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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/dominican-air-force\/\">Dominican Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>The Dominican Air Force in combat<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">In the 1965 civil war the air force at San Isidro, under General El&#237;as Wess&#237;n y Wess&#237;n, fought on the Loyalist side against the Constitutionalists, who sought to restore the elected president Juan Bosch. The United States intervened from 28 April, in the Library of Congress&rsquo;s words &ldquo;in the stated belief that the Constitutionalists were dominated by communists&rdquo;; the Constitutionalists saw the intervention as blocking the return of an elected government. Casualty figures are Wikipedia&rsquo;s and are not broken down by service. The landings of 1949 and 1959 rest on few sources, and no official count of drug-flight interceptions was found. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the Luper&#243;n landing of 1949 to the interception of drug flights today.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Luper&#243;n, north coast Cuerpo de Aviaci&#243;n Militar Dominicana No allied air arm P-47D Thunderbolt\">\n<td>The Luper&#243;n landing<span class=\"cwho\">Luper&#243;n 1949<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Cuerpo de Aviaci&#243;n Militar Dominicana<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>Dominican exile expedition<\/td>\n<td>P-47D Thunderbolt<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Its first combat operation, against an exile air expedition aimed at Trujillo.<\/p>\n<p>The Spanish Wikipedia dates the air arm&rsquo;s first combat operation to 14 June 1949, against aircraft of an exile expedition that landed at Luper&#243;n. Two years earlier, in 1947, an exile force had gathered in Cuba to invade, which the same article cites as the reason for the rapid build-up that followed. Details of the air action were not confirmed in a second source.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The landing failed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Single source (Spanish Wikipedia); aircraft types, casualties and the course of the action are unconfirmed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Cuerpo de Aviaci&#243;n Militar Dominicana<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Luper&#243;n, north coast<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Dominican exile expedition<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>P-47D Thunderbolt<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not found in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_de_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Spanish)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Constanza (mountains) and the north coast Fuerza A&#233;rea (Trujillo era) No allied air arm de Havilland Vampire P-51D Mustang\">\n<td>The Constanza, Maim&#243;n and Estero Hondo landings<span class=\"cwho\">June 1959 invasion<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea (Trujillo era)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>Expedition launched from Cuba<\/td>\n<td>de Havilland Vampire, P-51D Mustang<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Attacked an armed expedition from Cuba that aimed to overthrow Trujillo.<\/p>\n<p>In June 1959, six months after Fidel Castro took power in Cuba, an armed expedition launched from Cuba tried to overthrow Trujillo, with landings at Constanza, Maim&#243;n and Estero Hondo. English Wikipedia&rsquo;s Vampire article says Dominican Vampires saw combat, preventing an attempted amphibious landing by what it calls Cuban revolutionaries. The regime&rsquo;s forces defeated the expedition.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The expedition was defeated.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty figures and the share of the air force in the defeat were not confirmed in the sources reached.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea (Trujillo era)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Constanza (mountains) and the north coast<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Expedition launched from Cuba<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>de Havilland Vampire, P-51D Mustang<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not found in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_Havilland_Vampire\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_de_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Spanish)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Rafael-Trujillo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Encyclop&#230;dia Britannica<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Santo Domingo Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana (Loyalist) Alongside Loyalist army units (Wess&#237;n y Wess&#237;n) and United States (from 28 April) P-51D Mustang de Havilland Vampire\">\n<td>The Dominican Civil War and US intervention<span class=\"cwho\">April 1965<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana (Loyalist)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>Constitutionalists (supporters of Juan Bosch and the 1963 constitution)<\/td>\n<td>P-51D Mustang, de Havilland Vampire<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Loyalist air force at San Isidro strafed, bombed and rocketed Constitutionalist positions, including the National Palace.<\/p>\n<p>The revolt began on 24 April 1965 when reformist officers and civilians took the National Palace to return the deposed president Juan Bosch to power. On 25 April the Loyalists, led by General El&#237;as Wess&#237;n y Wess&#237;n from San Isidro, struck back with tanks and aircraft. English Wikipedia records four Loyalist P-51s bombing the palace and Constitutionalist positions, and on 26 April two P-51s and two Vampires strafing Santo Domingo with machine guns and 20 mm cannon, dropping 500 lb bombs and firing HVAR rockets; one Mustang was shot down by a machine gun on the ground. The Library of Congress study notes that despite tank assaults and bombing runs the Constitutionalists held the capital. On 28 April the United States intervened; paratroops of the 82nd Airborne landed at San Isidro, and US forces eventually totalled about 20,000. President Johnson acted, in the Library of Congress&rsquo;s words, &ldquo;in the stated belief that the Constitutionalists were dominated by communists&rdquo;; the Constitutionalists saw the intervention as blocking the return of an elected government. An OAS force followed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ceasefire under US and OAS supervision; H&#233;ctor Garc&#237;a Godoy became provisional president on 3 September 1965.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty figures are Wikipedia infobox figures and are not broken down by service. The claim that this was the last P-51 lost in battle is Wikipedia&rsquo;s.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana (Loyalist)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Santo Domingo<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Loyalist army units (Wess&#237;n y Wess&#237;n) and United States (from 28 April)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Constitutionalists (supporters of Juan Bosch and the 1963 constitution)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>P-51D Mustang, de Havilland Vampire<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">One P-51 shot down by ground fire, per English Wikipedia. Wikipedia&rsquo;s infobox gives about 600 Constitutionalist and 500 Loyalist regulars and 325 police killed, and 47 US dead; these are not air force figures.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominican_Civil_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/dominican-republic\/13.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Congress Country Studies<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_P-51_Mustang\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Dominican airspace Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana \/ FARD Alongside DNCD (national drug control agency) and United States (equipment donations) A-37B Dragonfly A-29B Super Tucano\">\n<td>Air interdiction of drug flights<span class=\"cwho\">counter-narcotics<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana \/ FARD<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1985&ndash;present<\/td>\n<td>Drug-trafficking flights<\/td>\n<td>A-37B Dragonfly, A-29B Super Tucano<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Intercepting unauthorised aircraft from South America, with A-37Bs from 1985 and Super Tucanos since 2009.<\/p>\n<p>The Spanish Wikipedia dates the first interception by an A-37B to 1985, when a smuggling Beechcraft 18 was brought down. The Super Tucanos took over the mission in 2009. In March 2021 the DNCD said a radar track after 21:00 led to an A-29B being launched to intercept a twin-engine Rockwell 690B from South America; it crashed attempting an emergency landing in a cane field near Batey Palo Bonito, La Altagracia, and its two occupants died. In February 2024 the United States donated a surveillance Cessna worth more than US$8 million for the same fight.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ongoing. Wikipedia reports illicit air tracks down by more than 80 per cent after the Super Tucanos and new radars arrived.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The 1985 interception rests on the Spanish Wikipedia alone; how the smuggler was brought down is not described. No official count of interceptions was found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Dominicana \/ FARD<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Dominican airspace<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>DNCD (national drug control agency) and United States (equipment donations)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Drug-trafficking flights<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>A-37B Dragonfly, A-29B Super Tucano<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No air force losses found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_de_Rep%C3%BAblica_Dominicana\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (Spanish)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embraer_EMB_314_Super_Tucano\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zona-militar.com\/2021\/03\/15\/republica-dominicana-super-tucano-intercepta-un-vuelo-ilegal-el-avion-perseguido-se-estrella\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zona Militar<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.southcom.mil\/MEDIA\/NEWS-ARTICLES\/Article\/3680636\/us-government-donates-aircraft-to-dominican-republic-to-combat-narcotics-traffi\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Southern Command<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/dominican-republic\/13.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Library of Congress Country Studies: Dominican Republic &mdash; Civil War and United States Intervention, 1965<\/a><span>Revolt of 24 April 1965; Constitutionalists and Loyalists; Wessin y Wessin; Loyalist bombing runs; US intervention 28 April with up to 20,000 troops; the US stated reason; OAS peace force; Garc&#237;a Godoy provisional president 3 September 1965. Country study published 1989.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/Rafael-Trujillo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Encyclop&#230;dia Britannica: Rafael Trujillo<\/a><span>Trujillo in power 1930&ndash;1961; seized power in a military revolt in 1930; the 1937 massacre of Haitian migrants; assassinated 30 May 1961.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.southcom.mil\/MEDIA\/NEWS-ARTICLES\/Article\/3680636\/us-government-donates-aircraft-to-dominican-republic-to-combat-narcotics-traffi\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Southern Command: US Government donates aircraft to Dominican Republic to combat narcotics trafficking (20 February 2024)<\/a><span>A Cessna aircraft worth more than US$8 million handed to the Ministry of Defence at San Isidro; names Maj. Gen. Carlos R. Febrillet Rodr&#237;guez as air force commander.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zona-militar.com\/2021\/03\/15\/republica-dominicana-super-tucano-intercepta-un-vuelo-ilegal-el-avion-perseguido-se-estrella\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zona Militar: Rep&#250;blica Dominicana: Super Tucano intercepta un vuelo ilegal, el avi&#243;n perseguido se estrella (15 March 2021)<\/a><span>DNCD statement: an A-29B launched to intercept a Rockwell 690B from South America, which crashed near Batey Palo Bonito, La Altagracia; two dead.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-10-01. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/dominican-air-force\/\">Back to the Dominican Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px 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The United States intervened from 28 April, in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":29485,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-29487","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Dominican Air Force combat record | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/es\/fuerzas-aereas\/dominican-air-force\/historial-de-combate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dominican Air Force combat record | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Dominican Air Force The Dominican Air Force in combat In the 1965 civil war the air force at San Isidro, under General El&#237;as Wess&#237;n y Wess&#237;n, fought on the Loyalist side against the Constitutionalists, who sought to restore the elected president Juan Bosch. 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