{"id":32413,"date":"2026-10-08T14:25:48","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T12:25:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=32413"},"modified":"2026-10-08T18:24:57","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T16:24:57","slug":"%e5%8d%a1%e8%8e%ab%e5%a4%ab","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5361\u83ab\u592b"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>body.page-id-32413 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-32413 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-32413 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} body.page-id-32413{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-32413 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-32413 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} body.page-id-32413 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} html{overflow-x:hidden} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);background:#fff;color:#14181f;line-height:1.7;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;--bg2:#f6f8fb;--line:#e2e7ee;--txt:#14181f;--txt2:#454e5e;--txt3:#8b94a5;--blue:#5C91FF;--blue-ink:#3568e0;--blue-dim:rgba(92,145,255,.10)} #mfam *{box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0} #mfam h1,#mfam h2,#mfam h3,#mfam h4,#mfam h5,#mfam b,#mfam strong,#mfam summary,#mfam .stat b,#mfam dt{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam dd{font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam a{color:var(--blue-ink);text-decoration:none} #mfam .wrap{max-width:1120px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px} #mfam section{padding:64px 0} #mfam hr.divider{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam h2{font-size:clamp(26px,3.4vw,36px);letter-spacing:-.5px;margin:0 0 8px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.15} #mfam h3{font-size:20px;margin:36px 0 12px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .sh{font-size:15px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--blue);margin:30px 0 8px;line-height:1.4} #mfam .cols>div:first-child>.sh:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:14px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam p{color:var(--txt2);font-size:17px;max-width:70ch;margin:0} #mfam p+p{margin-top:1em} #mfam p strong{color:var(--txt)} #mfam .imp{color:#8a93a3;font-weight:400} #mfam .spx-lede{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d4654;max-width:760px;margin:0 0 28px} #mfam .spx-note{font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;color:#697386;margin-top:18px;max-width:860px} #mfam .hero{position:relative;background:#10141d;padding:96px 0 0;overflow:hidden} #mfam .hero::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 20% 10%,rgba(92,145,255,.22),transparent 55%),radial-gradient(ellipse at 90% 90%,rgba(92,145,255,.10),transparent 50%)} #mfam .hero-in{position:relative;width:100%;padding-bottom:52px} #mfam .crumb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:18px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .crumb a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.7)} #mfam .hero h1{font-size:clamp(40px,6.5vw,80px);letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:1.04;color:#fff;margin:0} #mfam .hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .hero .native{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);margin-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .hero .sub{font-size:clamp(16px,2vw,20px);color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);margin-top:14px;max-width:56ch} #mfam .statstrip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.25);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);margin-top:36px} #mfam .stat{background:rgba(255,255,255,.95);padding:18px 22px} #mfam .stat b{display:block;font-size:clamp(20px,2.4vw,28px);color:#0d1117;letter-spacing:-.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;padding:26px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .chip{font-size:13.5px;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .chip b{color:var(--txt3);margin-right:6px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px} #mfam .chip:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .chip.fly{background:var(--blue-dim);border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:start} #mfam .pull{font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-style:italic;font-size:24px;line-height:1.5;color:#0d1117;border-left:3px solid var(--blue);padding:6px 0 6px 26px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .pull cite{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:16px} #mfam .specgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;margin-top:36px} #mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;align-items:start} #mfam .spectable{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable h4{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:18px 24px;margin:0} #mfam .spectable dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,150px) minmax(0,1fr);margin:0} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{padding:12px 20px;font-size:15px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam .spectable dt{color:#4a5566;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:left;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-break:break-word;min-width:0} #mfam ul.gl,#mfam #basetbl td>ul{list-style:none!important;margin:2px 0 0!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important} #mfam ul.gl li{position:relative;padding-left:14px!important;line-height:1.55;margin:0!important} #mfam ul.gl li+li{margin-top:3px!important} #mfam .gl.tl li{padding-left:12px} #mfam .gl.tl li::before{width:4px;height:4px;top:.66em} #mfam .gl li::before{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;top:.6em;width:5px;height:5px;background:var(--blue)} #mfam .gnote{display:block;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:7px} #mfam .spectable dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .spectable dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam table.oobt{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;margin-top:22px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt th{text-align:left;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:13px 16px;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam table.oobt td{padding:11px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:#0d1117;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;line-height:1.5} #mfam table.oobt tr:nth-child(odd) td{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(4),#mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(5),#mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord td:nth-child(3),#mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord td:nth-child(4),#mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #nearbytbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(5),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(6){text-align:left;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;white-space:nowrap} #mfam table.oobt th{text-align:left!important} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4){font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span{display:block;white-space:nowrap} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span+span{margin-top:7px} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span>span+span{display:block;margin-left:62px;margin-top:1px;color:var(--txt3);font-size:11.5px;line-height:1.35;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span>span:first-child{display:inline-block;min-width:62px} #mfam .cname{white-space:nowrap} #mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(3),#mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(6),#mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(5),#mfam #nearbytbl td:nth-child(4),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(3),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(4){color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt td a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam table.oobt td a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam table.oobt.former td{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt.former td a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt tr.hot td{background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.mapjump{cursor:pointer} #mfam table.oobt td small{display:block;color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.45} #mfam .tscroll{overflow-x:auto} #mfam .pill{display:inline-block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:3px 9px;border:1px solid #0d1117;color:#0d1117;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .pill.was{border-color:#c3cddb;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .pill.mig{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)}#mfam #basetbl td:first-child>span{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt2)}#mfam #basetbl td>ul{margin:0!important}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li{margin:0 0 6px!important;padding:0!important;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:#0d1117}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li:last-child{margin-bottom:0!important}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span:first-child{color:inherit}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span+span,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span+span a{color:var(--txt2)}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was a,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was>span+span,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was>span+span a{color:var(--txt3)}#mfam .migbtn{display:block;width:fit-content;margin-top:8px;max-width:13em;padding:5px 9px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);line-height:1.4;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;text-decoration:none}#mfam .migbtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .fleetchart{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px 28px;margin-top:22px} #mfam .frow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:150px 1fr 64px;align-items:center;gap:16px;height:38px} #mfam .fname{font-size:14px;color:#0d1117;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis} #mfam .fbar{display:block;background:#eef1f6;height:16px} #mfam .fbar i{display:block;height:16px;background:#5C91FF} #mfam .fnum{font-size:14px;text-align:right;color:#3d4654;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .mapframe{border:1px solid var(--blue);margin-top:22px;position:relative} #mfam .oobmap{height:560px;width:100%;background:#f4f6f9} #mfam .oobmap.home{height:520px} #mfam .mapsub{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:-.2px;margin:34px 0 4px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.2} #mfam .mapnote{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 4px;line-height:1.55;max-width:62em} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group,#mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group button{border-radius:0!important} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group{box-shadow:none!important;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-attrib{font-size:10px;color:var(--txt3);background:rgba(255,255,255,.85)!important;font-family:inherit} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-attrib a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-content{border-radius:0;box-shadow:0 6px 22px rgba(13,17,23,.14);border:1px solid var(--line);padding:0;background:#fff} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-anchor-bottom .maplibregl-popup-tip{border-top-color:#fff} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-anchor-top .maplibregl-popup-tip{border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup{max-width:300px!important;pointer-events:auto} #mfam .mf-pin{width:14px;height:14px;background:#0d1117;border:2px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #0d1117;transition:transform .15s ease;cursor:pointer} #mfam .mf-pin.was{background:#fff;border:2px solid #8b94a5;box-shadow:none} #mfam .mf-pin.mig{background:#5C91FF;border:2px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #5C91FF;width:16px;height:16px} #mfam .mf-pin.hot,#mfam .mf-pin:hover{transform:scale(1.35)} #mfam .bp{width:270px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.5} #mfam .bp-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:10px;background:#0d1117;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp.was .bp-head{background:#8b94a5} #mfam .bp.mig .bp-head{background:#5C91FF} #mfam .bp-name{font-size:16px;padding:12px 14px 2px;line-height:1.25;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp-sub{font-size:12px;color:#8b94a5;padding:0 14px 10px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .bp dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;margin:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .bp dt,#mfam .bp dd{margin:0;padding:7px 14px;font-size:12.5px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);line-height:1.45} #mfam .bp dt{color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif} #mfam .bp dt small{display:block;color:#8b94a5;font-size:11px} #mfam .bp dd{text-align:right} #mfam .bp dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .bp dd a.was,#mfam .bp.was dd a{color:#8b94a5} #mfam .bp dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .bp dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .bp-link{display:block;padding:10px 14px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp-link:hover{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .bp-fly{display:block;padding:10px 14px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#5C91FF;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .legend{display:flex;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:11px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:0;background:#fff;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .legend span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px} #mfam .dot{width:11px;height:11px;display:inline-block;background:#0d1117} #mfam .dot.was{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #8b94a5} #mfam .dot.mig{background:#5C91FF} #mfam .oob{border:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:22px;background:#fff} #mfam .oob>div{background:#0d1117;color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .oob>div a{color:#fff} #mfam .oob>div em{font-style:normal;opacity:.6} #mfam .oob dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;margin:0} #mfam .oob dt,#mfam .oob dd{padding:11px 18px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:0;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.5} #mfam .oob dt{color:#0d1117} #mfam .oob dt small{display:block;color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .oob dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:left} #mfam .oob dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .oob dt.was,#mfam .oob dd.was,#mfam .oob dd.was a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .oob dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .oob dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .tl{margin-top:40px;position:relative;padding-left:34px} #mfam .tl::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:8px;top:6px;bottom:6px;width:2px;background:var(--line)} #mfam .tl-item{position:relative;padding-bottom:34px} #mfam .tl-item::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-32px;top:7px;width:14px;height:14px;background:#fff;border:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tl-item .yr{font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:1.5px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:15.5px;margin-top:4px} #mfam .qa{margin-top:30px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px} #mfam .qa details{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .qa details[open]{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 26px;font-size:18px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"} #mfam summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 26px 24px;font-size:16px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:78ch} #mfam .ad{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 40px} #mfam .ad .adin{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center} #mfam .ad .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ad h2{margin-bottom:12px;color:#fff} #mfam .ad .adp{margin:0 auto 26px;color:#9aa3b8} #mfam .ad .btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--blue);color:#fff;padding:14px 26px;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .ad .btn:hover{background:#fff;color:#0d1117} #mfam .relgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} #mfam .rel{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .rel:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .rel .rk{display:block;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rh{display:block;font-size:20px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rp{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .rel .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .relgrid>p,#mfam .track>p{display:contents} #mfam .srclist{margin-top:26px;columns:2;column-gap:48px;list-style:none;font-size:15px;padding:0} #mfam .srclist li{margin-bottom:10px;break-inside:avoid;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .srclist li span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:13.5px;display:block} #mfam .verified{font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:18px} #mfam{--red:#d8232a;--green:#1f9d63;--amber:#c9821a} #mfam .hero.photo{padding:0;background:#0b0f16} #mfam .heroimg{position:absolute;inset:0;background-size:cover;background-position:center 45%;z-index:0} #mfam .hero.photo::before{z-index:1;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(8,11,17,.80) 0%,rgba(8,11,17,.42) 40%,rgba(8,11,17,.90) 100%),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(8,11,17,.72),rgba(8,11,17,.06) 62%)} #mfam .hero.photo .hero-in{padding-top:92px;padding-bottom:56px;z-index:2} #mfam .hero .accent{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:4px;z-index:4;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--red) 0 22%,var(--blue) 22% 100%)} #mfam .photocred{position:absolute;right:16px;bottom:14px;z-index:3;font-size:10.5px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.48);letter-spacing:.3px;max-width:52ch;text-align:right;line-height:1.4} #mfam .marks{display:flex;gap:30px;align-items:center;margin-top:32px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mark{display:flex;gap:13px;align-items:center} #mfam .rondel,#mfam .finflash{display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .rondel{width:58px;height:58px} #mfam .finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam .pq{margin:0;max-width:900px} #mfam .pq blockquote{margin:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;font-size:clamp(21px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.42;color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:before{content:'\\201C';color:var(--blue);margin-right:2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:after{content:'\\201D';color:var(--blue);margin-left:2px} #mfam .pq figcaption{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6} #mfam .pq figcaption b{color:#fff;font-size:14px} #mfam .pq figcaption span{display:block;color:#7c8697;font-size:13px} #mfam .pq figcaption a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .pqrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;max-width:1120px} #mfam .pqrow .pq blockquote{font-size:clamp(18px,2vw,21px)} #mfam .galgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .galgrid figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .galgrid .gim{display:block;height:210px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .galgrid figcaption{padding:14px 16px 16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .galgrid figcaption b{display:block;color:#0d1117;font-size:14.5px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .galgrid figcaption span{display:block;margin-top:7px;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.5} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:span 2} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:300px} #mfam .vidwrap{max-width:900px;margin-top:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidfr{position:relative;width:100%;padding-top:56.25%;height:0;display:block} #mfam .vidfr iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidcap{padding:16px 20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6;background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidcap b{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .vidcap a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .reads{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .read{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px 22px 24px} #mfam .read:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .read .rk{display:block;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-bottom:9px} #mfam .read .rh{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;color:#0d1117} #mfam .read:hover .rh{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .read .rp{display:block;font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);line-height:1.6;margin-top:9px} #mfam .read .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .galgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .reads{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .galgrid,#mfam .reads,#mfam .pqrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:auto}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:210px}} #mfam .kfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .kf{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:24px 24px 26px} #mfam .kf .kfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .kf h3{font-size:19px;line-height:1.25;margin:8px 0 10px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kf p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .kf .kff{display:block;margin-top:12px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:14px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .deep{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep details{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 0;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:baseline;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .deep summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .deep summary .dn{flex:0 0 34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc .incd{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .inc h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;margin:7px 0 9px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .inc p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .inc .incs{display:block;margin-top:11px;font-size:13px} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .kfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .kfgrid,#mfam .inc{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .deep .dbody{padding-left:0}#mfam .deep summary{font-size:18px}} #mfam .satfig{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#eef1f6;overflow:hidden;line-height:0} #mfam .satimg{display:block;width:100%;height:520px;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat} #mfam .satfig{cursor:zoom-in;position:relative}#mfam .satzoom{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:2;background:rgba(8,11,17,.72);color:#fff;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:9px 14px;line-height:1}#mfam .satlb{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;background:rgba(6,9,14,.95);display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:zoom-out;padding:24px}#mfam .satlb.on{display:flex}#mfam .satbig{width:96vw;height:90vh;background-position:center;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}#mfam .satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; Russia<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"mlogo\"><span class=\"li ph2\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Kamov logo\" style=\"width:56px;height:46px\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Kamov<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">JSC Kamov &middot; AO Kamov &middot; OKB Kamov<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">The bureau that coined the Russian word for helicopter spent 90 years betting on two rotors spinning in opposite directions, and built the navy&rsquo;s sub-hunters and the only attack helicopter with an ejection seat.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1948<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\">Mil<\/a> in 2020<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>16<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>11<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Commander, U.S. 7th Fleet \/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Russia<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1948-10-07<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Nikolai Ilyich Kamov<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Tomilino, Moscow Oblast (Lyubertsy until 2017)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Owner<\/b>Russian Helicopters (Rostec), as part of the National Helicopter Center Mil &amp; Kamov<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\">Mil<\/a> in 2020<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Kamov: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A word for a new machine<\/h3>\n<p>Russian has a word for helicopter that is not borrowed from anyone: vertolyot, roughly the thing that spins and flies. According to his Russian biography, it was coined by Nikolai Kamov and his partner Nikolai Skrzhinsky. Kamov, born in Irkutsk in 1902, had been rejected by a flying unit in 1920 because of an arm injured at birth, so he decided to build aircraft instead. He became the youngest student, and then the youngest graduate, of the Tomsk Technological Institute. His name is still on a marble board there. What followed was a design school that spent the next nine decades doing what almost nobody else dared: <span class=\"imp\">putting two rotors on one mast<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Red Engineer<\/h3>\n<p>It began with a gyroplane. In 1929 Kamov and Skrzhinsky built the KASKR-1 Red Engineer, the first Soviet autogyro, and on 25 September 1929 test pilot I. V. Mikheyev lifted it off the ground. Kamov had earlier lost a job at the Junkers concession factory in Moscow after answering a rude German foreman back in fluent German. By 1931 he was leading an autogyro brigade at TsAGI, the central aerohydrodynamic institute. In 1939 the state decided to build a dedicated autogyro factory, with Kamov as chief designer and director, and a young engineer named Mikhail Mil as his deputy.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Autogyros under fire<\/h3>\n<p>The TsAGI A-7, first flown on 20 September 1934, became the world&rsquo;s first combat autogyro. One had been rushed north in 1938 to help rescue Ivan Papanin&rsquo;s drifting North Pole-1 expedition. In the spring of 1941 the type was pollinating fruit trees in the Tien Shan foothills; by summer the five production A-7-3As were spotting for artillery near Smolensk and dropping leaflets at night. One limped home riddled by heavy machine-gun fire, its observer and pilot both wounded. The bureau itself was evacuated to Bilimbai in the Urals, where the damaged machine was repaired.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Two rotors, no tail<\/h3>\n<p>After the war Kamov went all in on coaxial rotors: two contra-rotating rotors stacked one above the other, which cancel each other&rsquo;s torque and do away with the tail rotor. The result is a short, compact machine, and the Soviet Navy, short of deck space, loved it. The Ka-15 of 1952 became the world&rsquo;s first mass-produced coaxial helicopter; 375 were built at Ulan-Ude. The turbine-powered Ka-25 Hormone followed in 1961, about 460 of them, and in 1973 the Ka-27 Helix, the family that still hunts submarines for Russia, India and Vietnam. The Ka-32 civil version fights forest fires from South Korea to Serbia.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Black Shark and Alligator<\/h3>\n<p>Not every idea worked. The Ka-22 Vintokryl of 1959, a giant winged rotorcraft, set eight world records, including 356.3 km\/h in October 1961, but two of the four built crashed with fatal results and the project was dropped. Kamov himself died in Moscow on 24 November 1973. His bureau&rsquo;s most famous machine came later: the single-seat Ka-50, first flown on 17 June 1982. In 1992 it appeared at Farnborough with a werewolf painted on its fin, then starred in a film called Black Shark, which became its name. It was the world&rsquo;s first operational helicopter with an ejection seat; explosive bolts blow the rotor blades away before the rocket fires.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Under the same roof as Mil<\/h3>\n<p>Only 18 or 19 Ka-50s were built, but the side-by-side two-seat Ka-52 Alligator went into large-scale production at Arsenyev, with more than 196 built. Egypt bought 46. In the war against Ukraine it became one of Russia&rsquo;s most influential weapons, according to British defence intelligence in 2023, and one of its most heavily lost: the open-source site Oryx had visually confirmed 66 destroyed, damaged or captured by December 2025. By then the bureau no longer existed on its own. In 2019&ndash;2020 JSC Kamov was absorbed into the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, renamed the National Helicopter Center Mil &amp; Kamov. The two men who began together in a 1939 autogyro factory now share a nameplate again.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">The bureau that coined the Russian word for helicopter spent 90 years betting on two rotors spinning in opposite directions, and built the navy&rsquo;s sub-hunters and the only attack helicopter with an ejection seat.<cite>Kamov &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Kamov in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1948<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Official founding date of the bureau: 7 October 1948 (plant No. 938)<\/li>\n<li>Kamov&rsquo;s helicopter design team dates from 1940<\/li>\n<li>Founder Nikolai Kamov, autogyro pioneer from 1929<\/li>\n<li>Joint-stock company Kamov from 1992; into Oboronprom in 2007<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ka-27 \/ Ka-52<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Coaxial rotors on almost every design except the Ka-60\/Ka-62<\/li>\n<li>Ka-26 utility: 816 built<\/li>\n<li>Ka-25: about 460 built<\/li>\n<li>Ka-52 Alligator: more than 196 built<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Part of Mil &amp; Kamov centre<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Absorbed into the National Helicopter Center Mil &amp; Kamov, completed April 2020<\/li>\n<li>Kamov brand kept for Ka designs<\/li>\n<li>Under EU, US, Ukrainian and Japanese sanctions<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Kamov designs; series production happens at plants such as Kumertau (KumAPP) and Progress in Arsenyev.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Ka-32 built<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 240, exported to more than 30 countries<span class=\"gnote\">2019<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>World records set by the Ka-22<\/dt>\n<dd>8<\/dd>\n<dt>Ka-52 confirmed lost or damaged in Ukraine (Oryx)<\/dt>\n<dd>66<span class=\"gnote\">2025<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Egyptian Ka-52 order<\/dt>\n<dd>46 helicopters, delivered 2017&ndash;2019<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Kamov aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Kamov Ka-25<\/b><em>Naval anti-submarine helicopter &middot; first flight 1961 &middot; about 460 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Kamov Ka-26<\/b><em>Light utility helicopter &middot; first flight 1965 &middot; 816 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Kamov Ka-32<\/b><em>Civil medium helicopter &middot; first flight 1973 &middot; more than 240 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph6\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Kamov Ka-31<\/b><em>Airborne early warning helicopter &middot; first flight 1987 &middot; 28 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph7\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Kamov Ka-52 Alligator<\/b><em>Attack and reconnaissance helicopter &middot; first flight 1997 &middot; more than 196 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: AryanBhutani \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0); Bandanschik \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); Timofeich at Russian Wikipedia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); parfaits \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); &#1056;&#1086;&#1084;&#1072;&#1085; &#1044;&#1077;&#1088;&#1075;&#1091;&#1085;&#1086;&#1074; \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"acfind\" data-filter=\"#mfrtbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"aircraft\" placeholder=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" aria-label=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"acfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"acfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>KASKR-1 Red Engineer<\/td>\n<td>Experimental autogyro<\/td>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First Soviet autogyro, built with Nikolai Skrzhinsky<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>TsAGI A-7<\/td>\n<td>Military autogyro<\/td>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>World&rsquo;s first combat autogyro; used for artillery spotting near Smolensk in 1941<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-8<\/td>\n<td>Ultralight coaxial helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Kamov&rsquo;s first helicopter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-10<\/td>\n<td>Light naval helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Single-seat ship-borne observation helicopter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-15<\/td>\n<td>Utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>375<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>World&rsquo;s first mass-produced coaxial helicopter, built at Ulan-Ude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-18<\/td>\n<td>Utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1955<\/td>\n<td>about 120<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Four-seat stretch of the Ka-15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-22 Vintokryl<\/td>\n<td>Experimental transport rotorcraft<\/td>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Set eight world records; two crashed fatally<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-25<\/td>\n<td>Naval anti-submarine helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>about 460<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>NATO name Hormone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-26<\/td>\n<td>Light utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>816<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Interchangeable pod; widely used for crop spraying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-27 \/ Ka-29<\/td>\n<td>Naval helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>NATO name Helix; series production at Kumertau from July 1979<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32<\/td>\n<td>Civil medium helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1973<\/td>\n<td>more than 240<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Firefighting, logging and rescue; certified in Canada, Europe, China, Japan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-31<\/td>\n<td>Airborne early warning helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1987<\/td>\n<td>28<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Folding radar antenna under the fuselage; Russia, China, India<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-126<\/td>\n<td>Light utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>17<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Single-turbine Ka-26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-50 Black Shark<\/td>\n<td>Attack helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1982<\/td>\n<td>18&ndash;19<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First operational helicopter with an ejection seat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-52 Alligator<\/td>\n<td>Attack and reconnaissance helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td>more than 196<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Two-seat development of the Ka-50; Egypt bought 46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kamov Ka-226<\/td>\n<td>Light twin-engine utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1997<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Twin-turbine development of the Ka-26 with mission pod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>Kamov aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">11 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew Kamov types. <span class=\"imp\">8 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/russian-naval-aviation\/\">Russian Naval Aviation<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-27 and Ka-27M, Kamov Ka-29, Kamov Ka-31<\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indian-naval-air-arm\/\">Indian Naval Air Arm<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-31, Kamov Ka-28<\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/peoples-liberation-army-naval-air-force\/\">People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Naval Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-31, Kamov Ka-28 and Ka-27PS<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/russian-aerospace-forces\/\">Russian Aerospace Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-52 and Ka-52M, Kazan Ansat-U and Kamov Ka-226<\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-50<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/algerian-air-force\/\">Algerian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32 and Bell 412<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/azerbaijani-air-forces\/\">Azerbaijani Air Forces<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32S<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/egyptian-air-force\/\">Egyptian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-52 Alligator<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lao-peoples-liberation-army-air-force\/\">Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/republic-of-korea-air-force\/\">Republic of Korea Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32 (HH-32)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/sri-lanka-air-force\/\">Sri Lanka Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/yemeni-air-force\/\">Yemeni Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Kamov Ka-32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Kamov built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Ukhtomsky Helicopter Plant<\/b> &middot; Lyubertsy, Moscow Oblast &mdash; Bureau&rsquo;s home from 1955 to 2017; museum opened 1972, closed 2018<\/li>\n<li><b>National Helicopter Center<\/b> &middot; Tomilino, Moscow Oblast &mdash; Shared home with Mil since 2017<\/li>\n<li><b>Kumertau Aviation Production Enterprise (KumAPP)<\/b> &middot; Kumertau, Bashkortostan &mdash; Series production of Ka-27, Ka-32 and Ka-226; not owned by Kamov<\/li>\n<li><b>Progress<\/b> &middot; Arsenyev, Primorsky Krai &mdash; Builds the Ka-50 and Ka-52; not owned by Kamov<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Nikolai Kamov<\/b> &middot; founder, chief designer &mdash; 1902&ndash;1973; Hero of Socialist Labour 1972; Tomsk airport named after him<\/li>\n<li><b>Nikolai Skrzhinsky<\/b> &middot; co-designer &mdash; Built the KASKR-1 autogyro with Kamov in 1929<\/li>\n<li><b>Mikhail Mil<\/b> &middot; engineer &mdash; Kamov&rsquo;s deputy at the 1939 autogyro plant before founding his own bureau<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>TsAGI A-7: the world&rsquo;s first combat autogyro, 1941<\/li>\n<li>Ka-15: world&rsquo;s first mass-produced coaxial helicopter<\/li>\n<li>Ka-22: eight class world records, including 356.3 km\/h on 7 October 1961 and 16,485 kg lifted to 2,557 m on 24 November 1961<\/li>\n<li>Ka-50: world&rsquo;s first operational helicopter with a rescue ejection system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Kamov, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1929<\/div>\n<p>KASKR-1 Red Engineer, the first Soviet autogyro, leaves the ground<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1934<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the TsAGI A-7 autogyro<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1939<\/div>\n<p>Decision to build an autogyro plant with Kamov as director and Mil as deputy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1941<\/div>\n<p>A-7-3A autogyros fly artillery-spotting missions near Smolensk<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1948<\/div>\n<p>Official founding date of the Kamov bureau<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1952<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the Ka-15<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1955<\/div>\n<p>Bureau moves to plant No. 938 at Lyubertsy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1961<\/div>\n<p>Ka-22 sets a 356.3 km\/h class speed record<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1973<\/div>\n<p>Ka-27 prototype flies; Nikolai Kamov dies on 24 November<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1982<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the V-80, prototype of the Ka-50<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1992<\/div>\n<p>Joint-stock company Kamov established; Ka-50 shown at Farnborough<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1995<\/div>\n<p>Ka-50 adopted by the Russian army<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2005<\/div>\n<p>Kamov sold to Oboronprom; later part of Russian Helicopters<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2017<\/div>\n<p>Bureau moves from Lyubertsy to Tomilino<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2020<\/div>\n<p>JSC Kamov abolished and joined to the Mil plant, renamed the National Helicopter Center Mil &amp; Kamov<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>Placed on the EU sanctions list<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after Kamov<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Mil<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Kamov merged into the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, 2019&ndash;2020<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Mil page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Kamov<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Why do Kamov helicopters have two rotors?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Almost all Kamov designs use coaxial contra-rotating rotors. They cancel each other&rsquo;s torque, so no tail rotor is needed, which makes the helicopter shorter and well suited to cramped ship decks.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who founded Kamov?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Nikolai Ilyich Kamov (1902&ndash;1973), an engineer from Irkutsk who built the first Soviet autogyro in 1929 and led his own helicopter bureau from 1940.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Kamov still exist?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">As a brand, yes. As a company, JSC Kamov was merged into the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant in 2019&ndash;2020, forming the National Helicopter Center Mil &amp; Kamov within Russian Helicopters.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does the Ka-52 have an ejection seat?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. The Ka-50 and Ka-52 use the Zvezda K-37-800 rocket ejection seat; explosive bolts first blow the rotor blades away.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the most produced Kamov helicopter?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Ka-26 light utility helicopter, with 816 built between 1968 and 1985.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why do Kamov helicopters have two rotors?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Almost all Kamov designs use coaxial contra-rotating rotors. They cancel each other\\u2019s torque, so no tail rotor is needed, which makes the helicopter shorter and well suited to cramped ship decks.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who founded Kamov?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Nikolai Ilyich Kamov (1902\\u20131973), an engineer from Irkutsk who built the first Soviet autogyro in 1929 and led his own helicopter bureau from 1940.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Kamov still exist?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"As a brand, yes. As a company, JSC Kamov was merged into the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant in 2019\\u20132020, forming the National Helicopter Center Mil \\u0026 Kamov within Russian Helicopters.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the Ka-52 have an ejection seat?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The Ka-50 and Ka-52 use the Zvezda K-37-800 rocket ejection seat; explosive bolts first blow the rotor blades away.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the most produced Kamov helicopter?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Ka-26 light utility helicopter, with 816 built between 1968 and 1985.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Kamov<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Russia<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Mil<\/span><span class=\"rp\">A Siberian railwayman&rsquo;s son who started with autogyros built the design bureau behind the most-produced helicopter in history and the heaviest-lifting rotorcraft&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Mil page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mikoyan\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Russia<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Mikoyan<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Two engineers handed a disgraced rival&rsquo;s fighter in 1939 built the bureau whose initials became the West&rsquo;s word for any Soviet jet &mdash; more than 11,000&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Mikoyan page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BE)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov (konstruktorskoe byuro) (Russian Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D1%87\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov, Nikolai Ilyich (Russian Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">National Helicopter Center Mil and Kamov (Russian Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-50\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-50 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-27\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-27 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-32\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-32 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-26\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-26 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-25\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-25 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-15 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-226\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-226 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-22\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-22 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_A-7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov A-7 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-8\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-8 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-10\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-10 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-18 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-31\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-31 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamov_Ka-126\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kamov Ka-126 (English Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w16-in-t-1527.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/kamov-logo.png)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w17-ru-t-71.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph4{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w11-lk-t-131.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph5{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w9-az-t-120.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph6{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w17-cn-t-18.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph7{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w15-eg-t-11.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam .nf10{background-position:-222px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"flt-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"flt-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><div id=\"shr-data\" data-js=\"KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IHZhciB3PWRvY3VtZW50LnF1ZXJ5U2VsZWN0b3IoJyNtZmFtIC5tZnNoYXJlJyk7IGlmKCF3KXJldHVybjsgdmFyIHQ9dy5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCcubWZzaC1idG4nKSwgbmV0PXcucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvcignLm1mc2gtbmV0JyksIHNhaWQ9dy5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCcubWZzaC1zYWlkJyk7IHZhciB1cmw9bG9jYXRpb24uaHJlZi5zcGxpdCgnIycpWzBdLnNwbGl0KCc\/JylbMF07IHZhciB0aXRsZT0oZG9jdW1lbnQucXVlcnlTZWxlY3RvcignI21mYW0gaDEnKXx8e30pLnRleHRDb250ZW50fHxkb2N1bWVudC50aXRsZTsgdmFyIFU9ZW5jb2RlVVJJQ29tcG9uZW50KHVybCksIFQ9ZW5jb2RlVVJJQ29tcG9uZW50KHRpdGxlKTsgdmFyIGxpbmtzPVsgWydYJywnaHR0cHM6Ly90d2l0dGVyLmNvbS9pbnRlbnQvdHdlZXQ\/dXJsPScrVSsnJnRleHQ9JytULCdNMTguMiAySDIxbC02LjYgNy41TDIyIDIyaC02bC00LjctNi4yTDUuOSAyMkgzbDctOEwyIDJoNi4ybDQuMyA1LjdMMTguMiAyem0tMSAxOGgxLjZMNyAzLjlINS4zTDE3LjIgMjB6J10sIFsnRmFjZWJvb2snLCdodHRwczovL3d3dy5mYWNlYm9vay5jb20vc2hhcmVyL3NoYXJlci5waHA\/dT0nK1UsJ00xMyAyMnYtOWgzbC41LTMuNUgxM1Y3LjNjMC0xIC4zLTEuNyAxLjgtMS43SDE2LjZWMi40QTI0IDI0IDAgMDAxNC4yIDJDMTEuNyAyIDEwIDMuNSAxMCA2LjN2My4ySDdWMTNoM3Y5aDN6J10sIFsnTGlua2VkSW4nLCdodHRwczovL3d3dy5saW5rZWRpbi5jb20vc2hhcmluZy9zaGFyZS1vZmZzaXRlLz91cmw9JytVLCdNNC45OCAzLjVBMi41IDIuNSAwIDExMi41IDYgMi41IDIuNSAwIDAxNC45OCAzLjV6TTMgOC45OGg0VjIxSDN6TTkgOC45OGgzLjh2MS42NGguMDVBNC4yIDQuMiAwIDAxMTcgOC42YzQgMCA0LjcgMi42IDQuNyA2VjIxaC00di01LjZjMC0xLjM0IDAtMy0xLjktM3MtMi4yIDEuNC0yLjIgMi45VjIxSDl6J10sIFsnV2hhdHNBcHAnLCdodHRwczovL3dhLm1lLz90ZXh0PScrVCsnJTIwJytVLCdNMTIgMmExMCAxMCAwIDAwLTguNiAxNUwyIDIybDUuMi0xLjRBMTAgMTAgMCAxMDEyIDJ6bTUuNSAxNC4xYy0uMi43LTEuMyAxLjMtMS45IDEuM3MtMS4yLjMtNC0xLjItNC4zLTQuNy00LjUtNC45LTEuMS0xLjYtMS4xLTMgLjctMiAxLTIuMy42LS4zLjgtLjNoLjZjLjIgMCAuNC0uMS43LjVsMSAyLjNjLjEuMi4xLjQgMCAuNmwtLjQuNS0uNC40Yy0uMS4xLS4zLjMtLjEuNmE5IDkgMCAwMDEuNiAyIDggOCAwIDAwMi4zIDEuNWMuMy4xLjUuMS42LS4xbC45LTFjLjItLjIuNC0uMi42LS4xbDIuMiAxYy4zLjIuNS4zLjYuNGEyIDIgMCAwMTAgLjh6J10sIFsnRW1haWwnLCdtYWlsdG86P3N1YmplY3Q9JytUKycmYm9keT0nK1UsJ00yMCA0SDRhMiAyIDAgMDAtMiAydjEyYTIgMiAwIDAwMiAyaDE2YTIgMiAwIDAwMi0yVjZhMiAyIDAgMDAtMi0yem0wIDQuMmwtOCA1LTgtNVY2bDggNSA4LTV6J10gXTsgdmFyIGg9Jyc7IGZvcih2YXIgaT0wO2k8bGlua3MubGVuZ3RoO2krKyl7IGgrPSc8YSBocmVmPSInK2xpbmtzW2ldWzFdKyciIHRhcmdldD0iX2JsYW5rIiByZWw9Im5vb3BlbmVyIiBhcmlhLWxhYmVsPSJTaGFyZSBvbiAnK2xpbmtzW2ldWzBdKyciPjxzdmcgdmlld0JveD0iMCAwIDI0IDI0Ij48cGF0aCBkPSInK2xpbmtzW2ldWzJdKyciLz48L3N2Zz48L2E+JzsgfSBoKz0nPGJ1dHRvbiB0eXBlPSJidXR0b24iIGNsYXNzPSJtZnNoLWNvcHkiIGFyaWEtbGFiZWw9IkNvcHkgbGluayI+PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMjQgMjQiPjxwYXRoIGQ9Ik0xNiAxSDRhMiAyIDAgMDAtMiAydjE0aDJWM2gxMlYxem0zIDRIOGEyIDIgMCAwMC0yIDJ2MTRhMiAyIDAgMDAyIDJoMTFhMiAyIDAgMDAyLTJWN2EyIDIgMCAwMC0yLTJ6bTAgMTZIOFY3aDExdjE0eiIvPjwvc3ZnPjwvYnV0dG9uPic7IG5ldC5pbm5lckhUTUw9aDsgZnVuY3Rpb24gZmxhc2gobSl7IHNhaWQudGV4dENvbnRlbnQ9bTsgc2V0VGltZW91dChmdW5jdGlvbigpe3NhaWQudGV4dENvbnRlbnQ9Jyd9LDIyMDApOyB9IG5ldC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCcubWZzaC1jb3B5JykuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcignY2xpY2snLGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IGlmKG5hdmlnYXRvci5jbGlwYm9hcmQpe25hdmlnYXRvci5jbGlwYm9hcmQud3JpdGVUZXh0KHVybCkudGhlbihmdW5jdGlvbigpe2ZsYXNoKCdMaW5rIGNvcGllZCcpfSxmdW5jdGlvbigpe2ZsYXNoKHVybCl9KTt9IGVsc2UgZmxhc2godXJsKTsgfSk7IHQuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcignY2xpY2snLGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IGlmKG5hdmlnYXRvci5zaGFyZSl7IG5hdmlnYXRvci5zaGFyZSh7dGl0bGU6dGl0bGUsdXJsOnVybH0pLmNhdGNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7fSk7IHJldHVybjsgfSB3LmNsYXNzTGlzdC50b2dnbGUoJ29uJyk7IH0pOyBpZighbmF2aWdhdG9yLnNoYXJlKSB3LmNsYXNzTGlzdC5hZGQoJ29uJyk7IH0pKCk7\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"shr-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Order of Battle &middot; Aircraft manufacturers &middot; Russia Kamov JSC Kamov &middot; AO Kamov &middot; OKB Kamov The bureau that coined the Russian word for helicopter spent 90 years betting on two rotors spinning in opposite directions, and built the navy&rsquo;s sub-hunters and the only attack helicopter with an ejection seat. 1948Founded Merged into Mil [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":31477,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-32413","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kamov | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u5546\/\u5361\u83ab\u592b\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kamov | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Aircraft manufacturers &middot; Russia Kamov JSC Kamov &middot; AO Kamov &middot; OKB Kamov The bureau that coined the Russian word for helicopter spent 90 years betting on two rotors spinning in opposite directions, and built the navy&rsquo;s sub-hunters and the only attack helicopter with an ejection seat. 1948Founded Merged into Mil [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u5546\/\u5361\u83ab\u592b\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-10-08T16:24:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/migflug-share-1200x630-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"630\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@migflug\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"10 \u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/kamov\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/kamov\\\/\",\"name\":\"Kamov | MiGFlug\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2026-10-08T12:25:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-10-08T16:24:57+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/kamov\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/kamov\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/kamov\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Aircraft Manufacturers\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft-manufacturers\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Kamov\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug\",\"description\":\"Fly a Jet Fighter Yourself\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":100,\"caption\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MiGFlug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/migflug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/migflug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/MiGFlug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.ch\\\/migflug\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u5361\u83ab\u592b | MiGFlug","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u5546\/\u5361\u83ab\u592b\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"Kamov | MiGFlug","og_description":"Order of Battle &middot; Aircraft manufacturers &middot; Russia Kamov JSC Kamov &middot; AO Kamov &middot; OKB Kamov The bureau that coined the Russian word for helicopter spent 90 years betting on two rotors spinning in opposite directions, and built the navy&rsquo;s sub-hunters and the only attack helicopter with an ejection seat. 1948Founded Merged into Mil [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/\u98de\u673a\u5236\u9020\u5546\/\u5361\u83ab\u592b\/","og_site_name":"MiGFlug","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","article_modified_time":"2026-10-08T16:24:57+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1200,"height":630,"url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/migflug-share-1200x630-1.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@migflug","twitter_misc":{"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4":"10 \u5206"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/","name":"\u5361\u83ab\u592b | MiGFlug","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website"},"datePublished":"2026-10-08T12:25:48+00:00","dateModified":"2026-10-08T16:24:57+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"zh-Hans","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kamov\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Aircraft Manufacturers","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Kamov"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","name":"\u7c73\u683c-\u5f17\u62c9\u683c","description":"\u4eb2\u81ea\u9a7e\u9a76\u55b7\u6c14\u5f0f\u6218\u6597\u673a","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"zh-Hans"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization","name":"MiGFlug\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","width":200,"height":100,"caption":"MiGFlug GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","https:\/\/x.com\/migflug","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/migflug\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MiGFlug","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/migflug.com\/","https:\/\/www.pinterest.ch\/migflug\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32413","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32413"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32413\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":34496,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32413\/revisions\/34496"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/31477"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/cn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32413"}],"curies":[{"name":"\u53ef\u6e7f\u6027\u7c89\u5242","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}