 June (army) or 1 June (other sources): the Lebanese Air Force is founded at Rayak.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1952<\/div>\n<p>1 July: the first Lebanese pilot course graduates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1954<\/div>\n<p>1 December: air force command moves to Beirut and Rayak becomes a separate command, per GlobalSecurity; the army dates the move to 1969.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<p>Air force headquarters moves from Rayak to the Ministry of National Defence, per the Lebanese Army.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1976<\/div>\n<p>The pro-Syrian faction of the Lebanese Arab Army guards the base during the army split.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1983<\/div>\n<p>September: Syrian shelling drives the Hunters to the coastal strip at Halat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1994<\/div>\n<p>The Hunters are grounded.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2006<\/div>\n<p>13 July: Israeli jets destroy the runways.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2008<\/div>\n<p>12 November: four Hunters return to service with 2nd Squadron.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2014<\/div>\n<p>The Hunters are retired; Rayak has no jets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2021<\/div>\n<p>August: five Hunters and spares offered to Lortie Aviation of Canada; two stay in the museum.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">1941<\/div>\n<h3>German aircraft in the Bekaa, Australians at the gate<\/h3>\n<p>During the Second World War, with Vichy France in control of Lebanon, German pilots on their way to Baghdad were given permission to land in the Bekaa Valley, the Goethe-Institut&rsquo;s history of Rayak records. When British and Australian forces invaded Syria and Lebanon in June 1941, the Australian 25th Brigade was sent to advance on the Vichy air base at Rayak, Wikipedia records. Individual German aircraft and dates at Rayak are not given in the sources checked.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.goethe.de\/ins\/lb\/en\/kul\/sup\/spu\/20908781.html\">Goethe-Institut Lebanon<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">16 July 1952<\/div>\n<h3>The first fatal training crash<\/h3>\n<p>In the years when Rayak was the air force&rsquo;s sole base and training school, the young service lost its first crew: Sergeant Jean Ayoub and Private George Kouzhaya were killed when their trainer crashed during aerobatics over Jezzine, according to the account of the air force&rsquo;s early years republished by GlobalSecurity. The account does not say from which airfield the aircraft took off. Two weeks earlier, on 1 July 1952, the first pilot course had graduated.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/lebanon\/background-airforce.htm\">GlobalSecurity.org<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">September 1983<\/div>\n<h3>Shelled out of its own base<\/h3>\n<p>During the Mountain War that followed the Israeli withdrawal from the Chouf, Rayak was shelled by the Syrian Army, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s account, and the air force moved its Hunters to an improvised strip at Halat near Byblos, built by the Americans on part of the coastal highway. Of the three Hunters that attacked Druze and Syrian positions on 16 September, one was shot down and its pilot rescued at sea, one force-landed at Halat and the third flew to RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus, where its pilot asked for asylum.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)\">Wikipedia, finding aid<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">13 July 2006<\/div>\n<h3>Runways cut<\/h3>\n<p>On the second day of the war between Israel and Hezbollah, Israeli jets attacked Rayak and the Qlayaat military airport in northern Lebanon and destroyed their runways. Israel said the runways were used by Hezbollah to transfer supplies; Wikipedia&rsquo;s timeline notes they were the first attacks on the Lebanese army in the conflict. The Lebanese government called the Israeli response disproportionate. Beirut&rsquo;s international airport was struck the same day.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_the_2006_Lebanon_War\">Wikipedia, finding aid<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">12 November 2008<\/div>\n<h3>The Hunters fly again<\/h3>\n<p>Fifty years after the Hunter entered Lebanese service, four of the eight survivors, one two-seater and three single-seaters, returned to service with 2nd Squadron at Rayak, according to English Wikipedia; its Rayak article says three. The decision had been taken in August 2007 after Nahr al-Bared, and the work was delayed by a lack of spares such as ejection-seat cartridges. The revival lasted about two years: Defense News quotes the air force commander as saying the Hunters had been nonoperational since 2010.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Hunter\">Wikipedia, finding aid<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>Rayak Air Base and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"nearbytbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"beirut-rafic-hariri\">\n<td>Beirut Air Base (Beirut&ndash;Rafic Hariri International Airport)<\/td>\n<td>OLBA<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Cessna AC-208B Combat Caravan, Bell Huey II, Bell UH-1H, Scottish Aviation Bulldog<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"iaat\" class=\"was\">\n<td>Iaat Airfield<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Piston-engine trainers (types UNVERIFIED)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"istabl\" class=\"was\">\n<td>Istabl Airfield<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Training aircraft (types UNVERIFIED)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Rayak Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is Rayak Air Base known for?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It is where the Lebanese Air Force was founded in June 1949, and it is still the air force&rsquo;s training base, with its aviation and technical schools, helicopter squadrons and museum. The first runway was laid during the First World War. The last Lebanese <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hunter\/\">Hawker Hunters<\/a> flew from here between 2008 and 2010.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where is Rayak Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">In the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, between Zahle and Anjar, about 900 m above sea level. Its ICAO code is OLRA and its concrete runway, 04\/22, is about 3,039 m long according to English Wikipedia; the Lebanese AIP could not be checked.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When was the Lebanese Air Force founded at Rayak?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Lebanese Army dates it to 10 June 1949, under Lieutenant Colonel Emile Boustany; English Wikipedia and an early history republished by GlobalSecurity give 1 June 1949. The French air force had left the base that year, and it was rebuilt in about two months.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Are there fighter jets at Rayak?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. Lebanon has had no fighter jet in service since its Hunters were retired in 2014. Four had returned to service at Rayak in November 2008, but the air force commander told Defense News they had been nonoperational since 2010. Two Hunters remain at Rayak in the museum.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can you visit the Lebanese Air Force Museum at Rayak?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Only with the permission of the air force; the museum, a single hangar on the base, is not open to the public. It holds about eight aircraft, including a <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/de-havilland-vampire\/\">Vampire<\/a> T.55, a Hunter F.6, a <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fouga-magister\/\">Magister<\/a>, Alouettes, an AB212 and two Gazelles.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to Rayak in the 2006 war?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 13 July 2006 Israeli jets destroyed the runways at Rayak and at Qlayaat in the north. Israel said Hezbollah used them to transfer supplies; they were the first attacks on the Lebanese army in that war, and the Lebanese government called the Israeli response disproportionate.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who built the first airfield at Rayak?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">German airmen during the First World War. The Goethe-Institut traces the first sand runway to a Bavarian air regiment on the Ottoman front, and English Wikipedia dates it to 1914. Some corrugated-steel hangars and a German barracks from that period still stand.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Rayak Air Base still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Active (birthplace of the Lebanese Air Force in 1949; helicopter, training and technical schools and the air force museum; no jets since the Hunters were retired in 2014). The Lebanese Air Force operates it as Rayak Air Base, Lebanese Air Force (Lebanese Armed Forces).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of Rayak Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of Rayak Air Base is OLRA. The airfield sits at 900 m above sea level in Beqaa Governorate (Zahle District), at 33.8522 N, 35.9903 E.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at Rayak Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Rayak Air Base has one runway: 04\/22, 3,039 m (9,970 ft), concrete.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at Rayak Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Rayak Air Base currently hosts 8th Squadron flying the Aerospatiale SA342L Gazelle; 15th Squadron flying the Robinson R44 Raven II, Bell UH-1H; Lebanese Air Force Aviation School and Technical School flying the Robinson R44 Raven II, Scottish Aviation Bulldog.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which aircraft used to fly from Rayak Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Over its history Rayak Air Base has hosted 2nd Squadron (2008&ndash;2014) with the Hawker Hunter FGA.70A and T.66; Training squadron (1949&ndash;) with the Percival Prentice, North American Harvard T.2B.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is Rayak Air Base known for?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It is where the Lebanese Air Force was founded in June 1949, and it is still the air force\\u2019s training base, with its aviation and technical schools, helicopter squadrons and museum. The first runway was laid during the First World War. The last Lebanese Hawker Hunters flew from here between 2008 and 2010.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where is Rayak Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon, between Zahle and Anjar, about 900 m above sea level. Its ICAO code is OLRA and its concrete runway, 04\/22, is about 3,039 m long according to English Wikipedia; the Lebanese AIP could not be checked.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When was the Lebanese Air Force founded at Rayak?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Lebanese Army dates it to 10 June 1949, under Lieutenant Colonel Emile Boustany; English Wikipedia and an early history republished by GlobalSecurity give 1 June 1949. The French air force had left the base that year, and it was rebuilt in about two months.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are there fighter jets at Rayak?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Lebanon has had no fighter jet in service since its Hunters were retired in 2014. Four had returned to service at Rayak in November 2008, but the air force commander told Defense News they had been nonoperational since 2010. Two Hunters remain at Rayak in the museum.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you visit the Lebanese Air Force Museum at Rayak?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Only with the permission of the air force; the museum, a single hangar on the base, is not open to the public. 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The airfield sits at 900 m above sea level in Beqaa Governorate (Zahle District), at 33.8522 N, 35.9903 E.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at Rayak Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rayak Air Base has one runway: 04\/22, 3,039 m (9,970 ft), concrete.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at Rayak Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rayak Air Base currently hosts 8th Squadron flying the Aerospatiale SA342L Gazelle; 15th Squadron flying the Robinson R44 Raven II, Bell UH-1H; Lebanese Air Force Aviation School and Technical School flying the Robinson R44 Raven II, Scottish Aviation Bulldog.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which aircraft used to fly from Rayak Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Over its history Rayak Air Base has hosted 2nd Squadron (2008\\u20132014) with the Hawker Hunter FGA.70A and T.66; Training squadron (1949\\u2013) with the Percival Prentice, North American Harvard T.2B.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Rayak Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lebanese-air-force\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Lebanese Air Force<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Lebanese Air Force page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lebarmy.gov.lb\/en\/content\/air-force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Lebanese Army: Air Force<\/a><span>Founded 10 June 1949 at Rayak under Lt. Col. Emile Boustany; earlier names; HQ moves 1969 and 1989; missions; Nahr el-Bared 20 May&ndash;2 September 2007.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.milavia.net\/airforces\/reports\/lebanese-air-force\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">MILAVIA: Lebanese Air Force report (2011)<\/a><span>Deliveries, serials and squadrons for Vampire, Hunter, Mirage, Magister and helicopters; Nahr al-Bared bombing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aeroflight.co.uk\/user\/fleet\/lebanon-af-hawker-hunter-fga-mk-70a\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeroflight: Lebanon AF Hawker Hunter FGA Mk.70A<\/a><span>Delivery dates from 8 December 1975; losses 1978, 1983, 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aviationmuseum.eu\/Blogvorm\/lebanon-air-force-museum\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aviation Museum EU: Lebanon Air Force Museum, Rayak<\/a><span>Eight aircraft with serials; visits by permission.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensenews.com\/industry\/2021\/08\/12\/canadian-firm-begins-negotiations-to-buy-lebanese-hawker-hunters-jets\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Defense News: Canadian firm begins negotiations to buy Lebanese Hawker Hunter jets (12 August 2021)<\/a><span>Five Hunters to Lortie Aviation, about $1 million; nonoperational since 2010; Brig. Gen. Ziad Haikal quoted as commander.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/lebanon\/background-airforce.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GlobalSecurity.org: Lebanese Air Force background<\/a><span>Account of the early years: Rayak the &ldquo;jewel&rdquo; of the mandate bases; 1949 reconstruction; Khalde airport 1 July 1950; command to Beirut 1 December 1954; Iaat and Istabl airfields; 1952 and 1957 crashes; foreign instructors.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.beirutairport.gov.lb\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Beirut&ndash;Rafic Hariri International Airport (official site)<\/a><span>Checked for the Lebanese AIP: the aeronautical information section (\/zip\/) is password-protected, so no AIP data could be used.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.goethe.de\/ins\/lb\/en\/kul\/sup\/spu\/20908781.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Goethe-Institut Lebanon: Rayak Air Base &ndash; It Began With a Sand Runway (Christian Kirchen)<\/a><span>Sand runway laid by a Bavarian air regiment in the First World War; surviving corrugated hangars; German aircraft bound for Baghdad landing in the Bekaa in 1941.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com\/2021\/01\/26\/wwii-aircraft-in-lebanon\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">WWII After WWII: WWII aircraft in Lebanon (26 January 2021)<\/a><span>Specialist blog: surviving German barracks and Vichy hangars at Rayak; succession of controlling powers; Kleyate a former oil company strip; Rayak the main base in 2021.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-01.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .cflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/swiss-canton-flags-sprite-v2.png)!important}#mfam .cf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .cf1{background-position:-22px -2px}#mfam .cf2{background-position:-42px -2px}#mfam 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