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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indian-air-force\/\">Indian Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Indian Air Force has fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">India and Pakistan fought in 1947&ndash;1948, 1965, 1971, 1999, 2019 and May 2025, and for each clash the two sides&rsquo; loss and kill claims differ: they are given here as each side&rsquo;s claims, attributed, with independent estimates where they exist, and neither side&rsquo;s figures are adopted. Kashmir, where much of the fighting took place, is disputed and administered in parts by India, Pakistan and China. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the North-West Frontier in 1937 to Operation Sindoor in May 2025.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"North-West Frontier Province of British India Indian Air Force (No. 1 Squadron) Alongside United Kingdom Westland Wapiti\">\n<td>North-West Frontier operations<span class=\"cwho\">Waziristan<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force (No. 1 Squadron)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1937&ndash;1939<\/td>\n<td>Tribal forces on the frontier<\/td>\n<td>Westland Wapiti<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Army co-operation flying in support of British-Indian ground forces.<\/p>\n<p>No. 1 Squadron, then a small unit of Indian pilots under British command, moved into operations on the North-West Frontier from September 1937, flying army co-operation sorties for the British-Indian Army in the frontier campaigns. It was the first time the new service flew on operations, and it gave the Indian pilots the experience on which the wartime expansion was built. In March 1939 Subroto Mukerjee became the first Indian officer to command the squadron.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Part of the long British campaign on the frontier; the squadron gained its first operational experience.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The sources checked give the start date and the squadron but no figures for sorties or losses.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force (No. 1 Squadron)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>North-West Frontier Province of British India<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Kingdom<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Tribal forces on the frontier<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Westland Wapiti<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._1_Squadron_IAF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Indian_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Burma, Arakan, north-east India Indian Air Force (Royal Indian Air Force from March 1945) Alongside United Kingdom and United States Hawker Hurricane Supermarine Spitfire Vultee Vengeance Westland Lysander\">\n<td>Second World War: the Burma campaign<span class=\"cwho\">Arakan and Burma<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force (Royal Indian Air Force from March 1945)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1942&ndash;1945<\/td>\n<td>Japan<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\">Hawker Hurricane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Supermarine Spitfire<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/vultee-a-31-vengeance\/\">Vultee Vengeance<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Strike, close air support, reconnaissance and bomber escort against Japanese forces, under RAF command.<\/p>\n<p>The war made the Indian Air Force. According to Wikipedia&rsquo;s account, Indian squadrons flew strike, close air support, reconnaissance and bomber escort, and the first IAF strike was against a Japanese base in Arakan, followed by raids on airfields in Thailand. No. 1 Squadron went to Burma in 1942 under Squadron Leader K. K. &quot;Jumbo&quot; Majumdar, who won the Distinguished Flying Cross; Indian airmen won 22 DFCs in all. By VJ Day the force had about 25,000 people, and King George VI conferred the prefix &quot;Royal&quot; on 12 March 1945 in recognition of its wartime service.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The service grew to about 25,000 personnel and was granted the &quot;Royal&quot; prefix on 12 March 1945.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Squadron-by-squadron dates, sorties and losses were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force (Royal Indian Air Force from March 1945)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Burma, Arakan, north-east India<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Kingdom and United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Japan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\">Hawker Hurricane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Supermarine Spitfire<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/vultee-a-31-vengeance\/\">Vultee Vengeance<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/westland-lysander\/\">Westland Lysander<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Indian_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._1_Squadron_IAF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Jammu and Kashmir (disputed; today administered in parts by India, Pakistan and China) Royal Indian Air Force No allied air arm Douglas Dakota Hawker Tempest Supermarine Spitfire North American Harvard\">\n<td>First India&ndash;Pakistan war (Kashmir)<span class=\"cwho\">the 1947&ndash;48 war<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Royal Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1947&ndash;1949<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan and Tribal lashkars<\/td>\n<td>Douglas Dakota, Hawker Tempest, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Supermarine Spitfire<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Airlift of troops into Srinagar and Leh, close air support, supply drops.<\/p>\n<p>After the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India on 26 October 1947, the RIAF and requisitioned civil Dakotas began flying Indian troops into Srinagar the next morning, 27 October. Tempests, Spitfires and Harvards then flew close support for the army, and transports supplied besieged garrisons; Leh was reached by air on 24 May 1948. According to the Wikipedia account, the RIAF did not fight the Royal Pakistan Air Force in the air. India and Pakistan hold opposing positions on the accession and on Kashmir, which remains disputed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ceasefire at 23:59 on 1 January 1949; Kashmir divided along the ceasefire line.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Aircraft losses and sortie totals were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Royal Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Jammu and Kashmir (disputed; today administered in parts by India, Pakistan and China)<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan and Tribal lashkars<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Douglas Dakota, Hawker Tempest, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Supermarine Spitfire<\/a>, North American Harvard<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>32 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia: the RIAF lost 32 officers and men.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Hyderabad State Royal Indian Air Force No allied air arm Hawker Tempest\">\n<td>Operation Polo<span class=\"cwho\">the annexation of Hyderabad<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Royal Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>Hyderabad State forces and Razakars<\/td>\n<td>Hawker Tempest<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Close air support for the Indian Army from Pune.<\/p>\n<p>Two squadrons of Tempests flew from Pune in support of the Indian Army&rsquo;s five-day operation of 13&ndash;18 September 1948. Wikipedia&rsquo;s account records Tempest strikes clearing entrenched positions near Rajeshwar and at Suryapet. The operation and its aftermath remain contested: the Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Nehru and published only in 2013, estimated that 30,000&ndash;40,000 people died in the state and reported killings of Muslim men by members of the armed forces; other estimates are higher.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Hyderabad surrendered on 18 September 1948 and was integrated into India.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The Sunderlal figures cover the whole period and are not attributed to air action.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Royal Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Hyderabad State<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Hyderabad State forces and Razakars<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Hawker Tempest<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annexation_of_Hyderabad\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Katanga, Congo Indian Air Force (No. 5 Squadron) Alongside United Nations and Sweden English Electric Canberra\">\n<td>UN operations in the Congo (ONUC)<span class=\"cwho\">Katanga<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force (No. 5 Squadron)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1961&ndash;1962<\/td>\n<td>Katanga<\/td>\n<td>English Electric Canberra<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Ground attack for the UN force against the secessionist State of Katanga.<\/p>\n<p>The Canberra&rsquo;s first combat use in IAF service was with the UN against the breakaway State of Katanga, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s Canberra article; No. 5 Squadron&rsquo;s history also records its part in the Congo. Swedish J 29s flew alongside. Nehru kept India&rsquo;s army brigade in the Congo during the Sino-Indian war but recalled the bombers.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Canberras were recalled to India during the war with China in late 1962.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Numbers of aircraft, dates and missions were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force (No. 5 Squadron)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Katanga, Congo<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations and Sweden<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Katanga<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>English Electric Canberra<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Canberra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._5_Squadron_IAF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Goa, Daman and Diu Indian Air Force No allied air arm English Electric Canberra Hawker Hunter de Havilland Vampire Dassault Myst&#232;re IV Dassault Ouragan (Toofani) T-6 Texan\">\n<td>Operation Vijay<span class=\"cwho\">the annexation of Goa<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Portugal<\/td>\n<td>English Electric Canberra, Hawker Hunter, de Havilland Vampire<span class=\"cwho\">and 3 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Strikes on the airfield at Dabolim, the Bambolim wireless station and targets at Diu; ground support.<\/p>\n<p>On 18 December 1961 twelve Canberras led by Wing Commander N. B. Menon bombed the runway at Dabolim, and six Hunters destroyed the wireless station at Bambolim with rockets and cannon; Toofanis struck the control tower and wireless station at Diu. Portugal had no combat aircraft in Goa, and anti-aircraft defence was weak. The operation was over in two days.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Portugal surrendered on 19 December 1961; Goa was integrated into India.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Sortie totals were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Goa, Daman and Diu<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Portugal<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>English Electric Canberra, Hawker Hunter, de Havilland Vampire, Dassault Myst&#232;re IV, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-ouragan\/\">Dassault Ouragan (Toofani)<\/a>, T-6 Texan<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">No IAF aircraft lost in the sources checked; Vampires attacked Indian troops by mistake.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annexation_of_Goa\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dassault_Ouragan\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Ladakh and the North-East Frontier Agency Indian Air Force No allied air arm Transport aircraft and helicopters\">\n<td>Sino-Indian War<span class=\"cwho\">the 1962 war<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<td>Transport aircraft and helicopters<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport and helicopter support only; no offensive air operations.<\/p>\n<p>The IAF was held back. In May 1962 it was told not to plan for close air support, although that had been judged a feasible way to offset Chinese numbers, and during the war the government, advised by the US ambassador John Kenneth Galbraith and the intelligence chief B. N. Mullick, feared that Chinese bombers would retaliate against Indian cities. The decision is still debated in India as a lost opportunity.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> India was defeated on the ground; the war ended on 21 November 1962.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Details of transport losses were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Ladakh and the North-East Frontier Agency<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>China<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Transport aircraft and helicopters<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Indian_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd7\" data-x=\"Punjab, Kashmir and Rajasthan Indian Air Force No allied air arm Folland Gnat Hawker Hunter Dassault Myst&#232;re IV de Havilland Vampire English Electric Canberra MiG-21\">\n<td>Indo-Pakistani war of 1965<span class=\"cwho\">the 1965 air war<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td>Folland Gnat, Hawker Hunter, Dassault Myst&#232;re IV<span class=\"cwho\">and 3 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>3,937<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd7\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd7\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Counter-air raids on PAF bases, air defence and ground support.<\/p>\n<p>The air war opened over Chhamb on 1 September 1965, when the IAF sent 26 aircraft against a Pakistani armoured thrust and lost four Vampires to PAF Sabres. On 6 September the PAF struck Pathankot, Adampur and Halwara and destroyed about ten aircraft on the ground at Pathankot; Indian sources say 135 SSG commandos were dropped on three Indian airfields the next night. The Gnat, credited by Indian and independent sources with seven Sabres, became the &quot;Sabre Slayer&quot;; one Gnat landed by mistake at the abandoned Pasrur airstrip in Pakistan. Canberras bombed the radar at Badin. Both air forces still claim to have come out ahead, and the loss figures depend entirely on the source.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ceasefire in September 1965; both air forces claim to have come out ahead.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Every loss figure is one side&rsquo;s claim unless independently confirmed; the independent ranges come from authors named on Wikipedia (Fricker, Jagan Mohan and Chopra, Nordeen).<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Punjab, Kashmir and Rajasthan<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Folland Gnat, Hawker Hunter, Dassault Myst&#232;re IV, de Havilland Vampire, English Electric Canberra, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>3,937<span class=\"cwho\">IAF 3,937 sorties; PAF 2,364 (Wikipedia).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Contested. India claims 59 IAF aircraft lost against 43 PAF; Pakistan claims 104 Indian against 19 of its own; independent estimates quoted by Wikipedia are 60&ndash;75 Indian and about 20 Pakistani.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_air_war_of_1965\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folland_Gnat\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_Havilland_Vampire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Canberra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd8\" data-x=\"Mizo Hills district of Assam (today Mizoram) Indian Air Force No allied air arm Dassault Ouragan (Toofani) Hawker Hunter\">\n<td>Air strikes in the Mizo Hills<span class=\"cwho\">Aizawl, March 1966<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1966<\/td>\n<td>Mizo National Front<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-ouragan\/\">Dassault Ouragan (Toofani)<\/a>, Hawker Hunter<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd8\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd8\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd8\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air strikes against the Mizo National Front uprising.<\/p>\n<p>In early March 1966, after the Mizo National Front seized much of the district, Toofanis of No. 29 Squadron and Hunters of No. 17 Squadron struck Aizawl and other places. The MNF described the raids as indiscriminate bombing of civilians; the official account, as summarised by Wikipedia, was that they targeted MNF positions. Wikipedia&rsquo;s article describes it as the only prolonged air strike by the Indian government on its own territory.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Not assessed in the sources checked beyond the strikes themselves.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Dates are given as 4&ndash;5 or 5&ndash;6 March 1966 in different accounts; casualty figures are not established.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Mizo Hills district of Assam (today Mizoram)<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Mizo National Front<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-ouragan\/\">Dassault Ouragan (Toofani)<\/a>, Hawker Hunter<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Civilian casualties disputed; not quantified in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mizo_National_Front_uprising\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd9\" data-x=\"East Pakistan (Bangladesh) and the western front Indian Air Force Alongside Mukti Bahini MiG-21 Hawker Hunter Folland Gnat Sukhoi Su-7 HAL HF-24 Marut English Electric Canberra Dassault Myst&#232;re IV\">\n<td>Indo-Pakistani war of 1971<span class=\"cwho\">the Bangladesh Liberation War<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1971<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, Hawker Hunter, Folland Gnat<span class=\"cwho\">and 4 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>5,978<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd9\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd9\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd9\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air superiority, interdiction and close support in both theatres; airborne and heliborne operations in the east.<\/p>\n<p>After weeks of border clashes, including the Gnat fight at Boyra in which two Sabres were shot down, Pakistan opened the war with air strikes on Indian bases on 3 December 1971. In the east the IAF won air superiority within days, supported the Tangail airdrop and the helicopter lift across the Meghna, and on 14 December rocketed Government House in Dhaka. In the west Hunters from Jaisalmer and Maruts stopped the Pakistani armour at Longewala, Canberras bombed the Karachi oil tanks, and Su-7s flew about 1,500 offensive sorties. Fg Offr Nirmal Jit Singh Sekhon, a Gnat pilot, received the Param Vir Chakra posthumously.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Pakistani forces in the east surrendered at Dhaka on 16 December; ceasefire in the west on 17 December; Bangladesh independent.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Loss claims are disputed and differ by source; they are given here as each side&rsquo;s claim.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>East Pakistan (Bangladesh) and the western front<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Mukti Bahini<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, Hawker Hunter, Folland Gnat, Sukhoi Su-7, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hf-24-marut\/\">HAL HF-24 Marut<\/a>, English Electric Canberra, Dassault Myst&#232;re IV<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>5,978<span class=\"cwho\">About 1,978 sorties in the east and 4,000 in the west (Wikipedia); PAF about 30 and 2,840.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Contested. India claims 75 Pakistani aircraft destroyed; Pakistan claims 130 Indian; independent tallies quoted by Wikipedia are 45&ndash;65 Indian and about 75 Pakistani.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Folland_Gnat\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Hunter\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sukhoi_Su-7\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Canberra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HAL_HF-24_Marut\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd10\" data-x=\"Siachen glacier (disputed between India and Pakistan) Indian Air Force Alongside Indian Army Helicopters and transports MiG-23\">\n<td>Operation Meghdoot<span class=\"cwho\">Siachen<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1984&ndash;<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td>Helicopters and transports, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd10\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd10\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd10\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Airlift and air supply to Indian troops on the glacier; MiG-23 air cover.<\/p>\n<p>On 13 April 1984 the IAF airlifted troops and stores to the base of the Siachen glacier so that Indian troops could occupy it before Pakistan&rsquo;s planned operation; MiG-23s flew air cover over Kashmir. The first air landing on the glacier had been a Chetak casualty evacuation on 6 October 1978. The glacier remains disputed between India and Pakistan.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> India has held the glacier since 1984; Pakistan contests it.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Neither government&rsquo;s formal statement on the dispute was reached for this page; sorties and losses not confirmed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Siachen glacier (disputed between India and Pakistan)<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Army<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Helicopters and transports, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not given in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Meghdoot\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd11\" data-x=\"Northern and eastern Sri Lanka Indian Air Force Alongside Sri Lanka (under the 1987 accord) Antonov An-32 Mil Mi-8 Mil Mi-25\/Mi-35 HAL Chetak\">\n<td>Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka<span class=\"cwho\">Operation Poomalai and Operation Pawan<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1987&ndash;1990<\/td>\n<td>LTTE<\/td>\n<td>Antonov An-32, Mil Mi-8, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mil Mi-25\/Mi-35<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd11\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd11\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd11\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air supply drop over Jaffna, then transport, helicopter lift and gunship support for the IPKF.<\/p>\n<p>On 4 June 1987 five An-32s under fighter escort dropped 25 tons of supplies over Jaffna, which the Sri Lankan army was besieging: Operation Poomalai, an Indian show of force that preceded the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord. When the IPKF went to war with the LTTE later in 1987, the IAF deployed An-32s of No. 33 Squadron, Mi-8 helicopter units and Mi-24 gunships of No. 125 Helicopter Unit.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The IPKF left in March 1990 without defeating the LTTE.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">IAF-specific losses and sorties were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern and eastern Sri Lanka<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Sri Lanka (under the 1987 accord)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>LTTE<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Antonov An-32, Mil Mi-8, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mil Mi-25\/Mi-35<\/a>, HAL Chetak<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">IAF losses not given in the sources checked. The IPKF as a whole lost 1,165 killed (Indian Defence Minister George Fernandes, 1999).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_Peace_Keeping_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd12\" data-x=\"Mal&#233;, Maldives Indian Air Force Alongside Maldives government Ilyushin Il-76 Dassault Mirage 2000\">\n<td>Operation Cactus<span class=\"cwho\">the Maldives coup<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>Coup plotters and mercenaries<\/td>\n<td>Ilyushin Il-76, Dassault Mirage 2000<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd12\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd12\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd12\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Long-range airlift of paratroops to Hulhule airport.<\/p>\n<p>On the night of 3&ndash;4 November 1988, at President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom&rsquo;s request, IAF Il-76s from Agra flew troops of the 50th Independent Parachute Brigade about 3,700 km non-stop to Hulhule, the airport island, which they secured before crossing to Mal&#233; and rescuing the President. Mirage 2000s flew in support. It was the IAF&rsquo;s longest-range intervention.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The coup was defeated and President Gayoom restored within hours.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The Wikipedia account says the Mirages escorted the Il-76s; some accounts describe their role as a show of force.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Mal&#233;, Maldives<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Maldives government<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Coup plotters and mercenaries<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Ilyushin Il-76, Dassault Mirage 2000<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No IAF losses.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Cactus\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd13\" data-x=\"Kargil, Drass and Batalik sectors of Ladakh (Indian-administered Kashmir) Indian Air Force Alongside Indian Army Dassault Mirage 2000 MiG-21 MiG-23 MiG-27 MiG-29 SEPECAT Jaguar English Electric Canberra Mil Mi-17\">\n<td>Kargil War<span class=\"cwho\">Operation Safed Sagar<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td>Dassault Mirage 2000, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 5 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>7,831<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd13\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd13\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd13\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Strikes on infiltrators&rsquo; positions on the heights; reconnaissance; helicopter support.<\/p>\n<p>Operation Safed Sagar began on 26 May 1999, the first large use of air power in Kashmir since 1971. Losses came quickly: Flt Lt Nachiketa ejected from his MiG-27 and was captured, Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja was killed after his MiG-21 was hit by a Stinger, and on 28 May a Mi-17 was shot down with all four crew. From 30 May Mirage 2000s with laser-guided bombs, escorted by MiG-29s, struck Tiger Hill and Muntho Dhalo. Pakistan at first said the intruders were independent Kashmiri militants and later acknowledged the involvement of its own troops.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Indian forces retook the heights by 26 July 1999.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The cause of the MiG-27 loss is disputed: the MiG-27 article gives an engine flameout while firing rockets (the Indian account), the Kargil article says it was hit by an Anza missile. Sources also differ on whether the Canberra was hit by an Anza or a Stinger, and date Nachiketa&rsquo;s loss to 26 or 27 May.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Kargil, Drass and Batalik sectors of Ladakh (Indian-administered Kashmir)<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Army<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Dassault Mirage 2000, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-27-flogger\/\">MiG-27<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-29-fulcrum\/\">MiG-29<\/a>, SEPECAT Jaguar, English Electric Canberra, Mil Mi-17<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>7,831<span class=\"cwho\">7,831 sorties, including about 1,730 by combat aircraft (Wikipedia); the Mirages flew 514.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>3 aircraft &middot; 5 killed<span class=\"cwho\">A MiG-27 (pilot Flt Lt K. Nachiketa captured), a MiG-21 (Sqn Ldr Ajay Ahuja killed) and a Mi-17 (four crew killed) in the first days; a Canberra damaged on 21 May.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Safed_Sagar\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan_MiG-27\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dassault_Mirage_2000\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan_MiG-29\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Canberra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd14\" data-x=\"Kailahun, Sierra Leone Indian Air Force (with UNAMSIL) Alongside United Nations and United Kingdom Mil Mi-8 Mil Mi-35 HAL Chetak\">\n<td>Operation Khukri<span class=\"cwho\">UNAMSIL, Sierra Leone<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force (with UNAMSIL)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2000<\/td>\n<td>Revolutionary United Front<\/td>\n<td>Mil Mi-8, Mil Mi-35, HAL Chetak<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd14\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd14\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd14\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Troop lift and fire support to break the siege of Indian UN peacekeepers.<\/p>\n<p>In July 2000, eight Mi-8s, three Mi-35 gunships and two Chetaks of the IAF&rsquo;s UN detachment supported the operation to relieve Indian peacekeepers surrounded by the RUF at Kailahun. The Mi-8s inserted and extracted troops, including British special forces on 15 July, and the Mi-35s gave fire support to the columns breaking out.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The besieged Indian peacekeepers were extracted.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The Wikipedia summary lists one killed and seven wounded but does not make clear whether these were air force personnel.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force (with UNAMSIL)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Kailahun, Sierra Leone<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations and United Kingdom<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Revolutionary United Front<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Mil Mi-8, Mil Mi-35, HAL Chetak<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">No IAF aircraft lost; Indian forces lost one soldier killed (Havaldar Krishan Kumar).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Khukri\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd15\" data-x=\"Balakot (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir Indian Air Force No allied air arm Dassault Mirage 2000 Sukhoi Su-30MKI MiG-21 Bison Mil Mi-17V-5\">\n<td>Balakot air strike and the 27 February air battle<span class=\"cwho\">Pakistan: Operation Swift Retort<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td>Dassault Mirage 2000, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, MiG-21 Bison<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd15\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd15\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd15\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Stand-off strike on an alleged militant camp; air defence against the Pakistani retaliation.<\/p>\n<p>On 26 February 2019, after the Pulwama bombing, twelve Mirage 2000s struck a target at Balakot that India described as a Jaish-e-Mohammed camp; Foreign Secretary Vijay Gokhale said a very large number of militants had been killed. Pakistan said the bombs fell in an unpopulated forest and caused no casualties, and satellite analyses cited by Wikipedia (Planet Labs, the Atlantic Council&rsquo;s DFRLab, ASPI and others) found no significant damage. On 27 February, India says, Pakistani jets crossed the Line of Control; in the fight that followed Wg Cdr Abhinandan&rsquo;s MiG-21 Bison was shot down and he was captured. India says he shot down an F-16 first; Pakistan denies using or losing an F-16, and a US count reported in the press found Pakistan&rsquo;s F-16s accounted for. The same morning an IAF Mi-17 was shot down over Budgam by an Indian surface-to-air missile; the Air Chief called it a big mistake in October 2019.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Pakistan released Wg Cdr Abhinandan Varthaman on 1 March 2019; both sides claimed success.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Every claim here is attributed; neither the Indian F-16 claim nor the Pakistani Su-30 claim has been independently confirmed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Balakot (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Dassault Mirage 2000, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, MiG-21 Bison, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mil Mi-17V-5<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>6 killed<span class=\"cwho\">India: one MiG-21 lost, pilot captured; one Mi-17V-5 shot down by an Indian missile at Budgam (six airmen killed). Pakistan: denies any loss. India claims a PAF F-16 shot down; Pakistan claims two Indian aircraft (a MiG-21 and a Su-30).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2019_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dassault_Mirage_2000\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd16\" data-x=\"Pakistan, Pakistan-administered Kashmir and north-western India Indian Air Force Alongside Indian Army and Indian Navy Dassault Rafale Sukhoi Su-30MKI Dassault Mirage 2000 MiG-29 S-400 and other air defence systems\">\n<td>Operation Sindoor<span class=\"cwho\">the May 2025 conflict with Pakistan (Pakistan: Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos)<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Indian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td>Pakistan<\/td>\n<td>Dassault Rafale, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Dassault Mirage 2000<span class=\"cwho\">and 2 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd16\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd16\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd16\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Stand-off strikes on alleged militant sites (7 May) and on Pakistani air bases and radars (10 May); air defence against Pakistani drones and missiles.<\/p>\n<p>After 26 people were killed in the Pahalgam attack, India struck nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir early on 7 May, saying no Pakistani military facilities were targeted; Rafales used SCALP missiles and Hammer bombs. The large air battle that night, with aircraft of both sides firing from long range, is where Pakistan says it shot down Indian jets. After drone and missile exchanges, India said on 10 May that it had struck radar and command sites and the bases at Rafiqui, Murid, Chaklala (Nur Khan), Rahimyar Khan, Pasrur and Sialkot; Su-30MKIs fired BrahMos missiles. Pakistan&rsquo;s Operation Bunyan-um-Marsoos claimed hits on Indian bases and an S-400, which India denied and rebutted with dated images. Governments reported 21 civilians and 8 security personnel killed in India and 40 civilians and 13 military personnel in Pakistan. A ceasefire took effect that evening.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ceasefire from 17:00 IST on 10 May 2025; both governments claimed victory.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Both sides&rsquo; aircraft-loss figures remain unconfirmed; independent satellite analysis cited by Wikipedia confirms damage at several Pakistani bases, and AirForces Monthly reported that the Indian Air Chief&rsquo;s August claim lacked supporting evidence.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan, Pakistan-administered Kashmir and north-western India<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Indian Army and Indian Navy<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Pakistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Dassault Rafale, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Dassault Mirage 2000, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-29-fulcrum\/\">MiG-29<\/a>, S-400 and other air defence systems<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Contested. Pakistan claimed five, then six Indian aircraft downed (on 28 May: four Rafales, a MiG-29 and one other). India said on 11 May that losses are part of combat and CDS Gen Anil Chauhan acknowledged losses on 31 May but rejected the figure of six. A US official told Reuters with high confidence that J-10s downed at least two Indian jets; the French air chief said he had seen evidence of three (a Rafale, a Mirage 2000 and a Sukhoi). India&rsquo;s Air Chief said in August 2025 that five Pakistani fighters and one large aircraft were destroyed, and on 3 October four to five fighters; Pakistan denies losing aircraft.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2127370\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PIB<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/ministry-of-external-affairs-special-briefing-on-operation-sindoor\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/air-chief-marshal-amarpreet-singh-lauds-operation-sindoor-for-precision-strikes\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/us-panel-accuses-china-of-disinformation-after-operation-sindoor\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/1909305\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dawn<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2025_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_conflict\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Sindoor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/air-chief-marshal-amarpreet-singh-lauds-operation-sindoor-for-precision-strikes\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air: Air Chief Marshal Amarpreet Singh lauds Operation Sindoor for precision strikes (3 October 2025)<\/a><span>Air Chief&rsquo;s Air Force Day press remarks: four to five Pakistani fighters destroyed; air defence central to the operation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pib.gov.in\/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2127370\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">PIB: Operation Sindoor: Indian Armed Forces carried out precision strike at terrorist camps (7 May 2025)<\/a><span>Nine sites struck; Indian statement that no Pakistani military facilities were targeted; response to the Pahalgam attack (26 killed).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/ministry-of-external-affairs-special-briefing-on-operation-sindoor\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air: India conducts precision strikes on Pakistan military targets (MEA special briefing, 10 May 2025)<\/a><span>Indian briefing: strikes on Rafiqui, Murid, Chaklala, Rahimyar Khan, Pasrur and Sialkot; denial of Pakistani claims of S-400 and Sirsa\/Suratgarh damage.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/newsonair.gov.in\/us-panel-accuses-china-of-disinformation-after-operation-sindoor\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">News On Air: US panel accuses China of disinformation after Operation Sindoor (19 November 2025)<\/a><span>USCC report; restates the Air Chief&rsquo;s claim of five Pakistani fighters and one large surveillance aircraft destroyed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dawn.com\/news\/1909305\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dawn: Pakistan vows revenge after Indian misadventure (8 May 2025)<\/a><span>Pakistani official claim of five Indian jets downed on 7 May 2025; National Security Committee statement.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-30. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indian-air-force\/\">Back to the Indian Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam .nf10{background-position:-222px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"cmb-data\" 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