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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; Czech Republic<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"mlogo\"><span class=\"li ph2\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Aero Vodochody logo\" style=\"width:187px;height:46px\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Aero Vodochody<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">AERO Vodochody AEROSPACE a.s. &middot; Aero, tov&#225;rna letadel<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A Prague workshop founded months after Czechoslovakia was born went on to build more than 11,000 aircraft, including the L-29 and L-39 that trained most of the Warsaw Pact&rsquo;s jet pilots.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1919<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>12<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>47<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: TunaFish Spotting \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Czech Republic<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1919-02-25<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Vodochody, Prague-East District<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Owner<\/b>HSC Aerojet Zrt. of Hungary, through Vodochody Holdings HU (since 2021)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Active<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Aero Vodochody: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The fly-off at Monino<\/h3>\n<p>In 1961 three jet trainers were lined up at Monino airfield outside Moscow. The Soviet Union wanted one machine to train pilots across the whole Warsaw Pact, and the contenders were Poland&rsquo;s PZL TS-11 Iskra, Russia&rsquo;s own Yakovlev Yak-30 and a straight-winged Czechoslovak jet called the L-29 Delf&#237;n. After two months of evaluation the verdict went to the outsider: the L-29 had suffered no failures in testing while its rivals ran into serious problems, and it needed the least runway. More than <span class=\"imp\">2,000 went to the Soviet Air Force<\/span> alone. The company that built it was Aero, from a village north of Prague.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Born with a new country<\/h3>\n<p>Aero was founded on 25 February 1919, less than four months after Czechoslovakia declared independence, to build and repair aircraft and parts. Its first designs were the A-1 military trainer and the Ae-02 fighter of 1920, and its chief pilot Josef Nov&#225;k flew 30 new aircraft and set nine national records. In 1923 the firm moved to Vyso&#269;any in Prague and grew into a major defence supplier, turning out around 250 A-11 bombers and the A-100 reconnaissance biplane. Between 1929 and 1951 an Aero subsidiary even <span class=\"imp\">built cars<\/span> with two-stroke engines.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Under occupation, and after<\/h3>\n<p>German occupation in 1939 turned the factory to German designs: 200 B&#252;cker B&#252; 131 Jungmann trainers in 1939&ndash;1940, and Siebel Si 204D twin-engine transports and trainers from 1943. After the war it was the Ae 45 light twin, of which 200 were built, that kept the works busy. In 1953 Aero left Prague altogether for a new site at Vodochody, laid out for one purpose: <span class=\"imp\">jet production<\/span>. The factory and its runway are still the company&rsquo;s home today.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Building MiGs for Moscow&rsquo;s allies<\/h3>\n<p>The jets arrived under Soviet licence. Aero built the MiG-15 as the S-102 and the improved MiG-15bis as the S-103, followed by 103 MiG-19s as the S-105 and the MiG-21F-13 as the S-106. How many MiG-15s left Vodochody depends on whom you ask: Wikipedia counts 821 S-102s and 620 S-103s, while the company&rsquo;s own history gives <span class=\"imp\">3,405 MiG-15s<\/span>, a figure that appears to include all versions. Either way, building other people&rsquo;s fighters gave Aero the skills to design its own.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Jan Vl&#269;ek&rsquo;s Albatros<\/h3>\n<p>The man who used those skills best was Jan Vl&#269;ek. Having contributed to the L-29, he led the team that from 1964 designed its successor, a two-seat, single-engine trainer for the Warsaw Pact. The L-39 Albatros first flew on 4 November 1968 with test pilot Rudolf Ducho&#328; at the controls. Around 2,900 were built up to 1996, and by the end of the century more than 2,800 had served with <span class=\"imp\">over 30 air forces<\/span>. Its second life was in civilian hands: by 2012 there were 255 L-39s on the US civil register, and the Breitling Jet Team flies seven.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The fighter nobody could afford<\/h3>\n<p>After communism Aero bet on a light combat jet, the L-159 ALCA, first flown on 4 August 1997. The Czech government ordered 72 for around 50 billion koruna, and Boeing took a controlling stake in 1998. But in 2003 the Czech fleet was cut to 24, leaving dozens of <span class=\"imp\">brand-new jets in storage<\/span>. Boeing pulled out in 2004, and Penta Investments bought the company in 2006 for roughly 3 billion koruna. The stored L-159s found new careers: 14 went to Iraq in 2015 and flew against ISIS, while 21 went to the American aggressor-training firm Draken International.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Skyfox, and a Hungarian owner<\/h3>\n<p>The comeback aircraft is the L-39NG. Its first prototype flew on 22 December 2018, and in 2024, as serial production got going, it was named the L-39 Skyfox. Vietnam took all 12 of its aircraft in 2024, Hungary ordered 12 and the Czech training centre at Pardubice four. Penta sold Aero in 2021 to Hungary&rsquo;s HSC Aerojet, controlled by businessman Krist&#243;f Szalay-Bobrovniczky with Czech arms group Omnipol holding 20 per cent. In 2024 Aero earned CZK 6.0 billion and returned to profit, also building C-390 fuselage sections for Embraer and <span class=\"imp\">A220 wing leading edges<\/span> for Airbus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">A Prague workshop founded months after Czechoslovakia was born went on to build more than 11,000 aircraft, including the L-29 and L-39 that trained most of the Warsaw Pact&rsquo;s jet pilots.<cite>Aero Vodochody &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Aero Vodochody in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1919<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Founded 25 February 1919 in newly independent Czechoslovakia<\/li>\n<li>Moved to Vyso&#269;any, Prague, in 1923 and to Vodochody in 1953<\/li>\n<li>Controlled by Boeing 1998&ndash;2004, Penta Investments 2006&ndash;2021<\/li>\n<li>Owned by Hungary&rsquo;s HSC Aerojet since 2021<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>L-39 Albatros<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>More than 11,000 aircraft built in the company&rsquo;s history<\/li>\n<li>L-29 Delf&#237;n: about 3,600 built, standard Warsaw Pact jet trainer<\/li>\n<li>L-39 Albatros: about 2,900 built 1971&ndash;1996<\/li>\n<li>Licence-built MiG-15, MiG-19 and MiG-21<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>L-39 Skyfox in production<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Revenue CZK 6,007 million and net profit CZK 102 million in 2024<\/li>\n<li>1,548 full-time-equivalent staff on average in 2024<\/li>\n<li>Aerostructures for Embraer C-390 and Airbus A220<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Viktor Sotona has been president and chief executive since 30 September 2021.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Aircraft built (all time)<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 11,000<\/dd>\n<dt>Revenue<\/dt>\n<dd>CZK 6,007 million<span class=\"gnote\">2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Net profit<\/dt>\n<dd>CZK 102 million<span class=\"gnote\">2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Employees (average FTE)<\/dt>\n<dd>1,548<span class=\"gnote\">2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>L-39 Skyfox delivered to Vietnam<\/dt>\n<dd>12<span class=\"gnote\">2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Airbus A220 wing leading edges delivered<\/dt>\n<dd>94<span class=\"gnote\">2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Penta purchase price<\/dt>\n<dd>about CZK 3 billion<span class=\"gnote\">2006<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Aero Vodochody aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/b><em>Jet trainer &middot; first flight 1959 &middot; 3,600 to 3,665 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-39 Albatros<\/b><em>Jet trainer and light attack &middot; first flight 1968 &middot; about 2,900 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-159 ALCA<\/b><em>Light combat aircraft &middot; first flight 1997 &middot; 72 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: Milan.reptile &#183; CC BY-SA 3.0; Bernard Spragg. NZ &#183; CC0; Milan Nykodym \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero A-11<\/td>\n<td>Light bomber and reconnaissance biplane<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>about 250<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Key interwar type for the Czechoslovak forces<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero A-100<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance bomber<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>44<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>B&#252;cker B&#252; 131 Jungmann (licence)<\/td>\n<td>Primary trainer<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built under German occupation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero Ae 45<\/td>\n<td>Light twin transport<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>200<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Post-war civil success<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero S-102 \/ S-103 (MiG-15 \/ MiG-15bis)<\/td>\n<td>Jet fighter (licence)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1,441 to 3,405<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Wikipedia counts 821 S-102 and 620 S-103; company history gives 3,405 MiG-15s of all versions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero S-105 (MiG-19)<\/td>\n<td>Supersonic fighter (licence)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>103<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero S-106 (MiG-21F-13)<\/td>\n<td>Supersonic fighter (licence)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>194<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>3,600 to 3,665<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Won the 1961 Warsaw Pact trainer fly-off; Wikipedia gives 3,600, Aero gives 3,665 of which 1,943 at Vodochody<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>about 2,900<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Served with more than 30 air forces; a favourite of civilian warbird owners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero L-59 Super Albatros<\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>1986<\/td>\n<td>71<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero L-159 ALCA<\/td>\n<td>Light combat aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>72<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Czech fleet cut to 24 in 2003; surplus went to Iraq and Draken International<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Aero L-39 Skyfox (L-39NG)<\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Named Skyfox in 2024; customers Vietnam, Hungary, Czech Republic, Angola<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>Aero Vodochody aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">47 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew Aero Vodochody types. <span class=\"imp\">33 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"opfind\" data-filter=\"#optbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air forces\" placeholder=\"Search air forces and types\" aria-label=\"Search air forces and types\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"opfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"opfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/czech-air-force\/\">Czech Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Aero L-159 ALCA (L-159A, L-159T1+, L-159T2), Aero L-39 Skyfox<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a>, Aero Ab-11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/vietnam-air-defence-air-force\/\">Vietnam Air Defence &ndash; Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39NG (L-39 Skyfox)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros (older models)<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/afghan-air-force\/\">Afghan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-and-air-defence-forces-of-the-republic-of-belarus\/\">Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-of-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo\/\">Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/algerian-air-force\/\">Algerian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/armenian-air-force\/\">Armenian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/azerbaijani-air-forces\/\">Azerbaijani Air Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delfin<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bulgarian-air-force\/\">Bulgarian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39ZA Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/central-african-republic-air-force\/\">Central African Republic Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/cuban-revolutionary-air-and-air-defense-force\/\">Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/egyptian-air-force\/\">Egyptian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros \/ L-59E Super Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delfin<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/equatorial-guinea-air-force\/\">Equatorial Guinea Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/estonian-air-force\/\">Estonian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ethiopian-air-force\/\">Ethiopian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/georgian-air-force\/\">Georgian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/hungarian-air-force\/\">Hungarian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Aero L-39NG Skyfox<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39ZO Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/iraqi-air-force\/\">Iraqi Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Aero L-159A\/T1 ALCA<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/kazakh-air-defense-forces\/\">Kazakh Air Defense Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/libyan-air-force\/\">Libyan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39ZO Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/malian-air-force\/\">Malian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/mozambique-air-force\/\">Mozambique Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/national-air-force-of-angola\/\">National Air Force of Angola<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a>, Aero L-39 Skyfox<\/td>\n<td>Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/nigerian-air-force\/\">Nigerian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39ZA Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/russian-aerospace-forces\/\">Russian Aerospace Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/slovak-air-force\/\">Slovak Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39CM and L-39ZAM Albatros<\/a>, Aero L-39NG<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a>, Aero A-100 and Ab-101, Aero Ap.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/syrian-air-force\/\">Syrian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39ZO\/ZA Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/tajik-air-force\/\">Tajik Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/tunisian-air-force\/\">Tunisian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Aero L-59T Super Albatros<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/uganda-air-force\/\">Uganda People&rsquo;s Defence Forces Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39ZA\/ZO Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ukrainian-air-force\/\">Ukrainian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C and L-39M1 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delfin<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/uzbekistan-air-and-air-defence-forces\/\">Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/yemeni-air-force\/\">Yemeni Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bangladesh-air-force\/\">Bangladesh Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/congolese-air-force\/\">Congolese Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/german-air-force\/\">German Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39ZO Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ghana-air-force\/\">Ghana Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Aero L-39NG<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39ZO Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/guinean-air-force\/\">Guinean Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/korean-peoples-army-air-force\/\">Korean People&rsquo;s Army Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/kyrgyz-air-force\/\">Kyrgyz Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lithuanian-air-force\/\">Lithuanian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39C and L-39ZA Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/nicaraguan-air-force\/\">Nicaraguan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/romanian-air-force\/\">Romanian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39ZA Albatros<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-29-delfin\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-cambodian-air-force\/\">Royal Cambodian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-thai-air-force\/\">Royal Thai Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39ZA\/ART Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/south-sudan-air-force\/\">South Sudan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/turkmen-air-force\/\">Turkmen Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Aero Vodochody built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Vyso&#269;any works<\/b> &middot; Vyso&#269;any, Prague &mdash; Home of Aero from 1923 to 1953<\/li>\n<li><b>Vodochody<\/b> &middot; Vodochody, north of Prague &mdash; Purpose-built jet factory and airfield occupied from 1953; airfield sold with the company in 2021<\/li>\n<li><b>Brno development centre<\/b> &middot; Brno, Moravia &mdash; Engineering and development site<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Jan Vl&#269;ek<\/b> &middot; chief designer (1922&ndash;1984) &mdash; Contributed to the L-29, led design of the L-39 from 1964<\/li>\n<li><b>Z. Rubli&#269; and K. Tom&#225;&#353;<\/b> &middot; designers &mdash; Headed development of the L-29 Delf&#237;n<\/li>\n<li><b>Rudolf Ducho&#328;<\/b> &middot; test pilot &mdash; Flew the L-39 on its first flight, 4 November 1968<\/li>\n<li><b>Josef Nov&#225;k<\/b> &middot; chief pilot, 1920s &mdash; Flew 30 new aircraft and set nine national records<\/li>\n<li><b>Viktor Sotona<\/b> &middot; president and chief executive since 2021 &mdash; Previously ran Czech firm ERA for nine years<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>L-29 Delf&#237;n selected in 1961 as the standard jet trainer of the Warsaw Pact after a fly-off at Monino<\/li>\n<li>Company history calls the L-29 the most successful training aircraft ever produced, with 3,665 built<\/li>\n<li>An unmodified L-29 made the first jet flight on 100 per cent biodiesel, Nevada to Florida, 2 October 2007<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Aero Vodochody, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1919<\/div>\n<p>Aero founded in Prague, months after Czechoslovak independence<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1920<\/div>\n<p>Ae-02 fighter follows the A-1 trainer<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1923<\/div>\n<p>Moves to Vyso&#269;any<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1929<\/div>\n<p>Car production begins in a subsidiary, running to 1951<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1939<\/div>\n<p>Occupation; licence production of B&#252; 131 trainers<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1953<\/div>\n<p>Moves to the new jet factory at Vodochody<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1959<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the XL-29 prototype<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1961<\/div>\n<p>L-29 wins the Warsaw Pact trainer competition at Monino<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1968<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the L-39 Albatros<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1996<\/div>\n<p>Original L-39 production ends after about 2,900 aircraft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1997<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the L-159 ALCA<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1998<\/div>\n<p>Boeing becomes partner and controlling shareholder<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2003<\/div>\n<p>Czech L-159 fleet cut from 72 to 24<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2006<\/div>\n<p>Privatised; bought by Penta Investments for about CZK 3 billion<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2015<\/div>\n<p>Iraq orders 14 surplus L-159s<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2018<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the first L-39NG prototype<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2021<\/div>\n<p>Sale to Hungary&rsquo;s HSC Aerojet completed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>L-39NG named Skyfox; 12 delivered to Vietnam; return to profit<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Aero Vodochody<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Who makes the L-39 Albatros?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Aero Vodochody, near Prague. About 2,900 were built between 1971 and 1996, and the modernised L-39 Skyfox is in production today.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who owns Aero Vodochody?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Since September 2021 it has been owned by the Hungarian company HSC Aerojet through Vodochody Holdings HU. Penta Investments owned it from 2006, and Boeing controlled it from 1998 to 2004.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When was Aero Vodochody founded?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 25 February 1919 in Prague. It moved to its present site at Vodochody in 1953.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many L-29 Delf&#237;ns were built?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">About 3,600 according to Wikipedia; Aero&rsquo;s own history gives 3,665, of which 1,943 were built at Vodochody.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the L-39 Skyfox?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The new-generation L-39NG, first flown as a prototype on 22 December 2018 and named Skyfox in 2024. Customers include Vietnam, Hungary and the Czech Republic.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who makes the L-39 Albatros?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Aero Vodochody, near Prague. About 2,900 were built between 1971 and 1996, and the modernised L-39 Skyfox is in production today.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who owns Aero Vodochody?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Since September 2021 it has been owned by the Hungarian company HSC Aerojet through Vodochody Holdings HU. Penta Investments owned it from 2006, and Boeing controlled it from 1998 to 2004.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When was Aero Vodochody founded?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"On 25 February 1919 in Prague. It moved to its present site at Vodochody in 1953.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many L-29 Delf\\u00edns were built?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"About 3,600 according to Wikipedia; Aero\\u2019s own history gives 3,665, of which 1,943 were built at Vodochody.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the L-39 Skyfox?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The new-generation L-39NG, first flown as a prototype on 22 December 2018 and named Skyfox in 2024. Customers include Vietnam, Hungary and the Czech Republic.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Aero Vodochody<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/let\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Czech Republic<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Let Kunovice<\/span><span class=\"rp\">A Moravian factory begun as a Skoda outpost built the world&rsquo;s most numerous glider and the L-410 Turbolet, the rugged commuter that replaced the An-2 across the&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Let Kunovice page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/zlin\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Czech Republic<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Zl&#237;n<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Born from the Bata shoe empire two years after its founder died in a plane crash, Zl&#237;n built the Tren&#233;r, which set the pace of world aerobatics, and gave the&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Zl&#237;n page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_Vodochody\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero Vodochody (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_L-29_Delf%C3%ADn\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero L-29 Delf&#237;n (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_L-39_Albatros\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero L-39 Albatros (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_L-159_ALCA\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero L-159 ALCA (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aero.cz\/en\/about-us\/history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">History (Aero Vodochody)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defence-industry.eu\/aero-vodochody-105-years-of-development-and-production-of-czech-training-aircraft\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero Vodochody: 105 years of development and production of Czech training aircraft (European Defence Industry)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aero.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Vyrocni-Zprava-AVA-EN-2024-AERO.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AERO Vodochody AEROSPACE annual report 2024<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.pentainvestments.com\/en\/penta-has-sold-aero-vodochody\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Penta has sold Aero Vodochody (Penta Investments)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_L-39_Skyfox\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero L-39 Skyfox (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/militaeraktuell.at\/en\/aero-completes-change-of-ownership\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aero completes change of ownership (Milit&#228;r Aktuell)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w5-cz-t-108.jpg)!important}#mfam 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