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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/spanish-air-and-space-force\/\">Spanish Air and Space Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Spanish Air and Space Force has fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">The record includes the chemical bombing of the Rif from 1924, which Spain has never formally acknowledged. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the Rif War to NATO air policing today.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco Aeron&#225;utica Militar Alongside France (from 1925)\">\n<td>The Rif War<span class=\"cwho\">Morocco and the chemical bombing<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Aeron&#225;utica Militar<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1921&ndash;1927<\/td>\n<td>Republic of the Rif (Abd el-Krim)<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Reconnaissance, bombing and supply of besieged posts; from 1924 the aerial delivery of chemical weapons against the Rif population; air support for the Alhucemas landing in 1925.<\/p>\n<p>Spanish army aviation had flown in Morocco since December 1913, but the Rif War that followed the rout at Annual on 1 July 1921 became its main war &mdash; and the one Spain has been least willing to discuss. Spanish commanders asked for mustard gas as early as August 1921; with help from the German chemist Hugo Stoltzenberg, a plant at La Mara&#241;osa near Madrid produced it, and deliveries began in 1923. From 1924 aircraft dropped mustard gas, phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin on villages, markets and rivers &mdash; in the English Wikipedia summary, the first widespread use of gas warfare after 1918. The record rests on archive work by Rudibert Kunz and Rolf-Dieter M&#252;ller (Giftgas gegen Abd el Krim, 1990), Sebastian Balfour (Deadly Embrace, Oxford, 2002), who writes of massive quantities of mustard gas dropped on civilians, and, among Spanish historians, Juan Pando. The air arm also flew in the Alhucemas landing of September 1925, the first amphibious operation to use tanks and aircraft. The civilian death toll is unknown; later claims of cancer clusters in the Rif remain unproved. A motion in the Spanish parliament on 14 February 2007 asking Spain to acknowledge the systematic use of chemical weapons was rejected.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Abd el-Krim surrendered on 27 May 1926 and the last Spanish operations ended on 9 July 1927.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The number of gas bombs dropped and the civilian dead are not established; figures circulating online (for example, of bombs per day) could not be verified and are left out.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Aeron&#225;utica Militar<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>France (from 1925)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Republic of the Rif (Abd el-Krim)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No consolidated sortie figure was found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">UNVERIFIED. No reliable total of Spanish aircraft or aircrew lost was found. Overall Franco-Spanish casualties are put at 43,500&ndash;63,000 and Rifian dead at 40,000&ndash;80,000; these are war totals, not air losses.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chemical_weapons_in_the_Rif_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rif_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/deadly-embrace-9780199252961\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxford University Press<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Spain Republican air force (FARE) and Nationalist air arm Alongside Germany (Condor Legion), Italy (Aviazione Legionaria) and Soviet Union (for the Republic) Polikarpov I-15 and I-16 Tupolev SB Heinkel He 51 Fiat CR.32 Heinkel He 111 Junkers Ju 52 Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and SM.81 Messerschmitt Bf 109\">\n<td>The Spanish Civil War<span class=\"cwho\">Republicans, Nationalists, the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Republican air force (FARE) and Nationalist air arm<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1936&ndash;1939<\/td>\n<td>Each other<\/td>\n<td>Polikarpov I-15 and I-16, Tupolev SB, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\">Heinkel He 51<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 5 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Both halves of the Spanish air arm fought each other, each with foreign support: Soviet aircraft and airmen for the Republic, the German Condor Legion and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria for the Nationalists.<\/p>\n<p>When the army rose in July 1936, most of the air arm&rsquo;s men and aircraft stayed with the Republic, but its equipment was obsolete. Six German He 51s arrived for the Nationalists on 6 August; Italian aircraft followed, and in the end Italy sent about 764, including 376 CR.32 fighters. From October the Soviet Union supplied I-15s, I-16s and SB bombers to the Republican air force, with about 772 Soviet airmen. Germany&rsquo;s Condor Legion rotated about 19,000 men through Spain and claimed 320 Republican aircraft in the air and on the ground plus 52 by anti-aircraft fire. On 26 April 1937 its bombers, with three Italian SM.79s, attacked Guernica in Operation R&#252;gen. The death toll remains disputed: the Basque government said 1,654 in 1937; the local history group Gernikazarra counts 126, later 153; Ra&#250;l Arias Ramos gives 250 and Villarroya and Sol&#233; i Sabat&#233; 300; a range of 170 to 300 is now widely cited. Franco&rsquo;s side denied the raid, blaming the Republicans. In March 1938 Italian bombers from Mallorca, on Mussolini&rsquo;s order, raided Barcelona 17 times in three days, killing up to 1,300.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Nationalist victory on 1 April 1939. The Ej&#233;rcito del Aire was created on 7 October 1939 from the victorious air arm.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Claims of aircraft destroyed are wartime claims by each side. Death tolls for Guernica and Barcelona are contested and given as ranges with their sources.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Republican air force (FARE) and Nationalist air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Spain<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany (Condor Legion), Italy (Aviazione Legionaria) and Soviet Union (for the Republic)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Each other<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Polikarpov I-15 and I-16, Tupolev SB, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\">Heinkel He 51<\/a>, Fiat CR.32, Heinkel He 111, Junkers Ju 52, Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 and SM.81, Messerschmitt Bf 109<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">The Aviazione Legionaria alone recorded 5,318 operations and 135,265 flying hours to March 1939.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">The Condor Legion lost 72 aircraft to enemy action and 160 in accidents; the Aviazione Legionaria recorded 86 aircraft lost; of 276 I-16s sent to the Republic, 187 were lost. About 99 of some 772 Soviet airmen were killed. No complete figure for the Spanish air arms on either side was found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condor_Legion\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Republican_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviazione_Legionaria\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Guernica\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Barcelona\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polikarpov_I-16\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heinkel_He_51\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fiat_CR.32\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Guernica-Spain\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Encyclopaedia Britannica<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Sidi Ifni and Spanish Sahara Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Alongside France CASA 2.111 CASA 352 North American T-6\">\n<td>The Ifni-Sahara War<span class=\"cwho\">Ifni and Spanish West Africa<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1957&ndash;1958<\/td>\n<td>Moroccan Army of Liberation<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\">CASA 2.111<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\">CASA 352<\/a>, North American T-6<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Bombing, close support and paratroop drops against the Moroccan Army of Liberation, including a joint Franco-Spanish air offensive in February 1958.<\/p>\n<p>The last colonial war fought by the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire began on 23 November 1957 when irregulars of the Moroccan Army of Liberation attacked Spanish posts around Sidi Ifni. Two days later, on 25 November, five CASA 2.111 bombers &mdash; Spanish-built Heinkel He 111s &mdash; bombed positions around Tiliu&#237;n while five CASA 352 transports, licence-built Junkers Ju 52s, dropped 75 paratroopers to relieve the besieged garrison. North American T-6 trainers armed with machine guns, bombs and rockets flew close support and earned a reputation for toughness. It was, in effect, a war fought with the aircraft of the 1930s, while the F-86 Sabres just delivered under the Pact of Madrid played no part in the accounts consulted. In February 1958 France and Spain mounted a joint offensive with about 150 aircraft that broke up the Army of Liberation in the Sahara. The war ended on 30 June 1958. Spanish casualties, all services, were 190 dead, 500 wounded and 80 missing.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> A joint Franco-Spanish offensive in February 1958 broke up the Army of Liberation in the Sahara; the war ended on 30 June 1958.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The claim that US restrictions barred American-supplied aircraft from the war is widely repeated but was not verified here and is left out. Aircraft types flown in the war are limited to those named in the sources.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Sidi Ifni and Spanish Sahara<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Moroccan Army of Liberation<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\">CASA 2.111<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\">CASA 352<\/a>, North American T-6<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">Not published as a consolidated figure.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">Spanish forces as a whole lost 190 dead, 500 wounded and 80 missing; the air arm&rsquo;s own losses were not found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ifni_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CASA_2.111\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_T-6_Texan\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CASA_352\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Bosnia and Herzegovina, from bases in Italy Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Alongside NATO EF-18 Hornet CASA C-212 Aviocar\">\n<td>Bosnia: Deny Flight and Deliberate Force<span class=\"cwho\">NATO operations over Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1993&ndash;1995<\/td>\n<td>Bosnian Serb forces<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, CASA C-212 Aviocar<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Spanish EF-18s flew in NATO&rsquo;s enforcement of the UN no-fly zone and in air strikes; transport aircraft supported UNPROFOR.<\/p>\n<p>Operation Deny Flight, which ran from 12 April 1993 to 20 December 1995, was NATO&rsquo;s long enforcement of the UN no-fly zone over Bosnia, and Spain was one of twelve allies that contributed aircraft. Spanish EF-18 Hornets, operating from Italy, flew combat air patrols, close air support and strike missions, directed from the Combined Air Operations Centre at Vicenza. In May 1995, when NATO struck the Bosnian Serb ammunition depot at Pale, Spanish EF-18s dropped laser-guided bombs alongside US Air Force F-16s. The risk was real for the transport crews too: on 8 March 1994 a Spanish CASA C-212 carrying UN personnel from Zagreb to Split was hit by a missile near the Krajina border and damaged. Across the whole operation NATO pilots flew 100,420 sorties. The experience of flying NATO packages with laser-guided weapons became the foundation for the Hornet force&rsquo;s later deployments over Kosovo and Libya.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Operation Deny Flight ended on 20 December 1995 after the Dayton agreement.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The C-212 incident and the Pale strike are from the English Wikipedia summary; the Spanish sortie total was not found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Bosnia and Herzegovina, from bases in Italy<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Bosnian Serb forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, CASA C-212 Aviocar<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">NATO flew 100,420 sorties in all; the Spanish share was not found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Spanish aircraft was lost. A Spanish CASA C-212 was hit by a missile and damaged on 8 March 1994.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Deny_Flight\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonnell_Douglas_F\/A-18_Hornet\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from Aviano, Italy Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Alongside NATO EF-18 Hornet KC-130H\">\n<td>Kosovo: Operation Allied Force<span class=\"cwho\">NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, KC-130H<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Spanish EF-18s flew ground-attack, air-defence suppression and combat air patrol missions under NATO command, supported by KC-130 tankers.<\/p>\n<p>The NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia opened on 24 March 1999 on the order of the Alliance&rsquo;s Secretary General, the Spaniard Javier Solana, who the evening before had directed the Supreme Allied Commander, General Wesley Clark, to begin air operations. Spain committed F\/A-18 Hornets and KC-130 tankers. The Hornets flew ground-attack, suppression of enemy air defences and combat air patrol missions over Serbia and Kosovo under NATO command, as they had over Bosnia. No Spanish aircraft loss appears in the sources consulted. For Spain the campaign carried a particular political weight, because the Alliance that ordered it was led by a Spaniard, Javier Solana, and because it was the second time in four years that Spanish Hornets had dropped weapons in the Balkans. Over 78 days NATO flew more than 38,000 combat missions. The campaign ended on 10 June 1999. The legality of the operation without a UN Security Council mandate remains debated, and the Spanish share of the sorties has not been published in the sources consulted.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The air campaign ended on 10 June 1999.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Spanish sortie numbers were not found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, from Aviano, Italy<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, KC-130H<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">NATO flew more than 38,000 combat missions in 78 days; the Spanish share was not found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Spanish aircraft loss was found in the sources consulted.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonnell_Douglas_F\/A-18_Hornet\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Libya and the central Mediterranean Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Alongside NATO and coalition EF-18 Hornet Boeing 707 tanker CN-235 MPA\">\n<td>Libya: Unified Protector<span class=\"cwho\">No-fly zone and arms embargo<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td>Libyan government forces<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, Boeing 707 tanker, CN-235 MPA<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Hornets enforced the UN no-fly zone; tankers and maritime patrol aircraft supported the coalition and the arms embargo. No Spanish ground strikes are recorded in the sources consulted.<\/p>\n<p>When the UN Security Council authorised a no-fly zone over Libya in 2011, Spain offered fighters, tankers and maritime patrol aircraft alongside a frigate and a submarine. The sources differ on the number of Hornets: the Hornet article says four enforced the no-fly zone, the account of the intervention says six F-18s were sent, so the page gives four to six. They were joined by two Boeing 707-331B tankers and two CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft. Spain&rsquo;s role, in the account of the intervention, was air control and maritime surveillance to stop arms reaching the Libyan regime; no Spanish ground strikes are recorded in the sources consulted. The government also made the bases at Rota, Mor&#243;n and Torrej&#243;n available to the coalition. It was a limited, politically cautious contribution, and in that it followed the pattern of Spanish air operations since Bosnia: real combat risk in the air, but tightly bounded by national rules of engagement.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Spanish contribution ended with the coalition operation in 2011.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Four or six Hornets according to source; no official Spanish sortie total was found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Libya and the central Mediterranean<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO and coalition<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Libyan government forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a>, Boeing 707 tanker, CN-235 MPA<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No Spanish sortie total was found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No Spanish losses.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonnell_Douglas_F\/A-18_Hornet\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Lithuania and Estonia Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio Alongside NATO Mirage F1M Eurofighter EF-18 Hornet\">\n<td>NATO air policing<span class=\"cwho\">Baltic and Estonian rotations<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2006&ndash;present<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Mirage F1M, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Quick Reaction Alert detachments under NATO&rsquo;s Baltic Air Policing mission, flying from &#352;iauliai in Lithuania and &#196;mari in Estonia.<\/p>\n<p>NATO has policed the airspace of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania since they joined in 2004, with allies rotating fighters every four months. Spain first deployed in August 2006 with three Mirage F1Ms at &#352;iauliai. It returned with Mirage F1s in 2013 and, from January 2015, with Eurofighters at &#196;mari. After Russia seized Crimea in 2014 the Spanish detachments became larger and more frequent: Eurofighters in 2016, 2018, 2021, 2023, 2024 and 2025, and EF-18 Hornets in 2017, 2019, 2020, 2022 and 2024. The rotations grew from four aircraft to eight, and the Hornet detachment that began at &#352;iauliai on 27 November 2025 had eleven. Spain also hosts a NATO Combined Air Operations Centre at Torrej&#243;n, which directs air policing south of the Alps. These missions rarely involve more than intercepting Russian aircraft flying without transponders, but they are the service&rsquo;s steadiest operational commitment since 2006.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ongoing; the rotations grew from three aircraft in 2006 to eleven Hornets in late 2025.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">In Afterburner<\/span> <a class=\"clink\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/spanish-f-18-shoots-down-drone-romania-galati-2026\/\">Spain&rsquo;s First Kill Over Romania<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Dates and aircraft numbers are from the Wikipedia rotation table; re-check the 2025 rotation against NATO Allied Air Command releases.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Lithuania and Estonia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Mirage F1M, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">Scramble numbers per rotation were not collected.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No losses.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baltic_Air_Policing\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (English)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_132685.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/missions\/air-policing\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO Allied Air Command<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_132685.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO: Air policing &mdash; securing NATO airspace<\/a><span>Baltic Air Policing since 2004; CAOC Torrej&#243;n covers the airspace south of the Alps<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/missions\/air-policing\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO Allied Air Command: Air Policing<\/a><span>how the mission works; no national detail<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/deadly-embrace-9780199252961\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxford University Press: Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War (2002)<\/a><span>mustard gas dropped on civilians, from Spanish military archives and survivors<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Guernica-Spain\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Encyclopaedia Britannica: Guernica, Spain<\/a><span>26 April 1937 bombing by German aircraft; Picasso<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-28. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/spanish-air-and-space-force\/\">Back to the Spanish Air and Space Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam 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Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":25508,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25522","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Spanish Air and Space Force combat record | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/es\/fuerzas-aereas\/spanish-air-and-space-force\/historial-de-combate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Spanish Air and Space Force combat record | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Spanish Air and Space Force Every war the Spanish Air and Space Force has fought The record includes the chemical bombing of the Rif from 1924, which Spain has never formally acknowledged. 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