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col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt td.note{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td.note{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt td.note{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob-base{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob-base:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .ocx{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .ocx::before,#mfam .ocx::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .ocx::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open .ocx::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:220px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam .pq{margin:0;max-width:900px} #mfam .pq blockquote{margin:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;font-size:clamp(21px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.42;color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:before{content:'\\201C';color:var(--blue);margin-right:2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:after{content:'\\201D';color:var(--blue);margin-left:2px} #mfam .pq figcaption{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6} #mfam .pq figcaption b{color:#fff;font-size:14px} #mfam .pq figcaption span{display:block;color:#7c8697;font-size:13px} #mfam .pq figcaption a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .pqrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;max-width:1120px} #mfam .pqrow .pq blockquote{font-size:clamp(18px,2vw,21px)} #mfam .galgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .galgrid figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .galgrid .gim{display:block;height:210px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .galgrid figcaption{padding:14px 16px 16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .galgrid figcaption b{display:block;color:#0d1117;font-size:14.5px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .galgrid figcaption span{display:block;margin-top:7px;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.5} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:span 2} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:300px} #mfam .vidwrap{max-width:900px;margin-top:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidfr{position:relative;width:100%;padding-top:56.25%;height:0;display:block} #mfam .vidfr iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidcap{padding:16px 20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6;background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidcap b{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .vidcap a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .reads{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .read{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px 22px 24px} #mfam .read:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .read .rk{display:block;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-bottom:9px} #mfam .read .rh{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;color:#0d1117} #mfam .read:hover .rh{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .read .rp{display:block;font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);line-height:1.6;margin-top:9px} #mfam .read .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .galgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .reads{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .galgrid,#mfam .reads,#mfam .pqrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:auto}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:210px}} #mfam .kfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .kf{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:24px 24px 26px} #mfam .kf .kfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .kf h3{font-size:19px;line-height:1.25;margin:8px 0 10px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kf p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .kf .kff{display:block;margin-top:12px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:14px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .deep{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep details{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 0;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:baseline;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .deep summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .deep summary .dn{flex:0 0 34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc 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semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:9px 14px;line-height:1}#mfam .satlb{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;background:rgba(6,9,14,.95);display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:zoom-out;padding:24px}#mfam .satlb.on{display:flex}#mfam .satbig{width:96vw;height:90vh;background-position:center;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}#mfam .satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-naval-aviation\/\">French Naval Aviation<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>BAN Landivisiau<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Base d&rsquo;a&#233;ronautique navale de Landivisiau<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Active (the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe)<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>LFRJ<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>2,700 m<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1965<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Alan Wilson \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>French Naval Aviation<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>D&#233;partement or territory<\/b>Finist&#232;re<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>106 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>48.5303 N, 4.1515 W<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>BAN Landivisiau: what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Landivisiau is the youngest of the four French naval air bases and the only one built for a single purpose. The decision was taken in 1962, driven by Charles de Gaulle himself: the new carriers <em>Clemenceau<\/em> and <em>Foch<\/em>, lying at the Brest arsenal, were to sail with their fighter squadrons based close by rather than drawn from the Mediterranean. The site on the plateau thirty kilometres inland from Brest was expropriated across five communes; the village of Poulhoat-Euzen in Saint-Derrien was demolished entirely, and 600 dwellings were built in the town of Landivisiau to house the arriving families. The base was constructed under NATO status &mdash; the alliance wanted the Atlantic naval air potential reinforced and helped pay for it &mdash; and that status lapsed when France left the integrated military command in 1966.<\/p>\n<p>De Gaulle inaugurated the base on 1 February 1965. The &#201;tendard IVM had already arrived in April 1963; the first F-8E(FN) Crusaders came in March 1965. For the next thirty-five years Landivisiau flew all of it &mdash; &#201;tendard IVM and IVP, Crusader, Fouga Z&#233;phyr, Morane-Saulnier Paris, Falcon 10 MER &mdash; and from 27 July 1978 the Super &#201;tendard, the aircraft that defined the place. Flottille 14F was disbanded in June 1991 and flottille 17F arrived from Hy&#232;res in July 1993, giving the base the three-squadron shape it has kept ever since.<\/p>\n<p>The Rafale M arrived in stages: flottille 12F in May 2001, 11F in September 2011, 17F in September 2016. That last conversion mattered out of proportion to its size, because it ended the mixed air group and allowed the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em>&rsquo;s 2017 refit to strip out everything specific to the Super &#201;tendard. The Super &#201;tendard itself was retired at Landivisiau on 12 July 2016 in front of about 1,500 guests, thirty-eight years after it first landed there.<\/p>\n<p>Today about 1,600 people work on 370 hectares, roughly 230 of them civilians, organised into four service groupings that support three fighter flottilles and one escadrille. The base celebrated sixty years on 16 July 2025 during a change of command. The ministry&rsquo;s own description of it has become the standard one: <em>le porte-avions de granit<\/em>, the granite aircraft carrier &mdash; the only land base in Europe dedicated to carrier fighter aviation, and the place where the French carrier air group exists whenever the ship does not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>BAN Landivisiau from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"BAN Landivisiau seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>One runway, 2,700 m of asphalt.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"BAN Landivisiau seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-4.19691,48.51636,-4.10618,48.54425\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-4.19419,48.51148,-4.10890,48.54913\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-4.17260,48.51636,-4.13049,48.54425\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><section class=\"pqband\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"pqrow\">\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>Le Charles de Gaulle nous a v&#233;ritablement ouvert un nouveau champ op&#233;rationnel et [&#8230;] nous sommes pass&#233;s dans une autre cat&#233;gorie. [&#8230;] Pendant le conflit en Bosnie, de 1993 &#224; 1996, le Clemenceau et le Foch se sont relev&#233;s quasi sans discontinuit&#233; en mer, et avec 35 avions, nous avions g&#233;n&#233;r&#233; environ 1 500 sorties op&#233;rationnelles en trois ans, essentiellement de jour. En Libye, avec 18 chasseurs et Hawkeye seulement, ce sont 1 573 sorties qui ont &#233;t&#233; effectu&#233;es, de jour comme de nuit, en un peu plus de cinq mois.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Capitaine de vaisseau &#201;ric Aymard<\/b><span>Commandant du groupe a&#233;rien embarqu&#233; (COMGA&#233;)<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.marines-editions.fr\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Henri-Pierre Grolleau, <em>Le &quot;Charles de Gaulle&quot; en action<\/em>, Marines &#201;ditions, 2014<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>Un porte-avions permet d&rsquo;organiser, de constituer et de projeter un groupe a&#233;ronaval. Et poss&#233;der un groupe a&#233;ronaval, c&rsquo;est pouvoir tirer le meilleur parti des moyens qui le composent. [&#8230;] Un porte-avions rend ceux qui l&rsquo;accompagnent mieux inform&#233;s, plus forts et plus performants.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Amiral Jean-Philippe Rolland<\/b><span>Commandant la force d&rsquo;action navale<\/span><span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.assemblee-nationale.fr\/15\/pdf\/cr-cdef\/18-19\/c1819028.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Assembl&#233;e nationale, commission de la d&#233;fense nationale et des forces arm&#233;es, compte rendu no. 28, 12 March 2019<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>BAN Landivisiau in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>ICAO<\/dt>\n<dd>LFRJ<\/dd>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>D&#233;partement or territory<\/dt>\n<dd>Finist&#232;re<\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>48.5303 N, 4.1515 W<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>106 m <span class=\"imp\">(348 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Military<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Runways<\/dt>\n<dd>1<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator<\/dt>\n<dd>07\/25<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>2,700 m <span class=\"imp\">(8,858 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Asphalt<\/dd>\n<dt>Cavern hangars<\/dt>\n<dd>No<\/dd>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>No permanent alert; the base generates the fighter half of the carrier air group and holds it ready ashore as the GAETAN when the ship is unavailable.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Active<span class=\"gnote\">the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>French Naval Aviation<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1965<\/dd>\n<dt>Military use ended<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>ALAVIA \/ Groupe a&#233;rien embarqu&#233;<\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>4 current, 3 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>2<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from BAN Landivisiau<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"oob-base\"><span>Current<\/span><em>4 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Flottille 11F<small>La Furieuse &middot; Carrier fighter flottille &middot; active &middot; from 1968<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale M<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Flottille 12F<small>La Douzeff &middot; Carrier fighter flottille &middot; active &middot; from 1968<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale M<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Flottille 17F<small>La Glorieuse &middot; Carrier fighter flottille &middot; active &middot; from 1993<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale M<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Escadrille 57S<small>Fighter school and liaison escadrille &middot; active &middot; from 1981<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Dassault Falcon 10 MER<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"oob-base\"><span>Former<\/span><em>3 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">Flottille 14F<small>1968&ndash;1991 &middot; At Landivisiau from August 1968, on the Crusader to May 1979 and the Super &#201;tendard to June 1991, when it was disbanded as the fighter force contracted to three squadrons.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Flottille 16F<small>1969&ndash;2000 &middot; Flew the reconnaissance &#201;tendard IVP from Landivisiau from April 1969 until July 2000, including over Bosnia and Kosovo.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Dassault &#201;tendard IVP<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Flottille 15F<small>1967&ndash;1969 &middot; Briefly at Landivisiau on the &#201;tendard IVM between August 1967 and January 1969.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Dassault &#201;tendard IVM<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale M<\/a>, Dassault Falcon 10 MER, Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader, Dassault &#201;tendard IVP, Dassault &#201;tendard IVM<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What BAN Landivisiau is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The granite aircraft carrier<\/h3>\n<p>The Marine nationale&rsquo;s own nickname for Landivisiau is <em>le porte-avions de granit<\/em>, and the ministry describes it as the only land base in Europe dedicated to carrier fighter aviation. Everything on it exists to make a ship 1,200 km away work: the runway is marked out as a deck, the ground is painted with an outline of the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em>&rsquo;s flight deck, and the whole population of the base &mdash; pilots, mechanics, deck handlers &mdash; rotates through the ship.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">370 hectares across five communes, and the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Every French carrier fighter pilot is based here<\/h3>\n<p>The three Rafale M flottilles, 11F, 12F and 17F, all live at Landivisiau, and so does escadrille 57S, which keeps the fighter pilots current on instruments in the Falcon 10 MER and now the PC-24. There is no second fighter base: if a French carrier fighter is flying anywhere in the world, its squadron home is this stretch of the Finist&#232;re.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Each fighter flottille numbers about 170 people, of whom roughly twenty are pilots.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>De Gaulle opened it himself<\/h3>\n<p>The base exists because Charles de Gaulle wanted the <em>Clemenceau<\/em> and <em>Foch<\/em>, then lying at the Brest arsenal, to sail with their fighter squadrons close by rather than scattered across the country. He inaugurated it on 1 February 1965. Construction had begun in 1962 and cost the village of Poulhoat-Euzen in Saint-Derrien, which was demolished outright, along with 600 new houses built in Landivisiau for the families.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Built under NATO status and partly NATO-funded &mdash; until France left the integrated command in 1966.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>Sixty years of French carrier fighters, in order<\/h3>\n<p>&#201;tendard IVM from 1963, F-8E(FN) Crusader from March 1965, Super &#201;tendard from July 1978, Super-&#201;tendard Modernis&#233; from 1995, Rafale M from 2001 with flottille 12F and from September 2011 with 11F. Flottille 17F, the last unit in the world to fly the Super &#201;tendard, converted in September 2016. Five generations of deck fighter, one runway.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Flottille 11F was created on 1 March 1919 and is the oldest French carrier fighter squadron.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>The base that practises landing on a ship without a ship<\/h3>\n<p>Carrier pilots fly <em>appontages simul&#233;s sur piste<\/em> &mdash; simulated deck landings on the runway &mdash; which means repeated low circuits at short intervals, the single most recognisable and most complained-about sound in the Finist&#232;re. During &ldquo;carrier weeks&rdquo;, deck handlers, the PC avia radio team and the pilots work the whole cycle on a ground marking of the real deck, with the jets running.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Some practice is deliberately moved to Lann-Bihou&#233; or Istres to spread the noise.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">06<\/div>\n<h3>A NATO Tiger Meet base<\/h3>\n<p>Flottille 11F is a member of the NATO Tiger Association, and Landivisiau hosted the Tiger Meet in 2008 &mdash; when a Super-&#201;tendard Modernis&#233; wore a full tiger scheme in front of the hangars &mdash; and again in June 2017, by then with the Rafale M. It is one of the few occasions the public gets inside the wire.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The 2017 meet brought tiger-marked squadrons from across NATO to a Breton naval base.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>Why a fighter base in the middle of Brittany farmland<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Landivisiau is thirty kilometres inland from Brest, in a landscape of hedged fields and small granite villages. Nothing about it says naval aviation, and that is more or less the point. In 1962 the French government decided that the two new carriers, <em>Clemenceau<\/em> and <em>Foch<\/em>, could not sail with their fighter squadrons drawn from bases in the Var and the Landes. The aircraft had to be near the ships, and the ships were at the Brest arsenal. A site was chosen on the plateau at Bodilis, Saint-Servais, Saint-Derrien, Plougar and Ploun&#233;venter, and the state expropriated it.<\/p>\n<p>The cost to the area was not abstract. The village of Poulhoat-Euzen in Saint-Derrien was razed completely. Hundreds of hectares of farmland went. In compensation, and in order to house the sailors who would arrive, 600 dwellings were built in the town of Landivisiau, which changed the character of a small market town permanently. The base opened with 370 hectares inside the wire and a single runway of 2,700 metres aligned 07\/25.<\/p>\n<p>It was built under NATO status. The alliance wanted the Atlantic naval air potential reinforced and helped pay for the construction, which is why the hangar layout and the dispersal follow a pattern familiar from other NATO fields of the period. That status lasted barely a year: France left the integrated military command in 1966 and Landivisiau became purely national.<\/p>\n<p>Charles de Gaulle inaugurated the base on 1 February 1965, and the first Crusaders arrived the following month. The geography has held up. Brest is close enough that the flying units and the ship&rsquo;s company are a single social world; the approaches are over open country and the sea; and the weather in the Finist&#232;re is bad enough often enough that crews get the instrument experience a carrier pilot needs. It has not moved, changed role or shrunk in sixty years, which in the history of French military infrastructure since 1990 makes it an outlier.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>Landing on a runway as if it were a ship<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>A carrier approach is not a landing in the ordinary sense. The pilot flies a fixed glide path onto a moving deck, holds an attitude rather than flaring, and puts the aircraft down at full power so that a missed wire means a fly-off rather than a crash. The Rafale M has ninety metres to go from 220 km\/h to a standstill, a deceleration of about 40 metres per second squared &mdash; roughly four g &mdash; in a manoeuvre that lasts a second and a half. The only way to be good at it is to do it constantly.<\/p>\n<p>Landivisiau exists to provide that constancy. The core of it is the <em>appontage simul&#233; sur piste<\/em>, or ASSP: the pilot flies the carrier pattern onto the runway, referencing a mirror and deck markings, again and again. From the ground it is a distinctive noise &mdash; the same aircraft coming round every ninety seconds or so, low, at high power. It is the most perceptible part of the base&rsquo;s activity and the thing local residents hear most.<\/p>\n<p>Above the individual pilot there is the team. During &ldquo;carrier weeks&rdquo;, the base uses a ground marking that reproduces the flight deck of the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> in plan, and runs the full deck cycle on it: flight-deck directors making hand signals, the PC avia making radio calls, aircraft taxiing into catapult positions that are painted lines on Breton tarmac. The value is not in the individual skill but in the automatic reflexes and in getting the deck team and the aircrew used to each other before anyone puts to sea.<\/p>\n<p>This is also why the base matters politically. When the carrier is in refit &mdash; nineteen months in 2017 and 2018, and again from 2027 &mdash; France still has to hold a carrier air group in being. The formation that does that is the GAETAN, the land-based naval air group, and it lives at Landivisiau. Without the base there would be nothing to reconstitute the air group from when the ship comes back out of the basin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>The <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em>, and why she is unlike every other non-American carrier<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The aircraft that fly from Landivisiau exist to go aboard one ship. She displaces 42,500 tonnes at full load, is 261.5 metres long with a 64-metre flight deck, carries two K15 pressurised-water reactors giving 83,000 horsepower and 27 knots, and has an endurance limited only by the food in her holds &mdash; about 45 days. She commissioned on 18 May 2001. Her crew is about 2,000, of whom roughly 600 belong to the air group.<\/p>\n<p>What makes her different is the catapults and the wires. Two American C13-3 steam catapults, 75 metres long, throw a 25-tonne aircraft to 270 km\/h in two seconds; three hydraulic arrestor wires named Ath&#233;na, Aphrodite and Androm&#232;de bring them back. Because both catapults overlap the angled deck, she cannot launch and recover simultaneously &mdash; a design compromise of a small deck. She can launch every thirty seconds, put a strike of twenty to twenty-four fully armed aircraft into the air in fifteen minutes, recover it and relaunch it four hours later, and sustain about a hundred flights a day for a week.<\/p>\n<p>The other difference is the Hawkeye. No other carrier outside the United States Navy operates a fixed-wing airborne early warning aircraft, which is why the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> is the only non-American carrier that can run command and control for a coalition air picture rather than merely contributing aircraft to someone else&rsquo;s. It is also why French naval strike packages can be planned independently.<\/p>\n<p>The ship has been rebuilt twice. The first major refit in 2008 and 2009 replaced the fuel in both reactor cores. The mid-life refit ran from February 2017 to 14 September 2018, cost 1.3 billion euros, involved up to 2,100 people and 200,000 lines of work, refuelled the reactors again, replaced the combat system, installed the SMART-S surveillance radar, EOMS NG optronics and the Artemis panoramic system, and replaced the forty-year-old landing mirror &mdash; which had served on <em>Clemenceau<\/em> and <em>Foch<\/em> before her &mdash; with an American IFLOLS. It also removed every installation specific to the Super &#201;tendard, freeing space for a two-flottille Rafale group. A third major refit follows in 2027, bringing the Sea Fire 500 radar and the SETIS 3.0 combat system.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>Five generations of deck fighter on one runway<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The sequence of aircraft at Landivisiau is the sequence of French carrier aviation. The &#201;tendard IVM, France&rsquo;s first purpose-built carrier jet attack aircraft, arrived with flottille 11F in April 1963 and stayed until September 1978. The F-8E(FN) Crusader arrived in March 1965 with flottilles 12F and 14F and stayed thirty-five years &mdash; longer than in American service &mdash; because France had nothing to replace it with. The &#201;tendard IVP reconnaissance version flew with flottille 16F from April 1969 to July 2000.<\/p>\n<p>The Super &#201;tendard landed at Landivisiau for the first time on 27 July 1978 and became the aircraft of the base for a generation. It carried France&rsquo;s naval nuclear weapon, struck the Bekaa from the <em>Clemenceau<\/em> in 1983, patrolled over Bosnia without being allowed to drop anything, put 215 laser-guided bombs on Kosovo in 1999 with the best accuracy of any aircraft in the campaign, and flew over Afghanistan, Libya, Iraq and Syria. Flottille 17F, which had arrived at Landivisiau from Hy&#232;res in July 1993, was the last unit anywhere to fly it.<\/p>\n<p>The Rafale M came in stages. Flottille 12F converted in May 2001, 11F in September 2011 and 17F in September 2016. That last conversion ended the mixed air group and gave the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> a single fighter type for the first time in her life, which is why the 2017 refit could strip out the Super &#201;tendard&rsquo;s engine test bench, its workshops and its magazines.<\/p>\n<p>There is a support thread running underneath. Escadrille 57S, the fighter school escadrille, has been at Landivisiau since September 1981, flying the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris until October 1997 and the Dassault Falcon 10 MER since May 1975 &mdash; a fifty-year run now ending as leased Pilatus PC-24 Balbuzard jets take over from 2026. A Fouga Z&#233;phyr section ran from 1969 to 1972, and a &ldquo;section r&#233;acteurs&rdquo; from 1972 to 1981.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">05<\/span><span>The noise, and what the base does about it<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Simulated deck landings are the loudest thing a fighter base can do. Instead of one departure and one arrival, the pattern produces a succession of low passes at close intervals, and at Landivisiau some of those passes are over inhabited ground. This has been a live local issue for decades, and it is unusual in that both sides publicly acknowledge it.<\/p>\n<p>The residents organised. The <em>association des Riverains de la Base a&#233;ronavale<\/em>, ARBAN, was formed by neighbours as a standing interlocutor alongside the mairies, so that the dialogue with the base commander is not conducted entirely through elected officials. The base command, in its own account, maintains permanent contact with ARBAN, with the mayors of the five communes and with the local press.<\/p>\n<p>Three practical mitigations exist. Flying is constrained to defined hourly windows. Some ASSP sessions are deliberately relocated to Lann-Bihou&#233; in the Morbihan or to the air force base at Istres in Provence, which spreads the load onto fields with fewer neighbours. And the base publishes notice in advance of activity likely to generate more noise than usual &mdash; ASSP sessions, big exercises &mdash; through the press and through the communes&rsquo; own channels, including municipal noticeboard apps.<\/p>\n<p>There is also a formal route for complaint: the French state runs an online <em>dol&#233;ances<\/em> procedure specifically for naval air activity, through which a resident can file an observation directly rather than going via the town hall. It is a small thing, but it is the sort of thing that tends not to exist around military airfields, and it reflects the fact that Landivisiau is a large employer in a rural area as well as a source of noise &mdash; roughly 1,600 people work on the base, about 230 of them civilians.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">06<\/span><span>Where the fighter force goes from here<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The Rafale M fleet is the oldest Rafale fleet in the world. France bought the naval version first, delivering aircraft from 2001 to 2017, and those airframes live a harder life than any land-based Rafale: catapult strokes at four to five g, arrested landings at four g, and years of salt air. The result is that the navy will have to replace its fighters before the air force does, and the money is not there yet.<\/p>\n<p>The plan as it stood in 2024 was a sixth production batch of 45 Rafale notified in 2029, of which twelve would go to the navy in the F5 standard &mdash; enough to renew about a third of the carrier fighter force. The updated 2024&ndash;2030 planning law changed the priority. The air force&rsquo;s nuclear squadrons must be re-equipped before 2035 to carry the ASN4G hypersonic missile, and that comes first. Naval F5 deliveries are now spoken of at around 2038, aligned with the entry into service of the <em>France libre<\/em> rather than with the fatigue life of the current aircraft.<\/p>\n<p>The chief of naval staff, Amiral Nicolas Vaujour, described the coming transition in July 2026 as &ldquo;sensitive and difficult to manage&rdquo;, and noted that the navy&rsquo;s recognised requirement is 51 aircraft against the 41 or 42 it actually has. Roughly twenty to twenty-four embark at a time; the third flottille regenerates ashore at Landivisiau, and it is the aircraft in that third flottille that get raided when a deployment needs to surge to thirty.<\/p>\n<p>There is a second thread. The F5 standard is meant to fly alongside a stealthy combat drone, and Dassault was given the job of developing one in 2024. The European fighter programme that was supposed to succeed the Rafale, SCAF, was abandoned in June 2026, leaving the question of what follows the Rafale &mdash; on land and at sea &mdash; genuinely open. Whatever the answer is, it will have to fit on the <em>France libre<\/em>&rsquo;s electromagnetic catapults, and it will work up at Landivisiau.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>BAN Landivisiau, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1962<\/div>\n<p>The decision to build a naval air base near Landivisiau is taken. Expropriations follow in Bodilis, Saint-Servais and Saint-Derrien; the village of Poulhoat-Euzen is razed, and 600 dwellings are built in Landivisiau for the incoming families.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1963<\/div>\n<p>April: the first Dassault &#201;tendard IVM arrive for flottille 11F, France&rsquo;s first purpose-built carrier jet attack aircraft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1965<\/div>\n<p>1 February: Charles de Gaulle inaugurates BAN Landivisiau. The first Vought F-8E(FN) Crusaders of flottilles 12F and 14F arrive in March. The base is under NATO status, which lapses when France leaves the integrated command in 1966.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1968<\/div>\n<p>August: flottille 12F and flottille 14F settle permanently at Landivisiau; flottille 11F arrives with its &#201;tendard IVM in September. Flottille 15F had operated &#201;tendard IVM from the base since August 1967.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<p>April: flottille 16F arrives with the reconnaissance &#201;tendard IVP, which it will fly from Landivisiau until July 2000. A Fouga CM.175 Z&#233;phyr section operates from September 1969 to May 1972.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1978<\/div>\n<p>27 July: the first Dassault Super-&#201;tendard lands at Landivisiau, replacing the &#201;tendard IVM of flottille 11F. Flottille 14F converts from the Crusader in June 1979.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1981<\/div>\n<p>September: escadrille 57S, the fighter school escadrille, establishes itself at Landivisiau with the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris and the Falcon 10 MER. It is still there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1991<\/div>\n<p>June: flottille 14F is disbanded after twenty-three years at Landivisiau, as the carrier fighter force contracts from four squadrons to three.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1993<\/div>\n<p>July: flottille 17F moves from Hy&#232;res to Landivisiau with the Super &#201;tendard, completing the concentration of French carrier fighters on one base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1999<\/div>\n<p>December: flottille 12F retires the last Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader after thirty-five years &mdash; the last Crusaders flying anywhere in the world.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2001<\/div>\n<p>May: flottille 12F becomes the first French unit to operate the Dassault Rafale M, seven months before the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> sails for Afghanistan.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2008<\/div>\n<p>Landivisiau hosts the NATO Tiger Meet, flottille 11F being a member of the association. A Super-&#201;tendard Modernis&#233; is painted in full tiger markings for the event.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2011<\/div>\n<p>September: flottille 11F, the oldest French carrier fighter squadron, converts from the Super-&#201;tendard Modernis&#233; to the Rafale M.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2016<\/div>\n<p>12 July: the Super &#201;tendard is retired at Landivisiau in front of about 1,500 guests, thirty-eight years after it first landed there. Flottille 17F converts to the Rafale M that September, making the carrier air group single-type.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2017<\/div>\n<p>June: the NATO Tiger Meet returns to Landivisiau, this time with Rafale M.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2019<\/div>\n<p>Laurent Machard de Gramont takes command of the base; Marc Moreau succeeds him in 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2025<\/div>\n<p>16 July: BAN Landivisiau marks its sixtieth anniversary during a change-of-command ceremony, with serving sailors, civilians and veterans. The ministry calls it &ldquo;the granite aircraft carrier&rdquo; and the only land base in Europe dedicated to carrier fighters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2026<\/div>\n<p>March: the first of three leased Pilatus PC-24 Balbuzard is delivered, beginning the replacement of escadrille 57S&rsquo;s Falcon 10 MER after half a century.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">24 September 2009<\/div>\n<h3>Two Rafale M collide over the Gulf of Lion and one pilot is lost<\/h3>\n<p>At 18:09 on 24 September 2009, Rafale M22 and M25 of flottille 12F were preparing to return to the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> after a test flight when M22 struck M25 about thirty kilometres east of Perpignan. Both aircraft went into the sea. The pilot of M25, Capitaine de corvette Yann Beaufils, ejected and was rescued; the pilot of M22, Capitaine de fr&#233;gate (R) Fran&#231;ois Duflot, was killed. The investigation by the Bureau enqu&#234;tes accidents d&#233;fense attributed the collision to human factors &mdash; visual lookout that did not detect the other aircraft in time. It remains the worst accident in the Rafale M&rsquo;s service and one of only four losses of the type.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/content\/download\/154759\/1569099\/file\/BEAD-air-D-2009-010-A.pdf\">Bureau enqu&#234;tes accidents d&#233;fense, report BEAD-air-D-2009-010-A<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">22 May 2008<\/div>\n<h3>A Landivisiau Rafale runs off the runway at Lann-Bihou&#233; and is flown again within weeks<\/h3>\n<p>At 10:34 in rain, Rafale M16 of flottille 12F ran off the western runway at BAN Lann-Bihou&#233; on landing, crossed a road and an embankment without the undercarriage collapsing, and the pilot ejected unhurt. Standing water on the surface was identified as the cause. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service a few weeks later &mdash; a useful illustration of how robust a carrier airframe has to be, since it is built to survive a controlled crash three hundred times a year.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/omnirole-rafale.com\/accidents-et-retraits\/\">Omnirole Rafale accident register<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">28 November 2010<\/div>\n<h3>A Rafale M is lost off Pakistan during mission Agapanthe<\/h3>\n<p>Rafale M18 of flottille 12F, flying from the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> during the Agapanthe 2010 deployment, came down off the Pakistani coast. Shortly after launch a fuel warning appeared; the pilot followed the procedure and dumped fuel, then discovered the aircraft was effectively dry. He ejected and was recovered. The loss, on a deployment supporting operations over Afghanistan, was one of the events that pushed changes to fuel-system procedures on the type.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/omnirole-rafale.com\/accidents-et-retraits\/\">Omnirole Rafale accident register<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">2 July 2012<\/div>\n<h3>A Rafale M is lost in a dogfight with an American F\/A-18 off Spain<\/h3>\n<p>During air combat training with an F\/A-18 from USS <em>Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/em> about seventy nautical miles south-east of Alicante, the pilot of Rafale M24 of flottille 12F ejected into the Mediterranean. The Hornet&rsquo;s jet wash was found to have damaged the Rafale&rsquo;s air data sensors, disabling the flight control laws. The French pilot was picked up conscious by an American plane-guard helicopter and transferred to the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em>. It was the fourth and, to date, last Rafale M lost.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/omnirole-rafale.com\/accidents-et-retraits\/\">Omnirole Rafale accident register<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">16 March 2016<\/div>\n<h3>The last Super &#201;tendard catapult launch<\/h3>\n<p>The final operational catapult launch of a Dassault Super-&#201;tendard Modernis&#233; took place from the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> on 16 March 2016, after the type&rsquo;s last deployment over Iraq and Syria with Op&#233;ration Chammal and mission Arromanches 2. The retirement ceremony followed at Landivisiau on 12 July 2016 in front of about 1,500 military and civilian guests. The base commander made the point that the aircraft was being retired while still in good condition rather than being flown until it fell apart, which is not how French aircraft retirements usually go.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.portail-aviation.com\/blog\/2016\/07\/20\/retrait-sem\/\">Le Portail des Passionn&#233;s d&rsquo;Aviation<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">June 2017<\/div>\n<h3>The NATO Tiger Meet comes to a Breton naval base<\/h3>\n<p>Landivisiau hosted the NATO Tiger Meet in June 2017, nine years after its first turn in 2008, because flottille 11F &mdash; whose badge is a tiger and whose nickname is <em>La Furieuse<\/em> &mdash; belongs to the NATO Tiger Association. For a fortnight a naval air station in the Finist&#232;re held tiger-painted fighters from across the alliance, and the base opened to the public. It is one of very few occasions on which outsiders see the inside of a French carrier fighter base.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Base_d%27a%C3%A9ronautique_navale_de_Landivisiau\">BAN Landivisiau base history<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">16 July 2025<\/div>\n<h3>Sixty years, marked at a change of command<\/h3>\n<p>The base celebrated its sixtieth anniversary on 16 July 2025, folded into a change-of-command ceremony, with serving sailors, civilian staff and veterans of the &#201;tendard, Crusader and Super &#201;tendard eras present. The ministry used the occasion to publish what is now the standard description of the place: <em>le porte-avions de granit<\/em>, the granite aircraft carrier, 370 hectares across five communes, and the only land base in Europe devoted to carrier fighter aviation.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/marine\/actualites\/base-daeronautique-navale-landivisiau-fete-ses-60-ans\">Minist&#232;re des Arm&#233;es \/ Marine nationale<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">Continuing<\/div>\n<h3>The state opens a complaints portal for naval air noise<\/h3>\n<p>Simulated deck landings put the same aircraft over the same ground at ninety-second intervals, and the communes around Landivisiau have lived with that since 1965. A residents&rsquo; association, ARBAN, exists specifically to deal with the base. The response has been to fix flying windows, to move some practice to Lann-Bihou&#233; or to the air force base at Istres, to publish advance notice of noisy activity through the communes&rsquo; noticeboard apps, and to run a dedicated online state procedure through which neighbours can file grievances about naval air activity directly.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Base_d%27a%C3%A9ronautique_navale_de_Landivisiau\">BAN Landivisiau, public information on aircraft noise<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>BAN Landivisiau and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"ban-lann-bihoue\">\n<td>BAN Lann-Bihou&#233;<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFRH<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">Northrop Grumman E-2C Hawkeye 2000, Dassault-Breguet Atlantique 2, Dassault Falcon 50M Surmar, Dassault Falcon 2000 LXS Albatros<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"ban-lanveoc-poulmic\">\n<td>BAN Lanv&#233;oc-Poulmic<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFRL<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">Airbus Helicopters H160, NHIndustries NH90 Ca&#239;man Marine, Airbus Helicopters AS365 N3 \/ N3+ Dauphin, Mudry CAP 10<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"ban-hyeres\">\n<td>BAN Hy&#232;res-Le Palyvestre<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFTH<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">NHIndustries NH90 Ca&#239;man Marine, A&#233;rospatiale SA365 N \/ AS365 N3+ Dauphin SP, A&#233;rospatiale SA365 F Dauphin Pedro, Airbus Helicopters AS565 Panther<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about BAN Landivisiau<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The naval air station that holds every French carrier fighter squadron: flottilles 11F, 12F and 17F on the Dassault Rafale M, plus escadrille 57S with the Falcon 10 MER and the new Pilatus PC-24. It covers 370 hectares across five Breton communes, employs about 1,600 people including some 230 civilians, and has been in continuous service since Charles de Gaulle opened it on 1 February 1965. The Marine nationale calls it the granite aircraft carrier.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why is it called the granite aircraft carrier?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because it behaves like one. It is the only land base in Europe dedicated to carrier fighter aviation, its runway is marked out as a deck for simulated deck landings, and there is a full ground outline of the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em>&rsquo;s flight deck on which the deck-handling teams and aircrew rehearse whole launch and recovery cycles. And it sits on the Breton granite plateau, which does not move in a seaway.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Flottille 11F, created on 1 March 1919 and nicknamed <em>La Furieuse<\/em>, at Landivisiau since the late 1960s and on the Rafale M since September 2011. Flottille 12F, created 1 August 1948, nicknamed <em>La Douzeff<\/em>, the first French Rafale unit in May 2001. Flottille 17F, created 1 April 1958, nicknamed <em>La Glorieuse<\/em>, at Landivisiau since July 1993 and the last unit in the world to fly the Super &#201;tendard, converting to the Rafale M in September 2016. Escadrille 57S, the fighter school escadrille, has been there since September 1981.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft have flown from Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Dassault &#201;tendard IVM from April 1963, Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader from March 1965 to December 1999, Dassault &#201;tendard IVP with flottille 16F from April 1969 to July 2000, Fouga CM.175 Z&#233;phyr from 1969 to 1972, Dassault Super-&#201;tendard from July 1978 and the Modernis&#233; version from 1995 to 2016, Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris from 1972 to 1997, Dassault Falcon 10 MER since 1975, Dassault Rafale M since May 2001, and Pilatus PC-24 since 2026.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is a simulated carrier landing?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">An <em>appontage simul&#233; sur piste<\/em>: the pilot flies the carrier approach and touchdown onto the runway, referencing a landing mirror and deck markings, at the same attitude, speed and power setting used on the ship. It is done repeatedly in the same session, which is why it is the loudest and most recognisable activity the base generates. It is not optional &mdash; a carrier pilot who has not landed on a deck recently must requalify, and the runway is where that begins.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Landivisiau operate when the carrier is in refit?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes, and that is one of its main jobs. When the <em>Charles de Gaulle<\/em> is unavailable &mdash; nineteen months in 2017 and 2018, and again from 2027 &mdash; the carrier air group continues to exist ashore as the GAETAN, the land-based naval air group, flying from Landivisiau. Without the base, France would have to rebuild the air group from nothing every time the ship comes out of the basin.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can you visit BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Not normally. It is a working naval air station with no civil traffic, unlike Lann-Bihou&#233; or Hy&#232;res which share their runways with airports. It opens occasionally &mdash; for the NATO Tiger Meet in 2008 and June 2017, and for anniversaries such as the sixtieth in July 2025.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the base noisy for neighbours?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes, and the navy says so. Simulated deck landings generate repeated low passes over inhabited ground. Flying is restricted to defined windows, some sessions are relocated to Lann-Bihou&#233; or Istres, a residents&rsquo; association called ARBAN talks directly to the base command, advance notice of noisy activity is published through the communes, and the state runs a dedicated online procedure for filing grievances about naval air activity.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is BAN Landivisiau still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Active (the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe). The French Naval Aviation operates it as ALAVIA \/ Groupe a&#233;rien embarqu&#233;.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of BAN Landivisiau is LFRJ. The airfield sits at 106 m above sea level in Finist&#232;re, at 48.5303 N, 4.1515 W.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">BAN Landivisiau has one runway: 07\/25, 2,700 m (8,858 ft), asphalt.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">BAN Landivisiau currently hosts Flottille 11F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Flottille 12F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Flottille 17F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Escadrille 57S flying the Dassault Falcon 10 MER, Pilatus PC-24 Balbuzard.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which aircraft used to fly from BAN Landivisiau?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Over its history BAN Landivisiau has hosted Flottille 14F (1968&ndash;1991) with the Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader, Dassault Super-&#201;tendard; Flottille 16F (1969&ndash;2000) with the Dassault &#201;tendard IVP; Flottille 15F (1967&ndash;1969) with the Dassault &#201;tendard IVM.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The naval air station that holds every French carrier fighter squadron: flottilles 11F, 12F and 17F on the Dassault Rafale M, plus escadrille 57S with the Falcon 10 MER and the new Pilatus PC-24. It covers 370 hectares across five Breton communes, employs about 1,600 people including some 230 civilians, and has been in continuous service since Charles de Gaulle opened it on 1 February 1965. The Marine nationale calls it the granite aircraft carrier.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why is it called the granite aircraft carrier?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because it behaves like one. It is the only land base in Europe dedicated to carrier fighter aviation, its runway is marked out as a deck for simulated deck landings, and there is a full ground outline of the Charles de Gaulle\\u2019s flight deck on which the deck-handling teams and aircrew rehearse whole launch and recovery cycles. And it sits on the Breton granite plateau, which does not move in a seaway.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Flottille 11F, created on 1 March 1919 and nicknamed La Furieuse, at Landivisiau since the late 1960s and on the Rafale M since September 2011. Flottille 12F, created 1 August 1948, nicknamed La Douzeff, the first French Rafale unit in May 2001. Flottille 17F, created 1 April 1958, nicknamed La Glorieuse, at Landivisiau since July 1993 and the last unit in the world to fly the Super \\u00c9tendard, converting to the Rafale M in September 2016. Escadrille 57S, the fighter school escadrille, has been there since September 1981.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft have flown from Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Dassault \\u00c9tendard IVM from April 1963, Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader from March 1965 to December 1999, Dassault \\u00c9tendard IVP with flottille 16F from April 1969 to July 2000, Fouga CM.175 Z\\u00e9phyr from 1969 to 1972, Dassault Super-\\u00c9tendard from July 1978 and the Modernis\\u00e9 version from 1995 to 2016, Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris from 1972 to 1997, Dassault Falcon 10 MER since 1975, Dassault Rafale M since May 2001, and Pilatus PC-24 since 2026.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is a simulated carrier landing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"An appontage simul\\u00e9 sur piste: the pilot flies the carrier approach and touchdown onto the runway, referencing a landing mirror and deck markings, at the same attitude, speed and power setting used on the ship. It is done repeatedly in the same session, which is why it is the loudest and most recognisable activity the base generates. It is not optional \\u2014 a carrier pilot who has not landed on a deck recently must requalify, and the runway is where that begins.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Landivisiau operate when the carrier is in refit?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and that is one of its main jobs. When the Charles de Gaulle is unavailable \\u2014 nineteen months in 2017 and 2018, and again from 2027 \\u2014 the carrier air group continues to exist ashore as the GAETAN, the land-based naval air group, flying from Landivisiau. Without the base, France would have to rebuild the air group from nothing every time the ship comes out of the basin.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you visit BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not normally. It is a working naval air station with no civil traffic, unlike Lann-Bihou\\u00e9 or Hy\\u00e8res which share their runways with airports. It opens occasionally \\u2014 for the NATO Tiger Meet in 2008 and June 2017, and for anniversaries such as the sixtieth in July 2025.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the base noisy for neighbours?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, and the navy says so. Simulated deck landings generate repeated low passes over inhabited ground. Flying is restricted to defined windows, some sessions are relocated to Lann-Bihou\\u00e9 or Istres, a residents\\u2019 association called ARBAN talks directly to the base command, advance notice of noisy activity is published through the communes, and the state runs a dedicated online procedure for filing grievances about naval air activity.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is BAN Landivisiau still an active military air base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Active (the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe). The French Naval Aviation operates it as ALAVIA \/ Groupe a\\u00e9rien embarqu\\u00e9.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code of BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ICAO code of BAN Landivisiau is LFRJ. The airfield sits at 106 m above sea level in Finist\\u00e8re, at 48.5303 N, 4.1515 W.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"BAN Landivisiau has one runway: 07\/25, 2,700 m (8,858 ft), asphalt.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"BAN Landivisiau currently hosts Flottille 11F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Flottille 12F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Flottille 17F flying the Dassault Rafale M; Escadrille 57S flying the Dassault Falcon 10 MER, Pilatus PC-24 Balbuzard.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which aircraft used to fly from BAN Landivisiau?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Over its history BAN Landivisiau has hosted Flottille 14F (1968\\u20131991) with the Vought F-8E(FN) Crusader, Dassault Super-\\u00c9tendard; Flottille 16F (1969\\u20132000) with the Dassault \\u00c9tendard IVP; Flottille 15F (1967\\u20131969) with the Dassault \\u00c9tendard IVM.\"}}]}<\/script><section id=\"fly\">\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You cannot land on the Charles de Gaulle. You can fly a real military jet.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">MiGFlug flies the L-39 Albatros out of Florida &mdash; a genuine military jet trainer, a real second seat, aerobatics and time on the controls. French naval air stations do not sell flights; this is the nearest thing there is.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-florida\/\">Fly the L-39 Albatros in Florida<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around BAN Landivisiau<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-naval-aviation\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">French Naval Aviation<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the French Naval Aviation page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Dassault Rafale M<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Dassault Rafale M story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.opex360.com\/2026\/07\/26\/avec-ses-rafale-m-vieillissants-laeronavale-francaise-sattend-a-une-situation-sensible-et-difficile-a-gerer\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zone Militaire (opex360): Avec ses Rafale M vieillissants, l&rsquo;a&#233;ronavale fran&#231;aise s&rsquo;attend &#224; une situation &ldquo;sensible et difficile &#224; g&#233;rer&rdquo;<\/a><span>41 Rafale M, recognised format of 51, mixed F2\/F3\/F4 standards, accelerated fatigue, F5 timing, Amiral Vaujour&rsquo;s assessment<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/marine\/actualites\/base-daeronautique-navale-landivisiau-fete-ses-60-ans\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Minist&#232;re des Arm&#233;es: La base d&rsquo;a&#233;ronautique navale de Landivisiau f&#234;te ses 60 ans<\/a><span>60th anniversary on 16 July 2025, 370 hectares across five communes, &ldquo;le porte-avions de granit&rdquo;, the only carrier-fighter land base in Europe, units and aircraft history<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sia.aviation-civile.gouv.fr\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">SIA France: AIP and VAC charts for French military and mixed aerodromes<\/a><span>ICAO codes, runway designators, lengths, surfaces and elevations for LFRJ, LFRH, LFRL, LFTH, LFRC, LFAT, LFBH, LFTW, LFTF and LFPB<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ffaa.net\/naval_stations\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">French Fleet Air Arm (ffaa.net): base histories, unit chronologies and aircraft inventories<\/a><span>the specialist reference for French naval air station histories, flottille and escadrille dates, and type-by-type delivery and withdrawal records<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-09-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/fr-ban-landivisiau-hero.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .cflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/swiss-canton-flags-sprite-v2.png)!important}#mfam .cf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .cf1{background-position:-22px -2px}#mfam .cf2{background-position:-42px -2px}#mfam .cf3{background-position:-62px -2px}#mfam .cf4{background-position:-82px -2px}#mfam .cf5{background-position:-102px -2px}#mfam .cf6{background-position:-122px -2px}#mfam .cf7{background-position:-142px -2px}#mfam .cf8{background-position:-162px -2px}#mfam .cf9{background-position:-182px -2px}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v3.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"oob-pins\" hidden><i 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