{"id":16572,"date":"2026-07-12T00:09:49","date_gmt":"2026-07-11T22:09:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=16572"},"modified":"2026-08-29T06:43:56","modified_gmt":"2026-08-29T04:43:56","slug":"panavia-tornado","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/aircraft\/panavia-tornado\/","title":{"rendered":"Panavia Tornado \u2014 History, Specs &#038; Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"mfam\">\n<style> @import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Lora:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;1,400;1,500&display=swap'); body.page-id-16572 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-16572 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-16572 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} html{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-16572{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-16572 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-16572 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 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64px;align-items:center;gap:16px;padding:9px 0}#mfam .fname{font-size:14px;font-weight:600}#mfam .fbar{display:block;background:#eef1f6;height:16px}#mfam .fbar i{display:block;height:16px;background:#5C91FF}#mfam .fnum{font-size:14px;text-align:right;color:#3d4654;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums}#mfam .spx-lede{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d4654;max-width:760px;margin:0 0 28px}#mfam .spx-note{font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;color:#697386;margin-top:18px;max-width:860px}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .armgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .loadouts dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .varlist{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}}<\/style>\n<p> <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I fly in a Tornado?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"No public Panavia Tornado passenger flights are available. It is a front-line military strike jet operated only by air forces. You can, however, fly in several genuine ex-military fighter jets today via MiGFlug.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How fast is the Tornado?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The Tornado can reach about Mach 2.2 (2,400 km\/h) at altitude with wings swept. Its speciality is high subsonic speed at extreme low level, around 900 km\/h just 60 m above the ground.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why does the Tornado have swing wings?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The variable-geometry wing spreads wide (about 25 degrees) for lift on short runways and sweeps back (about 67 degrees) into a low-drag dart for a fast low-level dash, letting one aircraft do both jobs.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the difference between the Tornado IDS, GR4, ADV\/F3 and ECR?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The IDS is the low-level strike bomber (RAF GR1\/GR4). The ADV or Tornado F3 is a stretched long-range interceptor. The ECR is a German and Italian defence-suppression variant that hunts radars with anti-radiation missiles.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Is the Tornado still in service?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The RAF retired its Tornado GR4 in 2019, but Germany, Italy and Saudi Arabia still operate the type in 2026, with European replacement by the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35 under way.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What replaced the Tornado?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"In RAF service the Tornado's strike role passed to the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35B Lightning. Germany and Italy are also replacing their Tornados with the Typhoon and F-35.\"}}]}<\/script> <\/p>\n<header class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"hero-media\"><img data-opt-id=1860097121  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raf-tornado-gr4-flight-scaled.jpg\"  src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"RAF Panavia Tornado GR4 strike aircraft in flight\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/\">Aircraft Museum<\/a> \u203a <span>Multirole Combat Aircraft<\/span> \u203a <span>Tornado<\/span><\/div>\n<h1>Panavia Tornado<br \/><em>IDS \u00b7 ADV \u00b7 ECR<\/em><\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Europe\u2019s Cold War strike jet \u2014 a tri-national, variable-geometry swing-wing bomber built to punch through Warsaw Pact defences at treetop height and hit its target on the first pass, in any weather, day or night.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Mach 2.2<\/b><span>Top speed at altitude<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>~990<\/b><span>Built (+11 prototypes) \u00b7 1979\u20131998<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>3 nations<\/b><span>UK \u00b7 West Germany \u00b7 Italy<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1974<\/b><span>First flight \u00b7 in service 1979\/80<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"credit\">Photo: Corporal Mike Jones \u00b7 OGL v1.0<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Role<\/b>Strike\/interdiction, air defence &amp; SEAD<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Era<\/b>Cold War &amp; modern<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Engine<\/b>2 \u00d7 Turbo-Union RB199<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Origin<\/b>Panavia \u00b7 UK\/West Germany\/Italy<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>In service (UK retired 2019)<\/span><a class=\"chip fly\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">Want to fly a fighter jet yourself?<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The Story<\/div>\n<h2>One jet, three nations, a whole continent to defend<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>By the late 1960s, several European air forces faced the same problem and none could afford to solve it alone. Britain, West Germany and Italy all needed a fast, all-weather strike aircraft able to fly under Soviet radar, cross the Iron Curtain at low level and hit airfields and bridges deep in Warsaw Pact territory. In 1968 they launched the <strong>Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MRCA)<\/strong> programme, and in 1969 founded <strong>Panavia Aircraft GmbH<\/strong> \u2014 a consortium of British, German and Italian firms \u2014 to build it.<\/p>\n<p>The answer was the Tornado: a compact, two-seat jet with a <strong>variable-geometry \u201cswing\u201d wing<\/strong> that spread wide for slow, short-field takeoff and swept back sharply for a Mach-capable low-level dash. The prototype first flew from Manching, Germany, on 14 August 1974, and the type entered service with the RAF and Luftwaffe in 1979\u201380. Roughly 990 were built before production ended in 1998.<\/p>\n<p>Two very different families grew from the same airframe. The <strong>IDS<\/strong> (Interdictor\/Strike) \u2014 the RAF\u2019s GR1 and later GR4 \u2014 was the low-level bomber the programme was really about. From it Britain developed the stretched <strong>ADV<\/strong> (Air Defence Variant), the Tornado F3 interceptor built to guard UK airspace, while Germany and Italy fielded the <strong>ECR<\/strong> for radar-hunting defence suppression. The Tornado went on to fight in every major Western air campaign from 1991 to 2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"pull\">Nobody could afford it alone \u2014 so three nations built one jet, and it defended Western Europe for forty years.<cite><b>The MRCA bargain<\/b> \u2014 how Panavia turned a compromise into a workhorse<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">01<\/span><span class=\"t\">Why the Panavia Tornado was almost impossible to build \u2014 and got built anyway<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>A three-nation weapons programme is a political minefield: every partner wants work-share, a say in the design, and an aircraft tuned to its own doctrine. The MRCA nearly collapsed several times \u2014 the Netherlands, Belgium and Canada dropped out early, and Britain, Germany and Italy each wanted something slightly different. The compromise was a single flexible airframe that could be a low-level strike bomber, an interceptor or a defence-suppression platform depending on the fit-out.<\/p>\n<p>Work was split by stake: Britain and West Germany held 42.5% each, Italy 15%, mirrored in the engine consortium Turbo-Union. That the partners delivered a genuinely capable aircraft \u2014 on a scale no single European nation could have managed \u2014 made the Tornado the template for later joint programmes like the Eurofighter Typhoon and the A400M.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Design &amp; Engineering<\/div>\n<h2>What makes the Tornado special<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cards3\">\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The variable-geometry \u201cswing\u201d wing<\/h3>\n<p>The Tornado\u2019s wings pivot in flight from about <strong>25\u00b0 spread to 67\u00b0 swept<\/strong>. Spread wide, the wing gives the lift and low speed needed to operate from short, damaged runways; swept back, it becomes a clean, low-drag dart for a high-speed run at treetop height. One airframe therefore does two contradictory jobs \u2014 short-field flexibility and a stable, punishing low-level dash \u2014 that a fixed wing cannot.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Terrain-following, blind first-pass attack<\/h3>\n<p>The strike Tornado pairs a <strong>ground-mapping radar with a dedicated terrain-following radar<\/strong>, letting it fly automatically at 60&nbsp;m in cloud, fog or dark while hugging the contours of the ground. Coupled to an inertial navigation and computing system, it was built to reach a target it had never seen and hit it accurately on the <strong>first pass, in any weather<\/strong> \u2014 the core promise of the whole programme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"num\">03<\/div>\n<h3>Twin RB199 turbofans with thrust reverser<\/h3>\n<p>Power comes from two <strong>Turbo-Union RB199<\/strong> three-shaft afterburning turbofans \u2014 a compact, fuel-efficient design giving roughly 71&nbsp;kN each in reheat. Uniquely for a fighter, the RB199 has an <strong>integrated thrust reverser<\/strong>, so the Tornado can slam to a stop on a short, wet or battle-damaged strip \u2014 a decisive advantage for an aircraft meant to keep flying after its airfields were hit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">02<\/span><span class=\"t\">The Tornado\u2019s two-man crew: why the navigator mattered as much as the pilot<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The Tornado was always a <strong>two-seat<\/strong> aircraft: a pilot in front and a navigator (in RAF service, the \u201cnav\u201d; elsewhere a weapon systems officer) behind. Low-level all-weather strike is a two-person job \u2014 at 900&nbsp;km\/h and 60&nbsp;m, one crew member flies the jet while the other runs the radar, navigation, targeting and defensive systems. The back-seater managed the terrain-following approach, found and designated the target, and worked the electronic-warfare kit, freeing the pilot to concentrate on not flying into the ground. It is a division of labour the single-seat strike fighters that replaced the Tornado now hand to software.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">03<\/span><span class=\"t\">IDS, ADV and ECR: three Tornados from one airframe<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>The <strong>IDS<\/strong> (Interdictor\/Strike) is the original low-level bomber \u2014 the RAF\u2019s Tornado GR1, later upgraded to the GR4, plus the German, Italian and Saudi strike jets. The <strong>ADV<\/strong> (Air Defence Variant), the RAF\u2019s Tornado F3, is a stretched interceptor with a longer fuselage, a bigger radar and long-range missiles, built to defend UK airspace against Soviet bombers rather than to attack ground targets. The <strong>ECR<\/strong> (Electronic Combat\/Reconnaissance) is a German and Italian defence-suppression variant that hunts enemy radars with anti-radiation missiles. Same wing, same engines \u2014 three very different missions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Technical Data<\/div>\n<h2>Full specifications \u2014 Tornado IDS<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-note\">Baseline note: the figures below describe the <b>Tornado IDS<\/b> in the RAF&rsquo;s mid-life-updated <b>GR4<\/b> form, the standard the strike fleet flew for its last two decades and the one with the best-documented published data. Deltas for the stretched <b>ADV \/ F3<\/b> interceptor and the German <b>ECR<\/b> in <span class=\"imp\">grey<\/span>. Where the Bundeswehr&rsquo;s own published data for its IDS differs from the reference works, both figures are given rather than one being quietly preferred.<\/p>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Dimensions &amp; weights<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Crew<\/dt>\n<dd>2 in tandem <span class=\"imp\">&mdash; pilot and navigator; no single-seat Tornado was ever built<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>16.72 m <span class=\"imp\">(54 ft 10 in); ADV 18.68 m (61 ft 3 in) after a 1.36 m plug behind the cockpit; the Bundeswehr publishes 17.23 m for its own IDS<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wingspan, wings forward<\/dt>\n<dd>13.91 m <span class=\"imp\">(45 ft 8 in) at 25&deg; sweep<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wingspan, mid sweep<\/dt>\n<dd>11.58 m <span class=\"imp\">(38 ft 0 in) at 45&deg; sweep<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wingspan, wings swept<\/dt>\n<dd>8.56 m <span class=\"imp\">(28 ft 1 in) at 67&deg; sweep<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sweep range<\/dt>\n<dd>25&deg; to 67&deg;, pilot-selected <span class=\"imp\">(automatic sweep on the ADV \/ F3 only)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Height<\/dt>\n<dd>5.95 m <span class=\"imp\">(19 ft 6 in)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wing area<\/dt>\n<dd>26.6 m&sup2; <span class=\"imp\">(286 sq ft) &mdash; strikingly small for the weight, which is the whole point of the design<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Empty weight<\/dt>\n<dd>13,890 kg <span class=\"imp\">(30,620 lb); ADV about 14,500 kg (31,970 lb)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Internal fuel<\/dt>\n<dd>~6,350 kg <span class=\"imp\">(~14,000 lb); the ADV plug added a further &quot;Tank 0&quot; of 200 imperial gallons<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Maximum external load<\/dt>\n<dd>~9,000 kg <span class=\"imp\">(~19,800 lb) across seven stations, never carried at full fuel<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Maximum take-off weight<\/dt>\n<dd>27,215 kg <span class=\"imp\">(60,000 lb); ADV 27,986 kg (61,700 lb); the Bundeswehr quotes 28.5 t for the German IDS<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Store stations<\/dt>\n<dd>7 &mdash; three under the fuselage, four on swivelling wing pylons that rotate to stay aligned as the wing sweeps <span class=\"imp\">(the inner wing pylons also carry shoulder rails for two short-range air-to-air missiles each)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wing loading<\/dt>\n<dd>767 kg\/m&sup2; <span class=\"imp\">(157 lb\/sq ft) at maximum take-off weight &mdash; among the highest of any combat aircraft, and deliberately so<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Performance<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Maximum speed, altitude<\/dt>\n<dd>2,400 km\/h <span class=\"imp\">(1,491 mph), Mach 2.2 at 9,000 m &mdash; only with the variable intake ramps working. They were inhibited on most IDS airframes, which caps them nearer Mach 1.9; the ADV kept them<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Maximum speed, low level<\/dt>\n<dd>Mach 1.3 <span class=\"imp\">(about 1,590 km\/h \/ 990 mph at sea level) &mdash; the Bundeswehr&rsquo;s published figure for its IDS<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Typical attack run speed<\/dt>\n<dd>480&ndash;600 kn <span class=\"imp\">(890&ndash;1,110 km\/h; 550&ndash;690 mph) on the terrain-following leg<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Terrain-following set clearance<\/dt>\n<dd>as low as 60 m <span class=\"imp\">(200 ft), flown hands-off by the autopilot in cloud and at night<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Service ceiling<\/dt>\n<dd>15,240 m <span class=\"imp\">(50,000 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat radius, lo-lo-lo<\/dt>\n<dd>~926 km <span class=\"imp\">(~575 mi), Panavia&rsquo;s own figure for the all-low-level profile<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat radius, hi-lo-hi<\/dt>\n<dd>~1,574 km <span class=\"imp\">(~978 mi)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Ferry range<\/dt>\n<dd>3,890 km <span class=\"imp\">(2,417 mi) with drop tanks; 4,265 km (2,650 mi) for the ADV on four tanks<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat air patrol endurance<\/dt>\n<dd>2 hours at 560&ndash;740 km <span class=\"imp\">(350&ndash;460 mi) from base &mdash; an ADV \/ F3 figure, and the reason the interceptor existed<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Take-off run<\/dt>\n<dd>900 m <span class=\"imp\">(2,950 ft) at typical strike weight, wings at 25&deg; with full flap and slat<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Landing run<\/dt>\n<dd>370 m <span class=\"imp\">(1,215 ft) using the thrust reversers &mdash; German insistence on austere-strip performance drove this<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Load factor limits<\/dt>\n<dd>+7.5 \/ &minus;3 g<\/dd>\n<dt>Thrust-to-weight<\/dt>\n<dd>0.77 <span class=\"imp\">at maximum take-off weight &mdash; a bomber&rsquo;s number, not a fighter&rsquo;s<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable wide\">\n<h4>Propulsion &amp; systems<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Engines<\/dt>\n<dd>2 &times; Turbo-Union RB199-34R Mk 103 afterburning three-spool turbofans <span class=\"imp\">(Mk 104 with lengthened reheat pipes on the ADV \/ F3; uprated Mk 105 on Luftwaffe ECRs only)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Thrust, each<\/dt>\n<dd>43.8 kN <span class=\"imp\">(9,850 lbf)<\/span> dry, 76.8 kN <span class=\"imp\">(17,270 lbf)<\/span> with reheat. <span class=\"imp\">Sources disagree: Jane&rsquo;s gives the ADV&rsquo;s Mk 104 as 40.5 kN (9,105 lbf) dry and 73.5 kN (16,520 lbf) reheat, and the Bundeswehr publishes 41.0 kN (9,220 lbf) and 69.0 kN (15,510 lbf) for its own aircraft<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Thrust reversers<\/dt>\n<dd>Clamshell buckets in both nozzles, deployed on touchdown. Testing showed they destabilise the aircraft badly enough that nose-wheel steering had to be augmented through the yaw damper to keep the landing roll straight<\/dd>\n<dt>Fuel and refuelling<\/dt>\n<dd>~6,350 kg internal plus up to four drop tanks; bolt-on probe on the starboard forward fuselage for the IDS, fully retractable probe on the ADV &mdash; which is why the ADV lost its port cannon<\/dd>\n<dt>Attack radar<\/dt>\n<dd>Texas Instruments dual radar in one nose: a ground-mapping and target-fixing set alongside a separate dedicated terrain-following radar, so the aeroplane could navigate, attack and hug the ground at the same time <span class=\"imp\">(ADV instead carries the Marconi \/ Ferranti AI.24 Foxhunter, 20 targets tracked at up to 160 km &mdash; and it was years late and badly troubled)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Navigation<\/dt>\n<dd>Ferranti FIN1010 three-axis inertial platform with Doppler; GPS and laser inertial added by the GR4 update and Germany&rsquo;s ASSTA programmes<\/dd>\n<dt>Targeting and sights<\/dt>\n<dd>Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker in the nose; TIALD pod rushed into service in 1991; Litening III and RAPTOR on the GR4; wide-angle head-up display, night-vision-compatible cockpit and forward-looking infrared from the GR4 update<\/dd>\n<dt>Defensive aids<\/dt>\n<dd>Sky Shadow jammer pod to port and BOZ-100 \/ BOZ-107 chaff and flare dispenser to starboard on RAF and Saudi aircraft; Cerberus II\/III and later the Tornado Self-Protection Jammer on German aircraft; radar warning receivers throughout<\/dd>\n<dt>Ejection seats<\/dt>\n<dd>2 &times; Martin-Baker Mk 10A, zero-zero<\/dd>\n<dt>First flight<\/dt>\n<dd>Prototype P.01 on 14 August 1974; ADV prototype 27 October 1979; first GR4 4 April 1997<\/dd>\n<dt>Service entry<\/dt>\n<dd>First aircraft delivered to the tri-national training unit at RAF Cottesmore on 1 July 1980; No. IX (B) Squadron became the world&rsquo;s first front-line Tornado unit in June 1982<\/dd>\n<dt>Number built<\/dt>\n<dd>~990 of all marks <span class=\"imp\">(Panavia&rsquo;s own figure; 992 including every prototype and pre-series airframe is also widely quoted). Production ran 1979 to 1998<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"deepset\">\n<details class=\"deep\">\n<summary><span class=\"no\">04<\/span><span class=\"t\">What did a Tornado cost to buy and fly?<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">\n<p>Because the Tornado was a government-to-government programme delivered across three nations over two decades, no single clean flyaway price exists in the public record. Contemporary estimates for the upgraded RAF <strong>GR4<\/strong> put the airframe in the region of <strong>\u00a317\u201320 million<\/strong>, but the figure varies widely with fit, batch and how development costs are shared out. Operating costs are similarly hard to pin down: a twin-engine, two-crew jet with a heavy maintenance burden is expensive to run, and published cost-per-flight-hour numbers are inconsistent. Treat any precise dollar or pound figure attached to a Tornado as an estimate, not a sourced fact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"kicker\">Armament &amp; payload<\/p>\n<h2>The Tornado was built around one weapon it barely used and finished its life carrying weapons nobody had imagined for it<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">The Tornado IDS was designed to fly under Warsaw Pact radar at night and in cloud and put runway-cracking submunitions, cluster bombs or a nuclear weapon onto a Soviet airfield, and the JP233 dispenser is the purest expression of that idea: two enormous pods on the shoulder pylons, 30 concrete-cratering SG-357 charges and 215 HB-876 area-denial mines in each, dispensed while flying straight and level along the runway. It worked, and it was withdrawn in 1998 because the mines became illegal under the Ottawa Treaty. What replaced it was an entirely different arsenal &mdash; Storm Shadow, Brimstone, Paveway IV, RAPTOR &mdash; fitted to an airframe designed twenty years earlier for the opposite kind of war, and fitted well enough that the RAF kept the type in action over Iraq and Syria until 2019. <span class=\"imp\">Clearances differ sharply by nation: the RAF fleet is British-weapon-centred, German aircraft carry Kormoran, Taurus and HARM, Italian aircraft carry HARM and JDAM, and only German and Italian Tornados remain certified for United States B61 nuclear bombs under NATO nuclear sharing.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"armgrid\">\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Gun<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Mauser BK-27 27 mm revolver cannon, 180 rounds per gun, about 1,700 rounds per minute &mdash; a weapon designed for this aeroplane that went on to arm the Gripen, the Typhoon and the Alpha Jet<\/li>\n<li>The Tornado IDS and RAF GR1 carried <b>two<\/b>, buried low in the forward fuselage on either side<\/li>\n<li>The <b>GR4 kept only one<\/b>, on the starboard side: the mid-life update put the forward-looking infrared turret where the port cannon had been<\/li>\n<li>The GR1A and GR4A reconnaissance jets gave up <b>both<\/b> guns to make room for the sideways-looking infrared sensors of the TIRRS installation<\/li>\n<li>The ADV \/ F3 also has one, having lost the port gun to the retractable refuelling probe; the <b>German ECR carries none at all<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Air-to-air<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>AIM-9 Sidewinder (B, G and L) on shoulder rails either side of the inner wing pylons &mdash; self-defence only on the strike jets<\/li>\n<li>AIM-132 ASRAAM replaced the Sidewinder on the RAF GR4<\/li>\n<li>IRIS-T on German IDS and ECR aircraft<\/li>\n<li>Skyflash semi-active radar missile, four carried semi-recessed under the fuselage &mdash; the ADV \/ F3 only, and the reason the fuselage was stretched at all<\/li>\n<li>AIM-120 AMRAAM added to the F3 by the Capability Sustainment Programme, at first without the mid-course datalink the missile needs to be used properly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Air-to-surface guided<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Storm Shadow stand-off cruise missile, two carried &mdash; RAF and Italian aircraft; fired in anger over Iraq in 2003 and against a Syrian chemical weapons site in April 2018<\/li>\n<li>Brimstone and dual-mode Brimstone anti-armour missiles, three to a launcher and up to twelve carried; the GR4&rsquo;s signature weapon over Afghanistan, Libya and Iraq<\/li>\n<li>ALARM anti-radiation missile, up to nine, with a loiter-and-descend mode no other Western anti-radiation missile had &mdash; a British weapon, RAF and Saudi only<\/li>\n<li>AGM-88 HARM on German and Italian ECR aircraft, and on Italian A-200s: 236 fired by German Tornados over Kosovo in 1999 and 115 by Italian aircraft in the same campaign<\/li>\n<li>Kormoran and Kormoran 2 anti-ship missiles (German Navy, then Luftwaffe), Sea Eagle on the RAF&rsquo;s 26 GR1B conversions and Saudi aircraft, Taurus KEPD 350 stand-off missile on German aircraft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Bombs<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>JP233 airfield denial dispenser, two carried, each with 30 SG-357 cratering submunitions and 215 HB-876 mines. Withdrawn in 1998 when Britain signed the Ottawa Treaty; it would also be prohibited today under the Convention on Cluster Munitions<\/li>\n<li>MW-1 multi-purpose dispenser on German aircraft &mdash; a heavier, wider-swathe equivalent firing submunitions sideways from a slab under the fuselage<\/li>\n<li>Paveway II and Enhanced Paveway II in the 1,000 lb class; Paveway III and Enhanced GBU-24 in the 2,000 lb class for hardened targets<\/li>\n<li>Paveway IV 500 lb dual-mode bomb, brought to the GR4 in 2009 and the everyday weapon of its last decade; JDAM on German and Italian aircraft<\/li>\n<li>BL755 cluster bombs and plain 1,000 lb retarded bombs on the GR1; WE.177 tactical nuclear bombs until 1998, and United States B61 bombs on German and Italian aircraft to this day<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Rockets<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>None. No unguided rocket pod was ever a service fit on any Tornado in any air force<\/li>\n<li>The omission was deliberate rather than an oversight: an aircraft whose job was a single high-speed pass through defended airspace at 200 ft has no use for a weapon that requires a shallow dive and a second run<\/li>\n<li>The area-attack job that rockets do elsewhere was given to the JP233 and MW-1 dispensers, and later to Brimstone<\/li>\n<li>For strafing, the Tornado had the Mauser; RAF crews fired more than 3,000 rounds of 27 mm over Afghanistan alone<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"armcard\">\n<h4>Pods &amp; other stores<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Sky Shadow electronic countermeasures pod to port, paired with a BOZ-100 or BOZ-107 chaff and flare dispenser to starboard &mdash; the standard RAF and Saudi fit, always carried as a pair<\/li>\n<li>Cerberus II and III jammer pods and later the Tornado Self-Protection Jammer on German aircraft<\/li>\n<li>TIALD from 1991, then Litening III designator pods; the RAPTOR stand-off reconnaissance pod on the GR4, and RecceLite on Italian ECRs which lack the German aircraft&rsquo;s internal sensors<\/li>\n<li>1,500-litre and 2,250-litre drop tanks, up to four; a buddy-buddy refuelling store was cleared on the RAF GR1<\/li>\n<li>The two inner wing pylons swivel with the wing so that stores stay aligned with the airflow at any sweep angle &mdash; an elegant piece of engineering that is easy to miss in photographs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"loadouts\">\n<h4>Three typical loadouts<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Airfield denial, Operation Granby 1991<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Two JP233 dispensers on the shoulder pylons, two 1,500-litre tanks, two AIM-9L, Sky Shadow and BOZ. Flown at night at 200 ft along an Iraqi runway. The crews&rsquo; complaint was not the anti-aircraft fire but the light: the submunitions detonating behind them lit the aircraft up like a flare.<\/dd>\n<dt>Medium-altitude precision strike, Operation Shader<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Two Paveway IV, three Brimstone on a single launcher, Litening III designator pod, two 2,250-litre tanks, ASRAAM, Sky Shadow and BOZ. Flown at 20,000 ft and above for hours at a time &mdash; the exact opposite of what the aeroplane was designed to do, and what it spent its last fifteen years doing.<\/dd>\n<dt>Suppression of enemy air defences, Luftwaffe ECR<\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Two AGM-88 HARM on the fuselage stations, two IRIS-T for self-defence, two drop tanks, Cerberus jammer and BOZ dispenser. No gun, because the German ECR does not have one. This is the mission the Tornado is still flying for Germany in 2026, because nothing else in the Luftwaffe does it.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"spx-note\"><span class=\"imp\">Sourcing caveat: weapon fits follow Panavia and BAE Systems statements, Royal Air Force and Bundeswehr equipment pages, and the standard reference works. The popular account of 1991 needs correcting rather than repeating &mdash; press reporting at the time, and a great deal of writing since, held that Tornados were being shot down while dispensing JP233. They were not. Of the six RAF Tornados lost during Desert Storm, four went down delivering unguided 1,000 lb bombs, one was lost trying to deliver laser-guided bombs, and only one was carrying JP233: ZA392, which flew into the ground roughly 10 miles after a successful delivery with no enemy fire reported, an apparent controlled-flight-into-terrain accident. JP233 attacks were nonetheless suspended six days into the war, partly because the Iraqi Air Force had stopped flying and the runways no longer mattered, and the RAF force moved to medium altitude and laser-guided weapons for the rest of the campaign &mdash; a mid-war change of tactics that the GR4 update was then built around.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"kicker\">Variants<\/p>\n<h2>Three nations built one aeroplane in two quite different shapes, and only the strike version was any good<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">The Tornado exists in two families that share about 80 per cent of their parts and almost nothing of their purpose. The IDS &mdash; interdictor \/ strike &mdash; is the aircraft the programme was actually for: a two-seat, variable-geometry, terrain-following bomber that could reach a Warsaw Pact airfield at night in weather that grounded everything else. Britain, West Germany and Italy all bought it, Saudi Arabia became the only export customer, and it was good enough that the Royal Saudi Air Force stopped doing low-level training in its F-15Es because the Tornado did it better.<\/p>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">The ADV &mdash; air defence variant, the RAF&rsquo;s F2 and F3 &mdash; was a British-only requirement bolted onto a shared airframe. Stretched by 1.36 m to fit four Skyflash under the belly, given a longer radome, automatic wing sweep and a retractable refuelling probe, it was a superb long-endurance patroller of the North Sea gap and a poor fighter anywhere else. Its Foxhunter radar was so late that the first aircraft flew with concrete ballast in the nose, nicknamed &quot;Blue Circle&quot; after a brand of cement. The ECR, meanwhile, is the type&rsquo;s quiet success: a purpose-built defence-suppression aircraft that Germany and Italy still fly.<\/p>\n<dl class=\"varlist\">\n<dt>Tornado IDS <span class=\"imp\">(1979&ndash;1998; ~780 built across all nations)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The baseline two-seat interdictor and strike aircraft, with the twin Mauser cannon, ground-mapping and terrain-following radars and the swivelling wing pylons.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado GR1 <span class=\"imp\">(RAF; 228 delivered from 5 June 1979)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The British IDS, with the Laser Ranger and Marked Target Seeker and clearance for JP233, BL755 and the WE.177 nuclear bomb.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado GR1B <span class=\"imp\">(26 conversions, from 1994)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Anti-shipping conversion carrying up to four Sea Eagle missiles, replacing the Buccaneer at Lossiemouth. Initially it could not track ships with its own radar and relied on the missile&rsquo;s seeker.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado GR1A \/ GR4A <span class=\"imp\">(30 GR1A: 16 new-build, 14 rebuilds)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Reconnaissance version with the internal TIRRS infrared system in place of both cannon. When the RAF moved to medium altitude the internal sensors became useless and the aircraft flew RAPTOR pods like any other GR4.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado GR4 <span class=\"imp\">(142 rebuilt, 1996&ndash;2003)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The mid-life update, approved in 1994 explicitly on 1991 lessons: forward-looking infrared in place of the port gun, wide-angle head-up display, night-vision cockpit, GPS, and the wiring for Storm Shadow, Brimstone, Paveway III and RAPTOR. Later the CUSP package added Paveway IV and a datalink to 59 aircraft.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado ECR <span class=\"imp\">(35 new-build German from 21 May 1990; 16 Italian conversions)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Electronic combat and reconnaissance: an emitter locator system, HARM missiles and, in German aircraft, the uprated RB199 Mk 105 and an infrared imaging system. No cannon. Italian ECRs lack the internal reconnaissance fit and carry RecceLite pods instead.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado F2 <span class=\"imp\">(RAF; 18 built, first flight 5 March 1984)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The interim ADV, with IDS-standard Mk 103 engines, four fixed sweep settings, two Sidewinder rails and, for want of a working Foxhunter, ballast in the nose. Withdrawn from 1986 and put straight into storage.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado F3 <span class=\"imp\">(147 RAF, 24 Saudi, 24 leased to Italy 1995&ndash;2004)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The definitive interceptor: Mk 104 engines with longer reheat pipes, four underwing Sidewinder stations, automatic wing sweep, Link 16. Later gained AMRAAM and ASRAAM, and a dozen aircraft gained ALARM as the unofficial &quot;EF3&quot; for the 2003 Iraq campaign.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado A-200 \/ EA-200 <span class=\"imp\">(Italy; 100 IDS delivered, 18 converted to ECR)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">Italian service designations. Eighteen A-200s were given a mid-life update from 2003 with GPS, laser inertial navigation and clearance for Storm Shadow, JDAM and Paveway III.<\/dd>\n<dt>Tornado IDS and ADV, Royal Saudi Air Force <span class=\"imp\">(96 IDS and 24 ADV delivered under Al Yamamah)<\/span><\/dt>\n<dd style=\"text-align:left\">The only export sale. The ADVs were retired in 2006 and bought back by Britain; the IDS fleet was upgraded from 2005 to something close to GR4 standard and remains in service.<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p class=\"spx-note\"><span class=\"imp\">Closing caveat, and why there is no operator chart on this page: the Tornado is in a genuine run-out and current fleet numbers cannot be responsibly published. Britain retired the GR4 on 1 April 2019 and the F3 in March 2011. Germany is the only operator publishing a current figure &mdash; the Bundeswehr&rsquo;s own equipment page states 85 PA-200 Tornados with the operational and training wings out of a total inventory of 93, with replacement by F\/A-18E\/F, EA-18G and Eurofighter decided in 2020 and running through the late 2020s. Italy is down to a single operational unit, 155&deg; Gruppo at Ghedi, after 154&deg; Gruppo converted to the F-35A in July 2025, and publishes no total. Saudi Arabia has published nothing current at all; the last defensible figure is 81 IDS in service in December 2018. Every recent per-country number circulating for Italy and Saudi Arabia traces back to aggregator sites with visible errors, so rather than dress those up as a chart, the numbers that can be stood behind are stated here in prose and the rest are left out.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>From Cold-War compromise to last combat sortie<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1968<\/div>\n<h3>The MRCA is launched<\/h3>\n<p>Britain, West Germany and Italy agree to jointly develop a Multi-Role Combat Aircraft after larger European programmes collapse.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<h3>Panavia is founded<\/h3>\n<p>Panavia Aircraft GmbH and the Turbo-Union engine consortium form, splitting work 42.5\/42.5\/15 between the UK, Germany and Italy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1974<\/div>\n<h3>First flight<\/h3>\n<p>The first prototype flies from Manching, Germany, on 14 August \u2014 the swing-wing MRCA finally in the air.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1979\u201380<\/div>\n<h3>Enters service<\/h3>\n<p>The Tornado IDS enters RAF and Luftwaffe service; Italy follows in 1981. The strike variant reaches the front line.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1986<\/div>\n<h3>The F3 interceptor<\/h3>\n<p>The stretched Air Defence Variant, the Tornado F3, enters RAF service to guard UK airspace against Soviet bombers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1991<\/div>\n<h3>Combat debut \u2014 the Gulf War<\/h3>\n<p>RAF, Italian and Saudi Tornados fly low-level strikes against Iraqi airfields; six RAF GR1s are lost in the campaign.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1999\u20132011<\/div>\n<h3>Kosovo to Libya<\/h3>\n<p>Tornados strike in Kosovo (1999) and Iraq (2003), then fire Storm Shadow cruise missiles over Libya in 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2014\u201319<\/div>\n<h3>Anti-ISIS &amp; RAF retirement<\/h3>\n<p>RAF GR4s fly precision Brimstone and Paveway strikes against ISIS, then retire in 2019 after 40 years. Germany, Italy and Saudi Arabia fly on.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Stories &amp; Eyewitnesses<\/div>\n<h2>From the cockpit: twelve Tornado stories<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:-712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('stcar').scrollBy({left:712,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"stcar\">\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Origin<\/div>\n<h4>The jet nobody could build alone<\/h4>\n<p>Britain, Germany and Italy pooled money and industry to build a strike jet none could afford solo.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The Tornado exists because European air forces in the 1960s all needed the same expensive thing \u2014 a fast, all-weather, low-level strike aircraft \u2014 and none could develop one alone. Earlier multinational efforts had collapsed under competing national demands. The MRCA programme survived by keeping the design flexible enough to satisfy three very different customers with a single airframe, split 42.5% Britain, 42.5% West Germany and 15% Italy. It became the most successful European combat-aircraft collaboration of the Cold War.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Design<\/div>\n<h4>The swing-wing bargain<\/h4>\n<p>Wings that spread for short runways and swept back for a Mach low-level dash.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The Tornado\u2019s defining feature is its variable-geometry wing, pivoting from about 25\u00b0 to 67\u00b0. The reasoning was simple: a low-level strike jet needs to get airborne from short, possibly damaged runways (which wants a big, spread wing) and then run in low and fast under enemy radar (which wants a small, swept wing). A fixed wing can only do one well. The swing wing let one aircraft do both, at the cost of weight and mechanical complexity \u2014 a bargain the mission was judged worth making.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">First flight \u00b7 1974<\/div>\n<h4>Airborne over Bavaria<\/h4>\n<p>The first Tornado prototype flew from Manching, Germany, on 14 August 1974.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">After years of political wrangling and technical risk, the first Tornado prototype lifted off from Manching in Bavaria on 14 August 1974. Eleven prototypes and pre-production aircraft followed, testing the swing wing, the RB199 engines and the terrain-following radar. Service entry with the RAF and Luftwaffe came in 1979\u201380. The programme that had nearly died in committee had produced a genuinely capable aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Gulf War \u00b7 1991<\/div>\n<h4>Down in the weeds with JP233<\/h4>\n<p>On the first nights of Desert Storm, RAF Tornados attacked Iraqi airfields at extreme low level.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">On the opening nights of the 1991 Gulf War, RAF Tornado GR1s ran in at very low level to crater Iraqi runways with the JP233 area-denial weapon \u2014 a system that demanded a straight, predictable pass directly over a heavily defended airfield. It was some of the most dangerous flying of the war. The RAF lost six Tornados during the campaign, its heaviest losses, with aircrew killed or captured. The low-level airfield-denial mission was quickly reconsidered.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Gulf War \u00b7 1991<\/div>\n<h4>Buddy-lasing with the Buccaneer<\/h4>\n<p>Once the Iraqi threat eased, Tornados climbed to medium level and bombed with laser guidance.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">After the early low-level losses, and once it was clear the Iraqi Air Force would not seriously contest the skies, RAF Tornados switched to medium-altitude attacks with laser-guided bombs. At first they had no targeting pods of their own, so ageing Blackburn Buccaneers flew alongside to laser-designate the targets for them \u2014 \u201cbuddy-lasing.\u201d The Tornado force later received its own TIALD pods, marking the RAF\u2019s real shift into precision-guided warfare.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Air defence<\/div>\n<h4>The F3 that guarded Britain<\/h4>\n<p>The stretched Tornado F3 stood alert for decades against Soviet and Russian bombers.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Britain needed a long-range interceptor to meet Soviet bombers far out over the North Sea and North Atlantic, and developed the Tornado ADV \u2014 the F3 \u2014 from the strike airframe. Longer, with a bigger radar and semi-recessed long-range missiles, it was never a dogfighter but an excellent missile platform for its patrol role. F3s stood quick-reaction alert for the RAF into the 2000s, routinely scrambling to shadow Russian \u201cBear\u201d bombers probing UK airspace.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Defence suppression<\/div>\n<h4>The radar-hunting ECR<\/h4>\n<p>Germany and Italy fielded the ECR to find and kill enemy air-defence radars.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">The Tornado ECR (Electronic Combat\/Reconnaissance) is a specialised German and Italian variant built for the dangerous suppression-of-enemy-air-defences mission. Fitted with emitter-locating equipment and armed with the HARM anti-radiation missile, it hunts down surface-to-air missile radars so that other aircraft can operate. German and Italian ECRs flew SEAD missions over Kosovo in 1999, protecting the wider NATO strike package.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Balkans \u00b7 1999<\/div>\n<h4>Over Kosovo<\/h4>\n<p>Italian, German and British Tornados flew strike and SEAD missions in the 1999 Kosovo campaign.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">During NATO\u2019s 1999 air campaign over Kosovo, Tornados from several nations were in the thick of it: RAF GR1s flew strike sorties, while German and Italian ECRs suppressed Serbian air defences with HARM missiles \u2014 for the reunified Germany, among its first combat operations since 1945. The Balkans marked the Tornado\u2019s transition from a Cold-War bomber waiting for a war that never came into an aircraft used in real expeditionary campaigns.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Libya \u00b7 2011<\/div>\n<h4>3,000 miles to strike<\/h4>\n<p>RAF Tornados flew from England to Libya and back to fire Storm Shadow cruise missiles.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">At the start of the 2011 Libya campaign, RAF Tornado GR4s flew directly from RAF Marham in England to launch Storm Shadow cruise missiles against Libyan air-defence targets \u2014 round trips of around 3,000 miles supported by air-to-air refuelling, among the longest RAF bombing missions since the 1982 Falklands. It showed the Tornado\u2019s reach when paired with tankers and modern stand-off weapons.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Anti-ISIS<\/div>\n<h4>Precision to the last<\/h4>\n<p>In its final campaign the Tornado struck ISIS with Brimstone and Paveway to minimise civilian harm.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">From 2014, RAF Tornado GR4s deployed to Cyprus for Operation Shader against ISIS in Iraq and Syria \u2014 the type\u2019s last combat role. The Brimstone missile in particular, with its precision and small warhead, was prized for hitting individual vehicles and fighters while limiting collateral damage in crowded areas. The Tornado had begun its career cratering runways with area weapons and ended it delivering some of the most discriminating strikes in the RAF\u2019s arsenal.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Export<\/div>\n<h4>The Saudi Tornados<\/h4>\n<p>Saudi Arabia became the largest export operator and has used the type in combat.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">Saudi Arabia bought the Tornado IDS in the 1980s as part of the Al Yamamah deal and became the largest export customer, operating a substantial strike fleet. Royal Saudi Air Force Tornados have reportedly flown combat missions in the conflict in Yemen since 2015, though independent details of their operations and any losses are limited and should be treated with caution.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"mscard\">\n<div class=\"tag\">Retirement<\/div>\n<h4>Farewell to the Tonka<\/h4>\n<p>After 40 years the RAF retired the Tornado in 2019; Germany and Italy fly on.<\/p>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the full story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"full\">In early 2019 the RAF withdrew the Tornado \u2014 affectionately the \u201cTonka\u201d \u2014 after four decades and combat in every major British air campaign since 1991, handing its roles to the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35. Its total operational flying ran to well over 180,000 hours. Germany, Italy and Saudi Arabia still operate the Tornado today, with European retirements planned as the F-35 and Typhoon take over.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Gallery<\/div>\n<h2>The Tornado in pictures<\/h2>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:-660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('gal').scrollBy({left:660,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track gal\" id=\"gal\">\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:752\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raf-tornado-gr4-flight.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1572145556  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:575\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raf-tornado-gr4-flight.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20575%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22575%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22575%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"An RAF Tornado GR4 in flight  the strike variant that fought Britains wars from 1991 to 2019.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>An RAF Tornado GR4 in flight \u2014 the strike variant that fought Britain\u2019s wars from 1991 to 2019.<span>Photo: Corporal Mike Jones \u00b7 OGL v1.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1024\/h:615\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/german-tornado-ids-nordhorn.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=710582257  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:589\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/german-tornado-ids-nordhorn.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20589%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22589%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22589%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A German Air Force Tornado IDS low over the Nordhorn range  the treetop strike mission it was built for.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A German Air Force Tornado IDS low over the Nordhorn range \u2014 the treetop strike mission it was built for.<span>Photo: Photo-Concepte.de \u00b7 CC BY-SA 4.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:843\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/italian-tornado-36-stormo.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=863521948  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:645\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/italian-tornado-36-stormo.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20645%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22645%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22645%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Two Italian Air Force Tornados of 36 Stormo in formation  Italy was the third Panavia partner.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Two Italian Air Force Tornados of 36\u00b0 Stormo in formation \u2014 Italy was the third Panavia partner.<span>Photo: SSgt Fernando Serna, USAF \u00b7 Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:950\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raf-tornado-f3-adv.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=167556386  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:727\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raf-tornado-f3-adv.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20727%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22727%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22727%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"An RAF Tornado F3  the stretched Air Defence Variant built to intercept Soviet bombers.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>An RAF Tornado F3 \u2014 the stretched Air Defence Variant built to intercept Soviet bombers.<span>Photo: Adrian Pingstone \u00b7 Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:960\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/panavia-tornado-formation.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1816264335  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:735\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/panavia-tornado-formation.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20735%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22735%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22735%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Panavia Tornados in formation  wings spread for slow flight, showing the variable-geometry hinge.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>Panavia Tornados in formation \u2014 wings spread for slow flight, showing the variable-geometry hinge.<span>Photo: Ronny Stiffel \u00b7 CC BY-SA 2.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure data-full=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1280\/h:813\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/luftwaffe-tornado-ecr.jpg\"><img data-opt-id=1941834470  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:980\/h:623\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/luftwaffe-tornado-ecr.jpg\"  class=\"ph\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20980%20623%22%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22623%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22980%22%20height%3D%22623%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"A Luftwaffe Tornado ECR  the radar-hunting defence-suppression variant armed with HARM missiles.\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\"><figcaption>A Luftwaffe Tornado ECR \u2014 the radar-hunting defence-suppression variant armed with HARM missiles.<span>Photo: U.S. Air Force \u00b7 Public domain<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Watch<\/div>\n<h2>The Tornado in motion<\/h2>\n<p><em>Video coming soon.<\/em> A curated Panavia Tornado documentary embed will be added here \u2014 low-level swing-wing footage, RB199 reheat departures and the type\u2019s combat history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Watch<\/div>\n<h2>The Tornado ADV in motion<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vidwrap\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/tr-RscH6IpY\" title=\"Panavia Tornado ADV (F.3) documentary \u2014 Imperial War Museums\" loading=\"lazy\" allow=\"accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p>Imperial War Museums \u2014 one of the most-watched Tornado ADV films on YouTube.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Operations<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Tornado flew<\/h2>\n<div id=\"tornado-map-widget\" style=\"font-family:'Gilroy semiBold','Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,Lucida,sans-serif;max-width:1080px;width:100%;\">\n<div id=\"tornado-map-container\" style=\"width:100%;position:relative\"><svg id=\"tornado-map-svg\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\"><\/svg><\/p>\n<div id=\"tornado-tooltip\" style=\"position:fixed;background:#1a1a2e;color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;border-radius:6px;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.3px;pointer-events:auto;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s;z-index:1000;max-width:360px;line-height:1.5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"tornado-controls\" style=\"display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:12px;\"> <button class=\"tornado-toggle active\" data-cat=\"migflug\" data-full=\"Origin &amp; first flight\" data-short=\"Origin\" style=\"align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(92, 145, 255); border-radius: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(26, 26, 46); white-space: nowrap; transition: 0.25s;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:3px;flex-shrink:0;background:#5C91FF\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"tornado-label\">Origin &amp; first flight<\/span><span class=\"tornado-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"tornado-toggle active\" data-cat=\"combat\" data-full=\"In combat use\" data-short=\"Combat\" style=\"align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(107, 142, 35); border-radius: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(26, 26, 46); white-space: nowrap; transition: 0.25s;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:3px;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#4A6741 25%,#6B8E23 25%,#6B8E23 50%,#556B2F 50%,#556B2F 75%,#8B9D77 75%);background-size:8px 8px\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"tornado-label\">In combat use<\/span><span class=\"tornado-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"tornado-toggle active\" data-cat=\"current\" data-full=\"Current operator\" data-short=\"Current\" style=\"align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(85, 85, 85); border-radius: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(26, 26, 46); white-space: nowrap; transition: 0.25s;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:3px;flex-shrink:0;background:#555\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"tornado-label\">Current operator<\/span><span class=\"tornado-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"tornado-toggle active\" data-cat=\"former\" data-full=\"Former operator (retired 2019)\" data-short=\"Former\" style=\"align-items: center; gap: 6px; padding: 8px 12px; border: 2px solid rgb(187, 187, 187); border-radius: 0px; background: rgb(255, 255, 255); cursor: pointer; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 600; color: rgb(26, 26, 46); white-space: nowrap; transition: 0.25s;\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;border-radius:3px;flex-shrink:0;background:#C0C0C0\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"tornado-label\">Former operator (retired 2019)<\/span><span class=\"tornado-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1;transition:opacity .2s\">\u2713<\/span><\/button> <\/div>\n<div id=\"tornado-count\" style=\"text-align:left;font-size:14px;color:#666;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.7;width:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<style> #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle:hover{border-color:#999!important} #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle:not(.active){color:#999!important;border-color:#E0E0E0!important} #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle:not(.active) .tornado-check{opacity:0!important} #tornado-map-widget .country{fill:#E8ECF1;stroke:#C8D0DA;stroke-width:.4;transition:fill .3s,stroke .3s} #tornado-map-widget .country:hover{stroke-width:1;stroke:#999} #tornado-map-widget .country.cat-migflug{fill:#5C91FF;stroke:#3A6FD8;stroke-width:.7} #tornado-map-widget .country.cat-combat{fill:url(#camo-pattern);stroke:#4A6741;stroke-width:.7} #tornado-map-widget .country.cat-current{fill:#555;stroke:#333;stroke-width:.7} #tornado-map-widget .country.cat-former{fill:#C0C0C0;stroke:#999;stroke-width:.5} #tornado-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:700;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #tornado-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:11px;font-weight:400;color:#aaa;display:block;margin-bottom:6px;letter-spacing:.3px} #tornado-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:12px;font-weight:600;color:#ccc;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #tornado-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:12px;color:#ccc;line-height:1.5;display:block} #tornado-tooltip .tt-links{margin-top:6px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:4px} #tornado-tooltip .tt-links a{color:#5C91FF;font-size:12px;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:4px} #tornado-tooltip .tt-links a:hover{text-decoration:underline;color:#7AABFF} #tornado-tooltip .tt-links a::after{content:'\\2197';font-size:10px} @media(max-width:600px){ #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle{ padding:6px 10px!important; font-size:12px!important; gap:5px!important; } #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle div{ width:12px!important; height:12px!important; } #tornado-controls{ gap:6px!important; } #tornado-count{ font-size:13px!important; } #tornado-tooltip{ max-width:calc(100vw - 32px)!important; font-size:12px!important; padding:8px 12px!important; } #tornado-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:14px!important} #tornado-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:10px!important} #tornado-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:11px!important} #tornado-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:11px!important} #tornado-tooltip .tt-links a{font-size:11px!important} } @media(max-width:400px){ #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle{ padding:5px 8px!important; font-size:11px!important; gap:4px!important; } #tornado-map-widget .tornado-toggle div{ width:10px!important; height:10px!important; } #tornado-controls{ gap:4px!important; } } <\/style>\n<p> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/d3\/7.8.5\/d3.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/topojson\/3.0.2\/topojson.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3-geo-projection@4\/dist\/d3-geo-projection.min.js\"><\/script> <\/p>\n<div id=\"tornado-data\" 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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"tornado-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat Record<\/div>\n<h2>The score that defines it<\/h2>\n<p>The Tornado was a bomber, not a dogfighter \u2014 its record is written in strike missions, not air-to-air kills. Across nearly three decades it flew in every major Western air campaign, evolving from a Cold-War runway-cratering bomber into a precision-strike aircraft. Its most dangerous days were the low-level airfield attacks of the 1991 Gulf War; its most refined, the discriminating anti-ISIS strikes that closed its RAF career.<\/p>\n<div class=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>1991\u20132019<\/b><span>Combat in every major RAF air campaign<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>6 lost<\/b><span>RAF Tornado GR1s in the 1991 Gulf War<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\"><b>~180,000+<\/b><span>RAF Tornado operational flight hours<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Compare the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/fighter-jet-combat-statistics\/\">combat record of every military aircraft<\/a>. Figures as of July 2026 and, for contested actions, reported rather than confirmed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Tornado<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open=\"\">\n<summary>Can I fly in a Tornado?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No \u2014 there are no public Panavia Tornado passenger flights available. It is a front-line strike jet, not a civilian ride, and surviving aircraft are operated only by air forces. You <b>can<\/b>, however, fly in several genuine ex-military fighter jets today \u2014 see <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">migflug.com\/flights-prices\/<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How fast is the Tornado?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Tornado can reach about <b>Mach 2.2<\/b> (~2,400 km\/h) at altitude with its wings fully swept. Its real speciality, though, is high subsonic speed at extreme low level \u2014 running in at around 900 km\/h just 60 m above the ground, under enemy radar.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why does the Tornado have swing wings?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The variable-geometry wing lets one aircraft do two opposite jobs: spread wide (~25\u00b0) for the lift needed to take off from short or damaged runways, and swept back (~67\u00b0) into a clean dart for a fast, stable low-level dash. A fixed wing has to compromise between the two; the Tornado\u2019s wing does not.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the difference between the IDS, GR4, ADV\/F3 and ECR?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The <b>IDS<\/b> is the low-level Interdictor\/Strike bomber; the RAF\u2019s version was the GR1, upgraded to the <b>GR4<\/b>. The <b>ADV<\/b> (Tornado <b>F3<\/b>) is a stretched long-range interceptor built to defend UK airspace. The <b>ECR<\/b> is a German and Italian defence-suppression variant that hunts enemy radars with anti-radiation missiles. All share the same wing and engines.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What weapons did the Tornado carry?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">A huge range. Guns: one or two 27 mm Mauser BK-27 cannon. Air-to-ground: the JP233 runway-denial weapon, Paveway laser- and GPS-guided bombs, the Storm Shadow cruise missile, the ALARM anti-radar missile and the precision Brimstone. The ADV interceptor carried Skyflash and later AMRAAM and ASRAAM air-to-air missiles.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the Tornado still in service?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Partly. The RAF retired its Tornado GR4 in 2019, but <b>Germany, Italy and Saudi Arabia still operate the type<\/b> in 2026. European Tornados are due to be replaced over the coming years by the Eurofighter Typhoon and F-35.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What replaced the Tornado?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">In RAF service its strike role passed to the <b>Eurofighter Typhoon<\/b> and the <b>F-35B Lightning<\/b>. Germany and Italy are also replacing their Tornados with the Typhoon and F-35, with the ECR\u2019s specialist radar-hunting role a particular capability to be carried forward.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You can\u2019t fly the Tornado.<br \/>These, you can.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">Some legends only live in museums \u2014 others are fuelled and waiting. MiGFlug has put civilians in real military jet cockpits since 2004.<\/p>\n<div class=\"car\"><button class=\"cbtn p\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:-520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button class=\"cbtn n\" onclick=\"document.getElementById('flycar').scrollBy({left:520,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/p>\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"flycar\"><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Aero L-39 Albatros side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the L-39 Albatros<\/b><span>The world\u2019s most-flown jet trainer \u2014 aerobatics included<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/f104-starfighter-flight\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed F-104 Starfighter side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the F-104 Starfighter<\/b><span>\u201cThe missile with a man in it\u201d<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/mig-21-launch\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-21<\/b><span>The Cold War\u2019s most-produced jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/t-33-in-canada\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the T-33 Shooting Star<\/b><span>America\u2019s first jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/vampire-flight-near-london\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"de Havilland Vampire side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the DH Vampire<\/b><span>A piece of early jet history<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/s-211-jet-flight-munich\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"SIAI-Marchetti S.211 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the S.211<\/b><span>Agile Italian jet trainer<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-mb-326-jet-provost-in-italy\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  src=\"data:image\/png;base64,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\" alt=\"Aermacchi MB-326 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MB-326<\/b><span>The classic Aermacchi jet<\/span><\/a><a class=\"flycard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/mig-15-fagot-czech-republic\/\"><span class=\"fico\"><img data-opt-id=791639987  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\" alt=\"Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 side profile\" loading=\"eager\" decoding=\"async\"><\/span><b>Fly the MiG-15<\/b><span>The Soviet legend of the Korean War<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">See all flights &amp; prices<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section style=\"padding-top:44px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Related Aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Continue the tour<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Successor<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Eurofighter Typhoon<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The multinational fighter that inherited the Tornado\u2019s strike role \u2014 and the collaboration model Panavia pioneered.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Typhoon story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Predecessor<\/span><span class=\"rh\">F-104 Starfighter<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Cold-War jet the Tornado replaced in German and Italian service \u2014 fast, but deadly to fly at low level.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the F-104 story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The Rival<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Dassault Rafale<\/span><span class=\"rp\">France\u2019s answer to the same problem \u2014 the multirole strike-fighter built when France walked away from the joint programme.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Rafale story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/theaviationist.com\/2024\/12\/25\/panavia-tornado\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Aviationist \u2014 Panavia Tornado<\/a><span>Overview of the programme, variants and operational history.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeroreport.de\/en\/aviation\/fifty-years-of-the-tornado-success-with-the-rb199-engine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MTU Aeroreport \u2014 Fifty years of the Tornado<\/a><span>The RB199 engine, the Turbo-Union consortium and the thrust reverser.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalaviationresource.com\/v2\/2019\/03\/04\/farewell-tornado-tornado-gr-1-gulf-war-1-part-1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Global Aviation Resource \u2014 Farewell Tornado (Gulf War)<\/a><span>First-hand account of the 1991 JP233 low-level attacks and the shift to medium level.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/analysis\/analysis-how-rafs-tornados-made-storming-contribution\/131715.article\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FlightGlobal \u2014 How the RAF\u2019s Tornados made a storming contribution<\/a><span>GR4 combat record: Libya, Afghanistan, anti-ISIS and the 2019 retirement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.twz.com\/38745\/how-british-tornados-used-a-special-weapon-to-ravage-saddams-airfields-in-daring-desert-storm-raids\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The War Zone \u2014 British Tornados and the JP233<\/a><span>The runway-denial weapon and the danger of the low-level airfield attacks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iwm.org.uk\/history\/cold-war\/gulf-war\/how-raf-tornados-destroyed-saddam-husseins-air-force\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Imperial War Museums \u2014 RAF Tornados in the Gulf War<\/a><span>The Tornado\u2019s role and losses in the 1991 air campaign.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raf.mod.uk\/what-we-do\/our-history\/air-historical-branch\/post-coldwar-studies\/raf-first-gulf-war-air-power-lessons\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RAF Air Historical Branch \u2014 First Gulf War study<\/a><span>Official RAF analysis of Tornado operations and lessons from 1990\u201391.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fighter-planes.com\/info\/tornado.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fighter-Planes.com \u2014 Panavia Tornado IDS\/ADV\/ECR<\/a><span>Reference specifications and variant breakdown.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div id=\"galfix71\" data-js=\"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\" style=\"display: none;\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"galfix71\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aircraft Museum \u203a Multirole Combat Aircraft \u203a Tornado Panavia TornadoIDS \u00b7 ADV \u00b7 ECR Europe\u2019s Cold War strike jet \u2014 a tri-national, variable-geometry swing-wing bomber built to punch through Warsaw Pact defences at treetop height and hit its target on the first pass, in any weather, day or night. Mach 2.2Top speed at altitude ~990Built [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16691,"parent":15960,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16572","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Panavia Tornado \u2014 History, Specs &amp; Stories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Panavia Tornado was Europe\u2019s swing-wing strike jet, flying ultra-low from the Cold War to Syria \u2014 full history, specs, photos and stories.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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