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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/italian-army-aviation\/\">Italian Army Aviation<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every campaign the Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito has flown, 1990 to today<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Newest first. The Lebanon entry has been running since 1979 and is still open.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Eight campaigns, newest first, from Namibia to Herat. <span class=\"imp\">Open a row for what the flying was actually like, every type used, and where each figure comes from &mdash; including the ones Italy has never published.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"campaigns\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"South Lebanon, from Naqoura Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside United Nations, Ireland, France, Spain and Lebanon Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-212 Agusta-Bell AB-412\">\n<td>Lebanon: UNIFIL, ITALAIR and Leonte<span class=\"cwho\">ITALAIR, Operazione Leonte<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1979-present<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Reconnaissance along the Blue Line, liaison, transport and medical evacuation for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon, and national support to the Italian contingent.<\/p>\n<p>ITALAIR arrived at Naqoura on 3 July 1979, a year after UNIFIL was created, and has never left. The work is patrol along the Blue Line for United Nations observers, liaison between positions, freight, and casualty evacuation &mdash; done from a coastal strip within sight of the Israeli border, through the Israeli occupation, the withdrawal of 2000, the war of 2006 and the fighting of the 2020s. Crews rotate from the AVES regiments, chiefly the 2&#176; &quot;Sirio&quot; at Lamezia Terme. The unit moved to a new heliport at the New Land site in July 2009.  The worst day was 6 August 1997. An AB-205 was flying at night between United Nations positions 6-44 and 6-41 when it came down. Maggiore Antonino Sgro, Maggiore Giuseppe Parisi, Primo Maresciallo Massimo Gatti and Brigadiere Daniel Forner of the Carabinieri were killed, along with the Irish sergeant John Lynch. UNIFIL commemorates them every August at Naqoura.  After the 2006 war Italy also ran a separate national operation, Leonte, in support of the enlarged force, and army helicopters have carried that too.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Still running. ITALAIR has flown from Naqoura without a break since 3 July 1979, which makes it the longest continuous operational deployment in Italian military aviation.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Contemporary Italian press of 7 August 1997 reported four Italian dead and did not initially name the Irish soldier; the defence ministry, UNIFIL and the AVES association all give five dead in total. We use five.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>South Lebanon, from Naqoura<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, Ireland, France, Spain and Lebanon<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no cumulative sortie or flying-hour total has been published for forty-five years of deployment<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>5 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Five people died in the crash of 6 August 1997: four Italians and one Irish soldier. No other ITALAIR fatal accident is recorded in the sources we could reach. Italy has not published a cumulative casualty figure for the deployment.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.difesa.it\/operazionimilitari\/op-intern-corso\/unifil\/notizie-teatro\/libano-task-force-italair-45-anni-in-volo-per-pace\/56648.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministero della Difesa<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/unifil-ricorda-i-caduti-nellincidente-di-un-elicottero-italair-del-1997\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Militari_italiani_caduti_in_missioni_all%27estero\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Italian)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Western Afghanistan, from Herat Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside NATO, United States, Spain and Afghanistan Agusta A129 Mangusta Boeing CH-47C Chinook NHIndustries UH-90A Agusta-Bell AB-205 AAI RQ-7 Shadow 200\">\n<td>Afghanistan: ISAF and Resolute Support<span class=\"cwho\">Task Force Fenice, ISAF, Resolute Support, TAAC-W<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2003-2021<\/td>\n<td>Taliban and Haqqani network<\/td>\n<td>Agusta A129 Mangusta, Boeing CH-47C Chinook, NHIndustries UH-90A<span class=\"cwho\">and 2 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Armed escort, armed reconnaissance, air assault, resupply and medical evacuation over Herat, Badghis, Farah and Ghor &mdash; an area the size of northern Italy with about four million people.<\/p>\n<p>Italian army helicopters reached Afghanistan on 11 August 2003 under ISAF, and the aviation element of the Italian contingent became task group and then task force Fenice. From 2007 the Mangusta flew there continuously, out of Herat, first under ISAF and from 1 January 2015 under Resolute Support and the Train Advise Assist Command West. Over thirteen years it logged 13,500 flying hours in theatre: escort for convoys and for transport helicopters, armed reconnaissance, and fire support, working with the RQ-7 Shadow overhead and with American AH-64 Apaches alongside.  The campaign made the Mangusta&rsquo;s reputation and consumed the fleet. An aircraft designed in the late 1970s to hunt Warsaw Pact armour in northern Europe spent more than a decade in Afghan dust and summer heat, at weights and temperatures its designers had not planned for. The CH-47C did the heavy lifting alongside it until the F arrived from 2014, and the NH90 came into theatre once deliveries allowed. The experience is the direct reason the AW249 was specified from the start with three hours&rsquo; endurance and with the ability to control unmanned aircraft rather than merely fly beside them.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Italy withdrew from Herat in 2021 with NATO. The arm came home with the most recent sustained combat experience of any Italian flying service, and with a Mangusta fleet that had been used far harder than its design case.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The 13,500-hour figure is the AVES association&rsquo;s, for the A129 only. No Italian source we could reach gives total Italian army aviation flying hours, sorties, or airframe losses for the campaign.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Western Afghanistan, from Herat<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, Spain and Afghanistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Taliban and Haqqani network<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta A129 Mangusta, Boeing CH-47C Chinook, NHIndustries UH-90A, Agusta-Bell AB-205, AAI RQ-7 Shadow 200<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no Italian sortie total has been published; the one hard figure is the Mangusta&rsquo;s 13,500 flying hours in theatre between 2007 and 2020<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">Italy has not published an AVES-specific figure for aircraft or aircrew lost in Afghanistan, and we do not estimate one. Italian dead in Afghanistan were overwhelmingly ground casualties; the two soldiers killed by an improvised device near Herat on 28 July 2011, Mauro Gigli and Pierdavide de Cillis, were on a ground explosive-disposal task, not an aviation one.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/a-129-mangusta-13-500-ore-di-volo-in-afghanistan\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Militari_italiani_caduti_in_missioni_all%27estero\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Italian)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Dhi Qar province, from Tallil and Nasiriyah Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside United States, United Kingdom, Romania and Iraq Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-412 Boeing CH-47C Chinook Agusta A129 Mangusta\">\n<td>Iraq: Antica Babilonia<span class=\"cwho\">Operazione Antica Babilonia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2003-2006<\/td>\n<td>Mahdi Army and Iraqi insurgent groups<\/td>\n<td>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-412, Boeing CH-47C Chinook<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison, medical evacuation and armed escort for the Italian contingent in southern Iraq.<\/p>\n<p>Army aviation went to Iraq on 15 July 2003 with the 1&#176; Reggimento &quot;Antares&quot;, flying out of Tallil near Nasiriyah in support of the Italian brigade in Dhi Qar province. The mix was Agusta-Bell utility helicopters, Chinooks for lift, and a small Mangusta detachment &mdash; five aircraft were sent to Iraq and Herat before the Italian withdrawals.  On 31 May 2005 an AB-412 flew into deteriorating weather south-east of Nasiriyah and crashed, killing its four occupants. It remains the arm&rsquo;s worst single aviation loss on operations since Lebanon in 1997.  The mission ended on 1 December 2006.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Italy withdrew from Iraq at the end of 2006. The deployment put army helicopters into a genuinely hostile environment for the first time since Somalia, and cost four lives.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Sources differ on how many Mangusta went to Iraq as opposed to Afghanistan; the English-language literature says five went to Iraq and Herat between them, without splitting the number.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Dhi Qar province, from Tallil and Nasiriyah<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United States, United Kingdom, Romania and Iraq<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Mahdi Army and Iraqi insurgent groups<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-412, Boeing CH-47C Chinook, Agusta A129 Mangusta<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no sortie or flying-hour total has been published for the Italian aviation element<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 aircraft &middot; 4 killed<span class=\"cwho\">One AB-412 lost with all four on board on 31 May 2005: Massimiliano Biondini, Marco Briganti, Marco Cirillo and Giuseppe Lima. The cause given is adverse weather. This is the aviation loss; the Italian contingent&rsquo;s heaviest single loss in Iraq was the Nasiriyah bombing of 12 November 2003, which was a ground attack on the Carabinieri base and is not an aviation casualty.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Militari_italiani_caduti_in_missioni_all%27estero\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Italian)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agusta_A129_Mangusta\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Kosovo, from Djakovica and Pec Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside NATO, United States, Germany, France and United Kingdom Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-212 Agusta-Bell AB-412 Boeing CH-47C Chinook\">\n<td>Kosovo: Joint Guardian and KFOR<span class=\"cwho\">Operazione Joint Guardian, KFOR<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1999-2010<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison, observation and medical evacuation for the Italian brigade in the western sector of KFOR.<\/p>\n<p>Italian army helicopters entered Kosovo with the 2&#176; Reggimento &quot;Sirio&quot; on 12 June 1999, the first day of Joint Guardian, and stayed for eleven years. The work was the unromantic business of a peace-support deployment: moving people and freight over bad roads and worse weather, casualty evacuation, observation for the brigade, and support to the multinational western sector.  It mattered because it kept army aviation continuously deployed through the decade between Bosnia and Afghanistan, at a time when the arm was converting from an anti-tank force facing the Warsaw Pact into an expeditionary one.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Italian army aviation has remained committed to KFOR; the association&rsquo;s mission list still shows Joint Guardian as current. It is the arm&rsquo;s longest Balkan deployment and the one that normalised helicopter operations inside a NATO multinational division.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Italy publishes no cumulative sortie, hour or loss figures for KFOR aviation, and we give none.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Kosovo, from Djakovica and Pec<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, Germany, France and United Kingdom<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412, Boeing CH-47C Chinook<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no cumulative figures published<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Italian army aviation fatality in Kosovo is recorded in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Bosnia and Herzegovina Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside NATO, European Union, United States, France and United Kingdom Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-212 Agusta-Bell AB-412 Agusta A109\">\n<td>Bosnia and Herzegovina: IFOR, SFOR and Althea<span class=\"cwho\">IFOR, SFOR, EUFOR Althea<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1995-2010<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison, observation and medical evacuation for the Italian contingent under NATO and then European Union command.<\/p>\n<p>An Italian army helicopter squadron, the EM-2, deployed to Bosnia with IFOR on 16 December 1995 and the commitment ran on through SFOR and then, from 2 December 2004, the European Union&rsquo;s Operation Althea, ending on 21 December 2010.  The Bosnian deployment was where Italian army aviation learned multinational peace-support flying: shared airspace, shared bases, allied air traffic control and rules of engagement that were not Italian. It also kept the AB-205 and AB-212 generation working hard into their fourth decade.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Italian aviation element left with the drawdown of EUFOR Althea in December 2010. Fifteen years of continuous helicopter presence in one small country.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The numbering and naming of the Italian helicopter squadrons in Bosnia varied over fifteen years; the AVES association gives Squadrone Elicotteri EM-2 for the IFOR entry and Squadrone Elicotteri EM for Althea.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, European Union, United States, France and United Kingdom<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta-Bell AB-412, Agusta A109<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no cumulative figures published<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Italian army aviation fatality in Bosnia is recorded in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Albania, North Macedonia and the Adriatic Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside NATO, European Union, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, France and Turkey Boeing CH-47C Chinook Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-212 Agusta A129 Mangusta\">\n<td>Albania and Macedonia: Pellicano to Concordia<span class=\"cwho\">Pellicano, Alba, Allied Harbour, Joint Determined Guarantor, Essential Harvest, Amber Fox, Allied Harmony, EUFOR Concordia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1991-2003<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Boeing CH-47C Chinook, Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Humanitarian airlift, escort, transport and liaison across a decade of Balkan crises.<\/p>\n<p>The sequence begins with Pellicano, the Italian humanitarian operation in Albania from 1 September 1991 to 3 December 1993, flown by the 1&#176; Reggimento &quot;Antares&quot; and its 28&#176; Gruppo &quot;Tucano&quot;; the European Community observation mission over the disintegrating Yugoslavia, flown from 19 July 1991 by the 5&#176; Reggimento &quot;Rigel&quot;, ran alongside it.  Then Alba, the Italian-led intervention in the Albanian collapse of 1997, flown from 13 April to 12 August by the 49&#176; Gruppo Squadroni &quot;Capricorno&quot;; Joint Determined Guarantor in Macedonia from 9 December 1998, the extraction force for the Kosovo verification mission; Allied Harbour in Albania in 1999 during the refugee crisis; and then the Macedonian sequence of 2001 to 2003, Essential Harvest, Amber Fox and Allied Harmony, followed by the European Union&rsquo;s Concordia, all flown on the AB-212 by the 49&#176; &quot;Capricorno&quot; and the 30&#176; &quot;Pegaso&quot;.  This is the period in which the Italian army&rsquo;s helicopters stopped being a home-defence asset.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Twelve years of near-continuous Balkan work that took the arm from Cold War anti-tank units to a deployable force, and gave the Mangusta its European operational debut.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">These were mostly small detachments and Italy has published no consolidated figures for any of them. We give the AVES association&rsquo;s dates and units and nothing more.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Albania, North Macedonia and the Adriatic<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, European Union, Albania, North Macedonia, Greece, France and Turkey<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Boeing CH-47C Chinook, Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Agusta A129 Mangusta<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no cumulative figures published<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Italian army aviation fatality is recorded for these deployments in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Mogadishu and central Somalia Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside United Nations, United States, Pakistan, Nigeria and Morocco Agusta A129 Mangusta Agusta-Bell AB-205 Boeing CH-47C Chinook Agusta-Bell AB-412\">\n<td>Somalia: Ibis, UNOSOM and United Shield<span class=\"cwho\">Operazione Ibis, ITALHELY, UNOSOM II, United Shield<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1992-1995<\/td>\n<td>Somali National Alliance<\/td>\n<td>Agusta A129 Mangusta, Agusta-Bell AB-205, Boeing CH-47C Chinook<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Escort, armed reconnaissance, air assault, heavy lift and casualty evacuation in a failed state, and the combat debut of the A129 Mangusta.<\/p>\n<p>Thirteen helicopters sailed from Livorno on 13 December 1992 as ITALHELY: three A129 Mangusta, six AB-205 and four CH-47C, with about 150 people. They reached Mogadishu on 5 January 1993. In June the unit was renamed the gruppo squadroni AVES ITALHELY-Ibis, and in July two night-capable AB-412 of the 39&#176; Gruppo Squadroni &quot;Drago&quot; joined it; they went home in January 1994.  The defining day was 2 July 1993. Italian troops holding the Mogadishu junction they called checkpoint Pasta were attacked by Somali National Alliance militia. In the fighting a Mangusta destroyed a captured Iveco VM 90 with a TOW missile, killing the men aboard it &mdash; the A129 Mangusta&rsquo;s combat debut, and the first combat firing by an Italian-designed attack helicopter. Three Italian soldiers were killed and, depending on the account, twenty-two or twenty-nine wounded.  Eleven aircraft were taken into a joint helicopter group and embarked on the Giuseppe Garibaldi on 2 March 1994. The 5&#176; Reggimento &quot;Rigel&quot; returned for the covering operation United Shield between 9 January and 3 March 1995.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Italian contingent came home in March 1994 and the last aircraft embarked in the carrier Giuseppe Garibaldi on 2 March. The Mangusta had been fired in anger and the arm had learned what expeditionary aviation costs.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Somali casualties at checkpoint Pasta are genuinely disputed. The figure most often quoted, 67 militiamen killed and at least 103 wounded, comes from Somali sources used in a 2008 documentary and has never been independently confirmed. Italian wounded are given as 22 in some accounts and 29 in others. We give the ranges rather than choosing.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Mogadishu and central Somalia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, United States, Pakistan, Nigeria and Morocco<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Somali National Alliance<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta A129 Mangusta, Agusta-Bell AB-205, Boeing CH-47C Chinook, Agusta-Bell AB-412<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no sortie or flying-hour total has been published for ITALHELY<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Italian army aviation aircraft or aircrew loss in Somalia is recorded in the sources we could reach. The three Italian soldiers killed on 2 July 1993 at checkpoint Pasta were ground troops.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/somalia-operazione-ibis\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Checkpoint_Pasta\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd7\" data-x=\"Namibia, northern Iraq and Mozambique Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito Alongside United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Turkey Agusta-Bell AB-205 Agusta-Bell AB-212 Boeing CH-47C Chinook\">\n<td>The first deployments: Namibia, Kurdistan and Mozambique<span class=\"cwho\">UNTAG HELITALY, Provide Comfort, ONUMOZ Albatros<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1989-1994<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Boeing CH-47C Chinook<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd7\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd7\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison and humanitarian support on United Nations and coalition operations.<\/p>\n<p>The first was HELITALY, a detachment of the 1&#176; Reggimento &quot;Antares&quot; with the United Nations transition assistance group in Namibia, from 2 April 1989 to 30 April 1990. The second was Provide Comfort, the coalition relief operation for the Kurds of northern Iraq after the Gulf War, flown by the same regiment from 3 May to 1 August 1991 &mdash; the CH-47C&rsquo;s first work outside Europe. The third was ONUMOZ, the United Nations operation in Mozambique, flown by the 4&#176; Reggimento &quot;Altair&quot; from 1 March 1993 to 1 April 1994 under the Italian name Albatros.  None of them involved combat. All three taught the arm how to move helicopters, spares and people across the world and keep them flying, which is the part that is actually hard.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Three small deployments in four years that took an arm built for the Gorizia gap and showed it could work anywhere. Everything after 1992 followed from them.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">These were small detachments and no Italian source we could reach gives aircraft numbers or flying hours for them.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Namibia, northern Iraq and Mozambique<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France and Turkey<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Agusta-Bell AB-205, Agusta-Bell AB-212, Boeing CH-47C Chinook<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">no cumulative figures published<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No fatalities recorded for these deployments in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/aves\/le-missioni-internazionali-dell-aviazione-dell-esercito\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito: Le missioni internazionali dell&rsquo;Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito<\/a><span>every deployment abroad with dates and the units that flew it<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/somalia-operazione-ibis\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito: Somalia &mdash; Operazione Ibis<\/a><span>ITALHELY composition, dates and aircraft numbers<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/a-129-mangusta-13-500-ore-di-volo-in-afghanistan\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito: A-129 Mangusta, 13.500 ore di volo in Afghanistan<\/a><span>Mangusta flying hours, units and area of responsibility at Herat<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.anae.it\/unifil-ricorda-i-caduti-nellincidente-di-un-elicottero-italair-del-1997\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Associazione Nazionale Aviazione Esercito: UNIFIL ricorda i caduti nell&rsquo;incidente di un elicottero Italair del 1997<\/a><span>the 6 August 1997 crash: date, circumstances and the five names<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.difesa.it\/operazionimilitari\/op-intern-corso\/unifil\/notizie-teatro\/libano-task-force-italair-45-anni-in-volo-per-pace\/56648.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministero della Difesa: Libano, Task Force Italair da 45 anni in volo per la pace<\/a><span>ITALAIR anniversary and role; the page timed out on our last attempt and is cited from its title and the search result<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-19. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/italian-army-aviation\/\">Back to the Italian Army Aviation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam .nf10{background-position:-222px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"cmb-data\" data-js=\"KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IGlmKCFkb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50QnlJZCgnbWZhbScpKXJldHVybjsgZnVuY3Rpb24gbnoocyl7cmV0dXJuIChzfHwnJykudG9Mb3dlckNhc2UoKS5yZXBsYWNlKC9bXHUyMDE5J10vZywiJyIpLnJlcGxhY2UoL1xzKy9nLCcgJyk7fSBmdW5jdGlvbiBidWlsZChpbnApeyB2YXIgdGd0PWRvY3VtZW50LnF1ZXJ5U2VsZWN0b3IoaW5wLmdldEF0dHJpYnV0ZSgnZGF0YS1maWx0ZXInKSk7aWYoIXRndClyZXR1cm47IHZhciBzZWw9aW5wLmdldEF0dHJpYnV0ZSgnZGF0YS1pdGVtJyksbm91bj1pbnAuZ2V0QXR0cmlidXRlKCdkYXRhLW5vdW4nKXx8J3Jvd3MnOyB2YXIgY250PWRvY3VtZW50LnF1ZXJ5U2VsZWN0b3IoJ1tkYXRhLWNvdW50PSInK2lucC5pZCsnIl0nKTsgdmFyIG5vbmU9ZG9jdW1lbnQucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvcignW2RhdGEtbm9uZT0iJytpbnAuaWQrJyJdJyk7IHZhciBnPVtdLm1hcC5jYWxsKHRndC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yQWxsKHNlbCksZnVuY3Rpb24oZWwpeyB2YXIgZD1lbC5nZXRBdHRyaWJ1dGUoJ2RhdGEtbW9yZScpO2Q9ZD9kb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50QnlJZChkKTpudWxsOyByZXR1cm4ge2VsOmVsLGRldDpkLHR4dDpueihlbC50ZXh0Q29udGVudCsnICcrKGQ\/ZC50ZXh0Q29udGVudDonJykrJyAnKyhlbC5nZXRBdHRyaWJ1dGUoJ2RhdGEteCcpfHwnJykpfTsgfSk7IHZhciB0b3Q9Zy5sZW5ndGg7IGZ1bmN0aW9uIHJ1bigpeyB2YXIgdD1ueihpbnAudmFsdWUpLnRyaW0oKTt0PXQ\/dC5zcGxpdCgnICcpOltdOyB2YXIgbj0wOyBmb3IodmFyIGk9MDtpPGcubGVuZ3RoO2krKyl7IHZhciBvaz10cnVlOyBmb3IodmFyIGs9MDtrPHQubGVuZ3RoO2srKyl7aWYoZ1tpXS50eHQuaW5kZXhPZih0W2tdKTwwKXtvaz1mYWxzZTticmVhazt9fSBpZihvayluKys7IGdbaV0uZWwuY2xhc3NMaXN0LnRvZ2dsZSgncWhpZGUnLCFvayk7IGlmKGdbaV0uZGV0KWdbaV0uZGV0LmNsYXNzTGlzdC50b2dnbGUoJ3FoaWRlJywhb2spOyBpZihvayYmdC5sZW5ndGgmJmdbaV0uZWwuY2xhc3NMaXN0LmNvbnRhaW5zKCdvb2InKSlnW2ldLmVsLmNsYXNzTGlzdC5hZGQoJ29wZW4nKTsgfSBpZihjbnQpY250LnRleHRDb250ZW50PSh0Lmxlbmd0aD9uKycgb2YgJyt0b3Q6dG90KSsnICcrbm91bjsgaWYobm9uZSlub25lLmNsYXNzTGlzdC50b2dnbGUoJ29uJyxuPT09MCk7IH0gaW5wLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXIoJ2lucHV0JyxydW4pOyB2YXIgYz1kb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCdbZGF0YS1jbGVhcj0iJytpbnAuaWQrJyJdJyk7IGlmKGMpYy5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdjbGljaycsZnVuY3Rpb24oKXtpbnAudmFsdWU9Jyc7cnVuKCk7aW5wLmZvY3VzKCk7fSk7IHJ1bigpOyB9IFtdLmZvckVhY2guY2FsbChkb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yQWxsKCcjbWZhbSBpbnB1dFtkYXRhLWZpbHRlcl0nKSxidWlsZCk7IGZ1bmN0aW9uIHRvZyhvKXtvLmNsYXNzTGlzdC50b2dnbGUoJ29wZW4nKTt9IFtdLmZvckVhY2guY2FsbChkb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yQWxsKCcjbWZhbSAub29id3JhcC5jb2xsIC5vb2I+ZGl2JyksZnVuY3Rpb24oaCl7IGguc2V0QXR0cmlidXRlKCd0YWJpbmRleCcsJzAnKTtoLnNldEF0dHJpYnV0ZSgncm9sZScsJ2J1dHRvbicpOyBoLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXIoJ2NsaWNrJyxmdW5jdGlvbihlKXtpZihlLnRhcmdldC5jbG9zZXN0KCdhJykpcmV0dXJuO3RvZyhoLnBhcmVudE5vZGUpO30pOyBoLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXIoJ2tleWRvd24nLGZ1bmN0aW9uKGUpe2lmKGUua2V5PT09J0VudGVyJ3x8ZS5rZXk9PT0nICcpe2UucHJldmVudERlZmF1bHQoKTt0b2coaC5wYXJlbnROb2RlKTt9fSk7IH0pOyBbXS5mb3JFYWNoLmNhbGwoZG9jdW1lbnQucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvckFsbCgnI21mYW0gW2RhdGEtdG9nZ2xlYWxsXScpLGZ1bmN0aW9uKGIpeyBiLmFkZEV2ZW50TGlzdGVuZXIoJ2NsaWNrJyxmdW5jdGlvbigpeyB2YXIgdz1kb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKGIuZ2V0QXR0cmlidXRlKCdkYXRhLXRvZ2dsZWFsbCcpKTtpZighdylyZXR1cm47IHZhciBvcGVuPSEhdy5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCcub29iOm5vdCgub3BlbiknKTsgW10uZm9yRWFjaC5jYWxsKHcucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvckFsbCgnLm9vYicpLGZ1bmN0aW9uKG8pe28uY2xhc3NMaXN0LnRvZ2dsZSgnb3Blbicsb3Blbik7fSk7IGIudGV4dENvbnRlbnQ9b3Blbj8nQ29sbGFwc2UgYWxsJzonRXhwYW5kIGFsbCc7IH0pOyB9KTsgW10uZm9yRWFjaC5jYWxsKGRvY3VtZW50LnF1ZXJ5U2VsZWN0b3JBbGwoJyNtZmFtIC5jYngnKSxmdW5jdGlvbihiKXsgYi5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdjbGljaycsZnVuY3Rpb24oKXsgdmFyIHI9ZG9jdW1lbnQuZ2V0RWxlbWVudEJ5SWQoYi5nZXRBdHRyaWJ1dGUoJ2RhdGEtbW9yZScpKTtpZighcilyZXR1cm47IHZhciBvbj1yLmNsYXNzTGlzdC50b2dnbGUoJ29uJyk7IGIudGV4dENvbnRlbnQ9b24\/J0hpZGUnOidEZXRhaWwnOyBiLnNldEF0dHJpYnV0ZSgnYXJpYS1leHBhbmRlZCcsb24\/J3RydWUnOidmYWxzZScpOyB9KTsgfSk7IH0pKCk7\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"cmb-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Order of Battle &middot; Italian Army Aviation Every campaign the Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito has flown, 1990 to today Newest first. The Lebanon entry has been running since 1979 and is still open. Eight campaigns, newest first, from Namibia to Herat. Open a row for what the flying was actually like, every type used, and where each [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":24130,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24138","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Italian Army Aviation in action | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/\u7a7a\u519b\/\u610f\u5927\u5229\u9646\u519b\u822a\u7a7a\u5175\/\u6218\u6597\u8bb0\u5f55\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Italian Army Aviation in action | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Italian Army Aviation Every campaign the Aviazione dell&rsquo;Esercito has flown, 1990 to today Newest first. 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