{"id":21159,"date":"2026-08-16T15:19:07","date_gmt":"2026-08-16T13:19:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=21159"},"modified":"2026-08-16T15:19:07","modified_gmt":"2026-08-16T13:19:07","slug":"spad-s-vii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/","title":{"rendered":"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos &#038; Stories"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"mfam\">\n<style> html{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-21159{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-21159 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-21159 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-21159 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} body.page-id-21159 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} body.page-id-21159 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-21159 #main-content{background:#fff} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);overflow:hidden;background:#fff;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.7} #mfam *{box-sizing:border-box} #mfam h2,#mfam h3,#mfam h4{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.2;margin:0} #mfam a{color:#3568e0;text-decoration:none} #mfam a:hover{text-decoration:underline} #mfam .wrap{max-width:1080px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 22px} #mfam .sec{padding:60px 0} #mfam .sec h2{font-size:30px;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .sec .lead{font-size:18px;color:#3c4655;margin:0 0 26px} #mfam .kicker{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:13px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#5C91FF;margin-bottom:10px} \/* HERO *\/ #mfam .hero{position:relative;width:100vw;min-height:82vh;display:flex;align-items:flex-end;background:#0d1117} #mfam .hero .bg{position:absolute;inset:0;background-size:cover;background-position:center;filter:saturate(1.02)} #mfam .hero .scrim{position:absolute;inset:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,17,23,.25) 0%,rgba(13,17,23,.15) 40%,rgba(13,17,23,.9) 100%)} #mfam .hero .hin{position:relative;z-index:2;max-width:1080px;margin:0 auto;width:100%;padding:0 22px 46px} #mfam .hero .breadcrumb{color:#c7d2e6;font-size:14px;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .hero .breadcrumb a{color:#c7d2e6} #mfam .hero h1{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';color:#fff;font-size:58px;line-height:1.02;margin:0 0 14px;letter-spacing:-.5px} #mfam .hero .claim{color:#e7edf7;font-size:21px;max-width:760px;margin:0 0 30px} #mfam .statstrip{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:0;border-top:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.22)} #mfam .statstrip .st{flex:1;min-width:150px;padding:18px 20px 4px;border-right:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.16)} #mfam .statstrip .st:last-child{border-right:0} #mfam .statstrip .sv{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';color:#fff;font-size:28px;line-height:1} #mfam .statstrip .sl{color:#aebbd2;font-size:13px;margin-top:6px;letter-spacing:.4px} \/* CHIPS *\/ #mfam .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;padding:26px 0 0} #mfam .chip{border:1px solid #e2e7ee;background:#f6f8fb;padding:9px 14px;font-size:14px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .chip b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';color:#5C91FF;font-weight:normal} #mfam .chip.flyable{background:#5C91FF;border-color:#5C91FF;color:#fff;cursor:pointer} #mfam .chip.flyable a{color:#fff} \/* STORY *\/ #mfam .story p{margin:0 0 20px;max-width:820px} #mfam .pullquote{border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:6px 0 6px 24px;margin:30px 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:24px;line-height:1.35;color:#0d1117;max-width:820px} #mfam .pullquote cite{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy regular';font-style:normal;font-size:15px;color:#69748696;color:#697486;margin-top:12px} \/* GO-DEEPER EXPANDERS (Proposal B) *\/ #mfam .gd{border-top:1px solid #e2e7ee} #mfam .gd details{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee} #mfam .gd summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:20px;padding:22px 0} #mfam .gd summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .gd .num{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:38px;line-height:.8;color:#d5dbe6;flex-shrink:0;width:60px} #mfam .gd .gt{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:20px;color:#0d1117;flex:1;padding-top:6px} #mfam .gd .pm{font-size:30px;color:#5C91FF;line-height:.8;flex-shrink:0;font-family:'Gilroy regular'} #mfam .gd details[open] .pm{color:#697486} #mfam .gd .gc{padding:0 0 26px 80px;max-width:860px} #mfam .gd .gc p{margin:0 0 16px} \/* ENGINEERING CARDS *\/ #mfam .ecards{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:10px} #mfam .ecard{border:1px solid #e2e7ee;padding:26px 24px;background:#fff} #mfam .ecard .en{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:34px;color:#5C91FF;line-height:1} #mfam .ecard h3{font-size:19px;margin:14px 0 10px} #mfam .ecard p{margin:0;font-size:15.5px;color:#3c4655} \/* SPEC TABLES *\/ #mfam .specgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:30px} #mfam table.spec{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse} #mfam table.spec caption{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:17px;text-align:left;padding:0 0 12px;color:#0d1117} #mfam table.spec th,#mfam table.spec td{text-align:left;padding:12px 4px;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee;font-size:16px;vertical-align:top} #mfam table.spec th{font-family:'Gilroy regular';font-weight:normal;color:#697486;width:52%} #mfam table.spec td{font-family:'Gilroy regular';font-weight:normal;color:#0d1117} \/* TIMELINE *\/ #mfam .tl{border-left:2px solid #e2e7ee;margin-left:6px;padding-left:26px} #mfam .tl .ev{position:relative;padding:0 0 26px} #mfam .tl .ev::before{content:'';position:absolute;left:-33px;top:4px;width:12px;height:12px;background:#5C91FF} #mfam .tl .yr{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';color:#5C91FF;font-size:16px} #mfam .tl h4{font-size:18px;margin:4px 0 6px} #mfam .tl p{margin:0;font-size:15.5px;color:#3c4655;max-width:820px} \/* CAROUSEL *\/ #mfam .caro{position:relative} #mfam .track{display:flex;gap:20px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;padding-bottom:10px;scrollbar-width:thin} #mfam .track::-webkit-scrollbar{height:8px} #mfam .track::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb{background:#cdd6e3} #mfam .scard{flex:0 0 340px;scroll-snap-align:start;border:1px solid #e2e7ee;background:#fff} #mfam .scard .sh{background:#0d1117;color:#fff;padding:16px 20px} #mfam .scard .sh .sq{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:17px} #mfam .scard .sh .ssub{color:#9fb0cc;font-size:13px;margin-top:3px} #mfam .scard details summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;padding:16px 20px;font-size:15px;color:#3568e0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold'} #mfam .scard details summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .scard details .sb{padding:0 20px 20px;font-size:15.5px;color:#3c4655;line-height:1.65} #mfam .scard details .sb p{margin:0 0 12px} #mfam .carobtns{display:flex;gap:10px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .carobtns button{width:46px;height:46px;border:0;background:#5C91FF;color:#fff;font-size:20px;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .carobtns button:hover{background:#3568e0} \/* GALLERY *\/ #mfam .gtrack{display:flex;gap:16px;overflow-x:auto;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;padding-bottom:10px} #mfam .gfig{flex:0 0 auto;scroll-snap-align:start;margin:0;width:520px;max-width:86vw} #mfam .gfig img{width:100%;height:340px;object-fit:cover;display:block;cursor:zoom-in;background:#eef2f7} #mfam .gfig figcaption{font-size:13px;color:#697486;padding:8px 2px 0;line-height:1.5} #mfam .lb{position:fixed;inset:0;background:rgba(9,12,17,.92);z-index:99999;display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;padding:30px} #mfam .lb.on{display:flex} #mfam .lb img{max-width:94vw;max-height:88vh;object-fit:contain} #mfam .lb .x{position:absolute;top:18px;right:26px;color:#fff;font-size:34px;cursor:pointer;font-family:'Gilroy regular'} \/* VIDEO *\/ #mfam .vid{position:relative;width:100%;max-width:900px;margin:0 auto;aspect-ratio:16\/9;background:#000} #mfam .vid iframe{position:absolute;inset:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0} #mfam .vidcap{max-width:900px;margin:12px auto 0;font-size:14px;color:#697486;text-align:center} \/* MAP *\/ #mfam .mapwrap{max-width:1080px;margin:0 auto} \/* COMBAT STATS *\/ #mfam .cstats{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:20px} #mfam .cstat{border:1px solid #e2e7ee;padding:24px;background:#f6f8fb} #mfam .cstat .cv{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:34px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1} #mfam .cstat .cl{color:#697486;font-size:14px;margin-top:8px} \/* QA *\/ #mfam .qa details{border-bottom:1px solid #e2e7ee} #mfam .qa summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;padding:20px 40px 20px 0;position:relative;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:18px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .qa summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .qa summary .pm{position:absolute;right:0;top:18px;font-size:28px;color:#5C91FF;font-family:'Gilroy regular'} #mfam .qa details[open] summary .pm{color:#697486} #mfam .qa .ans{padding:0 0 22px;max-width:860px;color:#3c4655} #mfam .qa .ans p{margin:0 0 14px} \/* CTA *\/ #mfam .cta{background:#0d1117;color:#fff;width:100vw} #mfam .cta h2{color:#fff} #mfam .cta .lead{color:#aebbd2} #mfam .fcard{flex:0 0 300px;scroll-snap-align:start;border:1px solid #263141;background:#141b25;display:block;padding:0} #mfam .fcard .fh{background-size:cover;background-position:center;height:150px;background-color:#1d2734} #mfam .fcard .fb{padding:18px 20px} #mfam .fcard .fn{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:18px;color:#fff;display:block} #mfam .fcard .fd{color:#9fb0cc;font-size:14px;display:block;margin:6px 0 12px;line-height:1.5} #mfam .fcard .fcta{color:#5C91FF;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:14px;display:block} #mfam .cta .carobtns button{background:#5C91FF} \/* RELATED *\/ #mfam .relgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px} #mfam .relgrid>p,#mfam .track>p,#mfam .gtrack>p,#mfam .cstats>p,#mfam .ecards>p{display:contents} #mfam a.rcard{border:1px solid #e2e7ee;background:#fff;display:block} #mfam a.rcard:hover{border-color:#5C91FF;text-decoration:none} #mfam a.rcard .rh{height:170px;background-size:cover;background-position:center;background-color:#eef2f7;display:block} #mfam a.rcard .rb{padding:16px 18px;display:block} #mfam a.rcard .rn{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';font-size:18px;color:#0d1117;display:block} #mfam a.rcard .rd{color:#697486;font-size:14px;display:block;margin-top:6px;line-height:1.5} \/* SOURCES *\/ #mfam .srcs{columns:2;column-gap:40px} #mfam .srcs .src{break-inside:avoid;margin:0 0 16px;font-size:15px;color:#3c4655} #mfam .srcs .src b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold';color:#0d1117;font-weight:normal;display:block} @media(max-width:860px){ #mfam .hero h1{font-size:38px} #mfam .hero .claim{font-size:18px} #mfam .ecards{grid-template-columns:1fr} #mfam .specgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr} #mfam .cstats{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr} #mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr} #mfam .srcs{columns:1} #mfam .gd .num{width:44px;font-size:30px} #mfam .gd .gc{padding-left:44px} #mfam .sec{padding:44px 0} } <\/style>\n<section class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"bg\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"scrim\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"hin\">\n<div class=\"breadcrumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/\">Book of Beasts<\/a> &nbsp;\/&nbsp; SPAD S.VII<\/div>\n<h1>SPAD S.VII<\/h1>\n<p class=\"claim\">France&#8217;s first great fighter: a rugged, fast, inline-engined scout that could out-dive almost anything in the sky and carried aces like Georges Guynemer into legend.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"st\">\n<div class=\"sv\">~192 km\/h<\/div>\n<div class=\"sl\">Top speed (\u2248119 mph)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"st\">\n<div class=\"sv\">1<\/div>\n<div class=\"sl\">Synchronised Vickers gun<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"st\">\n<div class=\"sv\">150\u2013180 hp<\/div>\n<div class=\"sl\">Hispano-Suiza 8 V8<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"st\">\n<div class=\"sv\">1916<\/div>\n<div class=\"sl\">Entered service<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"> <span class=\"chip\"><b>Role<\/b> &nbsp;Single-seat fighter (scout)<\/span> <span class=\"chip\"><b>Era<\/b> &nbsp;First World War<\/span> <span class=\"chip\"><b>Engine<\/b> &nbsp;Hispano-Suiza 8 V8, water-cooled<\/span> <span class=\"chip\"><b>Origin<\/b> &nbsp;France<\/span> <span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b> &nbsp;Retired \u00b7 survivors in museums<\/span> <span class=\"chip flyable\"><a href=\"#faq\">Want to fly a warbird yourself?<\/a><\/span> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<section class=\"sec story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The Story<\/div>\n<h2>The SPAD S.VII: the fighter that traded the spinning rotary for brute inline power<\/h2>\n<p>By the middle of 1916, the air war over the Western Front had become a technological arms race measured in weeks. The nimble rotary-engined Nieuport scouts that had won the French air force its first real ascendancy were being caught and outfought by newer German machines. What France needed was not just another light, twitchy dogfighter but something faster, stronger and more reliable \u2014 an aircraft that could dictate a fight rather than merely survive one. The answer came from an unlikely marriage of a struggling aircraft company and a Swiss-born engine designer of genius.<\/p>\n<p>The company was the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pour L&#8217;Aviation et ses D\u00e9riv\u00e9s \u2014 SPAD \u2014 and its technical director was Louis B\u00e9chereau, one of the most inventive airframe designers of the era. The engine was the Hispano-Suiza 8, a compact, water-cooled V8 designed by Marc Birkigt that dispensed with the whirling, oil-slinging rotary engines then dominant on fighters. Where a rotary spun its entire cylinder mass around the crankshaft and topped out at modest power, Birkigt&#8217;s stationary V8 was smoother, more powerful, and \u2014 crucially \u2014 could be developed to ever-higher outputs. B\u00e9chereau built an airframe worthy of it: a compact, strongly braced biplane with a distinctive set of intermediate strut-links on the wire bracing that let him use thinner, lower-drag wings without sacrificing strength.<\/p>\n<p>The result, first flown in the spring of 1916, was the SPAD S.VII C.1. It was not the most agile fighter of the war \u2014 the rotary Nieuports and the later Fokker and Sopwith triplanes could out-turn it \u2014 but it did things no rotary scout could match. It was fast in level flight, it was astonishingly strong, and above all it could dive. A SPAD pilot who found himself in trouble could push the nose down and simply leave his opponent behind, the airframe holding together at speeds that would have shed the wings of a lighter machine. That single quality \u2014 the safe, decisive dive \u2014 reshaped French fighter tactics and made the SPAD the mount of choice for pilots who preferred to attack in a slashing pass and escape rather than swirl in a turning fight.<\/p>\n<p>Armament was deliberately simple: a single synchronised Vickers machine gun firing through the propeller arc, typically a .303 in (7.7 mm) weapon. It was one gun where later fighters would carry two, but it was mounted where the pilot could aim the whole aeroplane at his target, and the SPAD&#8217;s stability made it a superb gun platform. The type entered service in the late summer and autumn of 1916, first reaching elite units such as the famous escadrille N.3 \u2014 the &#8220;Cigognes&#8221;, or Storks \u2014 and quickly proved itself.<\/p>\n<p>It was in the hands of those elite escadrilles that the SPAD S.VII became a legend. Georges Guynemer, France&#8217;s beloved and doomed national hero, flew a succession of SPADs he named &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221; and ran his score into the fifties before his death in 1917. Ren\u00e9 Fonck, who would end the war as the top-scoring Allied ace of all, cut his fighting teeth on the SPAD. Across the Alps, Italy&#8217;s greatest ace Francesco Baracca scored many of his victories on licence-built S.VIIs. The type equipped not only the French but the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, the Italian and Belgian air arms, the Russians, and \u2014 once America entered the war \u2014 the fledgling United States Air Service, which used it heavily for advanced training.<\/p>\n<p>The SPAD S.VII was not flawless. Early Hispano-Suiza engines suffered cooling and reduction-gear troubles that grounded aircraft and frustrated squadrons until the bugs were worked out (a point worth hedging: accounts of the severity vary). And as German fighters grew more powerful through 1917, the single-gun S.VII began to feel under-armed. B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s answer was to give the airframe a bigger, geared Hispano-Suiza and a second gun, producing the more famous SPAD S.XIII. But the S.VII was the aircraft that proved the formula. Without it there would have been no S.XIII, and the whole French \u2014 and Allied \u2014 approach to the fast, strong, inline-engined fighter might have taken a very different path.<\/p>\n<div class=\"pullquote\">&#8220;The SPAD could not turn with a Nieuport, but it could dive away from anything and come back to fight on its own terms \u2014 and that changed how Frenchmen flew.&#8221;<cite>\u2014 a paraphrase of the tactical consensus among WWI aviation historians<\/cite><\/div>\n<p>More than three thousand S.VIIs were built \u2014 the exact figure is disputed and commonly cited at around 3,500 or more, with licence production in Britain, Russia and Italy adding to the French total. It served on every Allied front, was flown by a dozen air forces, and outlived the war in service around the world. Today a handful of genuine originals survive in the world&#8217;s great aviation museums, and airworthy reproductions still take to the air at airshows \u2014 the growl of that Hispano-Suiza V8 a reminder of the moment the fighter grew up.<\/p>\n<p>To understand why the SPAD mattered so much, it helps to picture the tactical problem it solved. In 1915 and early 1916 the French had built their reputation on the Nieuport sesquiplanes \u2014 beautiful, feather-light rotary scouts that could climb and turn with anyone. But lightness came at a price. Nieuports were structurally fragile; their lower wings could twist and fail in a hard dive, and pilots learned to respect the limits of the airframe. Against an enemy who could dive faster and stronger, agility alone was not enough. The SPAD attacked that weakness head-on: it was heavier, it was stronger, and it turned the dive \u2014 the very manoeuvre that endangered a Nieuport \u2014 into a signature strength.<\/p>\n<p>The aircraft&#8217;s look reflected its character. Where a Nieuport was all delicate curves, the SPAD was businesslike and purposeful: a blunt, rounded nose housing the radiator and the V8, a slab-sided fuselage, equal-span wings with that distinctive extra pair of tiny struts halfway along the bracing wires. It was not a pretty aeroplane in the way a Sopwith Camel or a Nieuport was pretty, but it looked exactly like what it was \u2014 a fast, strong, no-nonsense fighting machine built around a big engine. Pilots who flew it tended to trust it, and trust, in the deadly mathematics of air combat, was worth a great deal.<\/p>\n<p>The SPAD also arrived at a moment when the French air service was professionalising its fighter arm. The great escadrilles de chasse, and above all the grouping that became known as the Cigognes, were forging a culture of aggressive, disciplined air fighting. The SPAD was the perfect instrument for that culture: it rewarded pilots who fought with their heads, who used height and speed rather than reckless manoeuvre, and who understood that the fastest way to a kill was often a single, well-judged diving pass. In that sense the SPAD did not just fit French tactics \u2014 it helped shape them.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Design &amp; Engineering<\/div>\n<h2>How the SPAD S.VII was built: three ideas that made it fast, strong and deadly in a dive<\/h2>\n<div class=\"ecards\">\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"en\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The Hispano-Suiza 8: a stationary V8 in a world of rotaries<\/h3>\n<p>Marc Birkigt&#8217;s water-cooled V8 replaced the whirling rotary with a smooth, powerful stationary engine. Rated at roughly 150 hp early and around 175\u2013180 hp later, it gave the SPAD level speed and, above all, the ability to be developed further \u2014 the seed of every SPAD that followed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"en\">02<\/div>\n<h3>B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s braced biplane: thin wings that would not fold<\/h3>\n<p>Louis B\u00e9chereau used a tightly wire-braced structure with distinctive intermediate strut-links on the bracing wires, letting him fit thinner, lower-drag wings without losing strength. The airframe&#8217;s legendary ruggedness is why SPAD pilots could dive at speeds that terrified rivals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ecard\">\n<div class=\"en\">03<\/div>\n<h3>One gun, perfectly aimed: the synchronised Vickers<\/h3>\n<p>A single .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers gun fired through the propeller using a synchronisation gear. It was fewer guns than later fighters carried, but the SPAD&#8217;s stability made the whole aeroplane a rifle \u2014 and the slashing dive-and-zoom attack suited a single, reliable weapon.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"gd\" style=\"margin-top:36px\">\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">01<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII&#8217;s engine story: why the Hispano-Suiza V8 changed fighter design<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>The heart of the SPAD S.VII was the Hispano-Suiza 8, and understanding it explains almost everything else about the aircraft. Before it, most successful fighters used rotary engines \u2014 designs in which the crankcase and cylinders spun bodily around a fixed crankshaft, with the propeller bolted to the rotating mass. Rotaries were light and simple, but the spinning mass produced strong gyroscopic effects that made aircraft tricky to handle, they flung castor-oil lubricant everywhere, and they were fundamentally limited in how much power they could produce before the whirling cylinders became unmanageable.<\/p>\n<p>Marc Birkigt&#8217;s V8 was a completely different philosophy: a stationary, water-cooled engine of aluminium construction, compact and comparatively light for its output. In the S.VII it produced somewhere around 150 horsepower in early form and roughly 175\u2013180 hp as the design matured (figures vary between sources and sub-types, so treat them as approximate). Just as important as the raw number was the potential: the same basic engine could be geared and enlarged to well over 200 hp, which is exactly what happened with the later SPAD S.XIII. The rotary had reached its ceiling; the Hispano-Suiza had only started to climb.<\/p>\n<p>The trade-offs were real. The water-cooling system added weight and complexity, and early engines \u2014 particularly the geared versions \u2014 suffered reliability problems with cooling and the reduction gear that could ground aircraft and sap squadron strength until they were resolved. But the payoff was a fighter that was fast, that vibrated less, and that handled more predictably than a gyroscope-laden rotary scout. It was, in effect, a glimpse of the future of the fighter engine.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">02<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII in a dogfight: dive-and-zoom versus the turning fight<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>The SPAD S.VII did not fight the way a Nieuport did. The light rotary Nieuports and the Sopwith and Fokker triplanes were turn-fighters: they could pull tight, slow circles and try to get onto an enemy&#8217;s tail in a swirling contest of agility. The SPAD, heavier and with thinner wings, could not out-turn them and its rate of climb was merely adequate rather than exceptional.<\/p>\n<p>What it could do was fly fast and dive without limit. SPAD tactics therefore revolved around energy: climb high, dive on the enemy in a single slashing pass, fire, and use the built-up speed to zoom back up out of danger \u2014 the &#8220;boom and zoom&#8221; that would define fast fighters for decades. If a fight turned against a SPAD pilot, he had the ultimate escape: point the nose down and dive away, confident the strong airframe would take speeds that could tear a lighter machine apart. This suited aggressive, disciplined pilots and made the SPAD deadly in the hands of aces, even if it was less forgiving of a novice who let his speed bleed away in a turning fight.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">03<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII versus the SPAD S.XIII: one gun becomes two<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>It is easy to confuse the two SPADs, but the distinction matters. The S.VII came first and was the single-gun aircraft: one synchronised Vickers, an early or mid-power Hispano-Suiza 8 of around 150\u2013180 hp, and the reputation as the type that proved the inline-engined fighter formula.<\/p>\n<p>The later SPAD S.XIII took the same basic concept and scaled it up: a more powerful, geared Hispano-Suiza of roughly 200\u2013220 hp and, crucially, a second synchronised Vickers gun for double the firepower. The S.XIII was faster and hit harder, and it became the definitive Allied fighter of the war&#8217;s last year \u2014 but it was a direct evolution of the S.VII, not a clean-sheet design. When you read that &#8220;the SPAD&#8221; was the mount of Guynemer or Fonck, it is worth remembering that much of their most famous flying was done on the earlier, single-gun S.VII.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">06<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII versus the Nieuport 17: strength against agility<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>The Nieuport 17 and the SPAD S.VII were contemporaries in French service, and comparing them shows two opposite design philosophies. The Nieuport was a rotary-engined sesquiplane \u2014 a light, nimble machine with a small lower wing that could climb quickly and turn tightly, making it a superb dogfighter in a swirling, low-speed fight. Its weakness was structural: that slender lower wing could flex and even fail under the stress of a high-speed dive, so Nieuport pilots had to treat the dive with caution.<\/p>\n<p>The SPAD was the mirror image. It was heavier and could not match the Nieuport&#8217;s turn or its climb, but its rugged, wire-braced structure let it dive at speeds that would have destroyed the lighter aircraft, and its inline engine gave it more speed in level flight. Many French squadrons operated both types side by side, and pilots came to understand each machine&#8217;s strengths: use the Nieuport to turn and twist, use the SPAD to slash down from above and climb away. The two aircraft together defined the French approach to fighter combat in the middle of the war.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">07<\/span><span class=\"gt\">How to identify a SPAD S.VII: telling it apart from a Nieuport and an S.XIII<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>Spotting a SPAD S.VII takes a little practice. Against a Nieuport, look at the wings: the Nieuport is a sesquiplane with a noticeably smaller lower wing and a single V-strut on each side, while the SPAD has near-equal-span upper and lower wings joined by conventional parallel struts \u2014 plus the SPAD&#8217;s distinctive extra pair of small intermediate struts partway along the bracing. The SPAD&#8217;s nose is blunter and rounder, housing the radiator for its water-cooled V8, where the Nieuport&#8217;s rotary gives it a more open, cylindrical cowling.<\/p>\n<p>Telling an S.VII from the later S.XIII is harder, because they share a family resemblance. The clearest cues are the guns and the overall size: the S.VII carries a single Vickers, the S.XIII carries two, and the S.XIII is slightly larger with a bigger engine and generally more rounded wingtips. In photographs, count the gun troughs ahead of the cockpit \u2014 one for the S.VII, two for the S.XIII.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">08<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII&#8217;s legacy: the ancestor of the fast inline fighter<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>The SPAD S.VII&#8217;s real importance is historical as much as tactical. It was the aircraft that proved a fighter could be built around a heavy, powerful, water-cooled inline engine and win \u2014 trading a measure of agility for speed, strength and, above all, growth potential. That formula ran straight through the S.XIII and, in spirit, all the way to the great inline-engined fighters of the next war: the Spitfire, the Bf 109, the Mustang. Each of those was, at heart, a strong airframe wrapped around a powerful liquid-cooled engine, exactly the recipe SPAD and Hispano-Suiza pioneered in 1916.<\/p>\n<p>The Hispano-Suiza engine itself became one of the most influential aero-engines in history, built under licence in several countries and evolving through decades of development. The SPAD S.VII, then, sits at a genuine turning point: the moment the fighter stopped being a light, twitchy rotary scout and became the fast, strong, engine-led weapon it would remain for the rest of the piston era.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\" style=\"background:#f6f8fb\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Full Specifications<\/div>\n<h2>SPAD S.VII specifications: dimensions, performance and cost<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">Figures are for a representative SPAD S.VII C.1 with the ~180 hp Hispano-Suiza 8Ab; individual sources and sub-types vary, so values are approximate and flagged where contested.<\/p>\n<div class=\"specgrid\">\n<table class=\"spec\">\n<caption>Dimensions &amp; weights<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>Crew<\/th>\n<td>1 (pilot)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Length<\/th>\n<td>~6.08 m (19 ft 11 in)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Wingspan<\/th>\n<td>~7.82 m (25 ft 8 in)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Height<\/th>\n<td>~2.1 m (6 ft 11 in)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Wing area<\/th>\n<td>~17.9 m\u00b2 (193 sq ft)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Empty weight<\/th>\n<td>~500 kg (1,100 lb) \u2014 approx.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Loaded weight<\/th>\n<td>~740 kg (1,630 lb) \u2014 approx.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Configuration<\/th>\n<td>Single-bay braced biplane, tractor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<table class=\"spec\">\n<caption>Powerplant, performance &amp; armament<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>Engine<\/th>\n<td>Hispano-Suiza 8Aa\/8Ab water-cooled V8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Power<\/th>\n<td>~150 hp early; ~175\u2013180 hp later (varies)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Maximum speed<\/th>\n<td>~192 km\/h (119 mph) \u2014 approx.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Service ceiling<\/th>\n<td>~5,500 m (18,000 ft) \u2014 approx.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Endurance<\/th>\n<td>~1.5\u20132.5 hours (varies)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Armament<\/th>\n<td>1 \u00d7 synchronised .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers gun<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<td>Spring 1916<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Number built<\/th>\n<td>~3,500+ (estimates vary widely)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<table class=\"spec\" style=\"margin-top:30px\">\n<caption>Cost &amp; production<\/caption>\n<tr>\n<th>Unit cost (new, 1916\u201318)<\/th>\n<td>Not reliably recorded (WWI)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cost per flight hour<\/th>\n<td>Not reliably recorded (WWI)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Programme \/ fleet cost<\/th>\n<td>Not reliably recorded (WWI)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Licence production<\/th>\n<td>Britain (Mann Egerton; Bl\u00e9riot &amp; SPAD), Russia (Duks), Italy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"gd\" style=\"margin-top:36px\">\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">04<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII&#8217;s variants and licence production: who built it and where<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>The S.VII was built in enormous numbers for its day, and not only in France. B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s design was licensed to British manufacturers \u2014 Mann Egerton and the Bl\u00e9riot &amp; SPAD Aircraft Works among them \u2014 to equip the Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service. In Russia the type was built under licence at the Duks factory in Moscow, and Italy produced its own S.VIIs for the Corpo Aeronautico Militare. Alongside the standard C.1 single-seat fighter, the airframe appeared with the early ~150 hp engine and the later ~180 hp version, the more powerful engine improving speed and climb.<\/p>\n<p>Total production is genuinely uncertain: figures around 3,500 are commonly quoted for French-built machines, with licence production abroad pushing the grand total higher. Because wartime records were incomplete and sub-contracting was widespread, any single number should be treated as an estimate rather than a firm total.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">05<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The SPAD S.VII&#8217;s operating costs: what a WWI fighter actually cost to run<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>Unlike modern jets, the SPAD S.VII has no reliably documented cost-per-flight-hour figure. First World War military accounting did not track aircraft the way modern air forces do, unit prices were quoted in wartime francs, pounds and dollars whose values shifted rapidly, and much production was folded into broader war budgets. What can be said is qualitative: the SPAD was more expensive and more complex to build and maintain than a simple rotary scout, largely because of its water-cooled Hispano-Suiza V8 and its cooling system. That extra cost bought speed, strength and development potential \u2014 a trade the French air force judged well worth making. Any specific monetary figure quoted today should be treated with caution.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">09<\/span><span class=\"gt\">The Cigognes: how the Storks squadron made the SPAD legendary<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>No unit is more closely associated with the SPAD than the Cigognes \u2014 the Storks \u2014 the informal grouping of elite French escadrilles whose pilots painted stork emblems on their aircraft. Among the first to receive the S.VII, the Cigognes gathered an extraordinary concentration of talent: Guynemer, and around him a constellation of high-scoring aces who turned the squadron into a symbol of French fighting spirit at a time when the nation desperately needed heroes.<\/p>\n<p>The Storks&#8217; culture was aggressive and professional. Its pilots hunted in a disciplined, calculating way that suited the SPAD perfectly \u2014 climbing high, striking fast, and using the aircraft&#8217;s speed and strength rather than throwing it into risky turning fights. The emblem became so famous that it outlived the war, and the stork endures in French military aviation heraldry to this day. When people speak of &#8220;the SPAD aces&#8221;, it is very often the Storks they mean.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">10<\/span><span class=\"gt\">Georges Guynemer and the SPAD: the making of a national myth<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>Georges Guynemer was, on paper, the least likely of warriors \u2014 slight, sickly, repeatedly rejected by the army before he talked his way into aviation. In the air he was transformed. Flying his succession of &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221; SPADs, he became France&#8217;s most celebrated pilot, his victory tally climbing into the fifties and his name a household word. He flew with a reckless intensity, pressing attacks to point-blank range, and the strong, fast SPAD was the machine that let him fight the way he wanted to.<\/p>\n<p>His death in September 1917 \u2014 shot down over Belgium, his body and aircraft never recovered \u2014 turned a hero into a myth. French schoolchildren were told that he had &#8220;flown so high he could not come back down.&#8221; The legend attached itself firmly to the SPAD, the aircraft in which he had lived and died, and it is a large part of why the type occupies such a special place in French national memory.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary><span class=\"num\">11<\/span><span class=\"gt\">SPAD S.VII colours and markings: reading a First World War fighter<\/span><span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"gc\">\n<p>Most French SPAD S.VIIs wore a scheme of clear-doped linen and pale factory finishes early on, giving way to more varied camouflage and unit markings as the war went on. National roundels \u2014 the French cockade of blue, white and red \u2014 appeared on the wings and often the fuselage, with rudders frequently painted in vertical bands of the national colours. Individual pilots and squadrons added their own emblems, from the Cigognes&#8217; storks to a menagerie of personal insignia.<\/p>\n<p>Licence-built and exported aircraft wore the markings of their operators \u2014 the roundels of the British RFC and RNAS, the Italian tricolour, the Belgian cockade, and later the insignia of the many post-war air forces that flew surplus SPADs. For enthusiasts and modellers, the sheer variety of SPAD S.VII markings is part of the type&#8217;s enduring appeal.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/details><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>The SPAD S.VII timeline: from drawing board to living legend<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1915<\/div>\n<h4>B\u00e9chereau and Birkigt join forces<\/h4>\n<p>At SPAD, technical director Louis B\u00e9chereau begins designing a fighter around Marc Birkigt&#8217;s new Hispano-Suiza 8 water-cooled V8 \u2014 a decisive break from the rotary engines then dominating fighter design.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Spring 1916<\/div>\n<h4>First flight of the S.VII prototype<\/h4>\n<p>The prototype SPAD S.VII takes to the air, demonstrating high speed and remarkable structural strength for its size.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Late 1916<\/div>\n<h4>Into service with the escadrilles<\/h4>\n<p>The S.VII reaches front-line French units, including the elite N.3 &#8220;Cigognes&#8221; (Storks), and quickly earns a reputation as a fast, rugged scout.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1916\u201317<\/div>\n<h4>Guynemer and the aces make it famous<\/h4>\n<p>Georges Guynemer flies his &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221; SPADs to a mounting score; Ren\u00e9 Fonck begins his rise; the type&#8217;s legend grows across the Western Front.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<h4>Allied air forces adopt the S.VII<\/h4>\n<p>Britain&#8217;s RFC and RNAS, Italy, Belgium, Russia and \u2014 after America&#8217;s entry \u2014 the US Air Service take the SPAD into service; licence production spreads to Britain, Russia and Italy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<h4>Baracca and the Italian Front<\/h4>\n<p>Italy&#8217;s leading ace Francesco Baracca scores heavily on licence-built S.VIIs over the Italian Front, cementing the type&#8217;s international reputation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Mid\u2013late 1917<\/div>\n<h4>The S.XIII supersedes it<\/h4>\n<p>B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s more powerful, twin-gun SPAD S.XIII enters production, gradually replacing the single-gun S.VII in first-line French service \u2014 but the S.VII soldiers on.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1918<\/div>\n<h4>Wartime service to the Armistice<\/h4>\n<p>The S.VII continues in training and second-line roles and with several Allied air arms right through to the end of the war in November 1918.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1919\u201320s<\/div>\n<h4>Post-war and export service<\/h4>\n<p>Surplus S.VIIs serve on with air forces from Belgium and Poland to Greece, Romania, Brazil, Portugal and beyond, and see action in conflicts across the former Russian Empire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"ev\">\n<div class=\"yr\">Today<\/div>\n<h4>Survivors and flying reproductions<\/h4>\n<p>Genuine originals are preserved in museums including the Smithsonian, the Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Air, San Diego and Brussels, and airworthy reproductions still fly at airshows.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap story\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Around The World<\/div>\n<h2>The SPAD S.VII beyond France: a fighter that fought on every Allied front<\/h2>\n<p>Although it was a French design flown to fame by French aces, the SPAD S.VII was very much an Allied aircraft. On the Western Front it served not only with the French escadrilles but with the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service, whose pilots flew it alongside their own Sopwiths and S.E.5s and who built it under licence at home. Belgian aviators flew it on the war&#8217;s northern sector, defending the last unoccupied corner of their country.<\/p>\n<p>Over the mountains of the Italian Front, licence-built S.VIIs equipped the squadrons of the Corpo Aeronautico Militare, and it was here that Francesco Baracca rose to become Italy&#8217;s national air hero. Far to the east, the Imperial Russian Air Service received SPADs and built them at the Duks factory in Moscow; when Russia collapsed into revolution and civil war, those aircraft flew on with a bewildering variety of factions across the former empire.<\/p>\n<p>When the United States entered the war in April 1917 with almost no modern combat aircraft of its own, it turned to proven European designs. The SPAD S.VII became a mainstay of American pilot training in France and served on the front line with the young US Air Service, helping to school the airmen who would carry the fight into 1918. In this way a single French fighter touched almost every Allied air arm of the war.<\/p>\n<p>The SPAD&#8217;s story did not end at the Armistice. Surplus aircraft were cheap, rugged and available, and in the chaotic years after 1918 they found their way into the fledgling air forces of newly independent and reorganising nations \u2014 Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states, Greece, Romania, Serbia and others \u2014 and as far afield as Brazil, Portugal, Peru and Siam. For a decade after the guns fell silent, the growl of the Hispano-Suiza could still be heard over half the world.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\" style=\"background:#f6f8fb\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Stories &amp; Eyewitnesses<\/div>\n<h2>SPAD S.VII stories: the aces, the machines and the moments<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">Twelve short stories from the SPAD S.VII&#8217;s career. Tap any card to read.<\/p>\n<div class=\"caro\">\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"spadtrack\">\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Guynemer&#8217;s &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221;<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">France \u00b7 escadrille N.3<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Georges Guynemer, frail in health but relentless in the air, named a succession of his fighters &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221; (&#8220;Old Charles&#8221;). Flying SPAD S.VIIs and later S.XIIIs with the Cigognes, he became France&#8217;s idolised air hero, his victory tally climbing into the fifties before he was lost over Belgium in September 1917. His SPADs made the type a national symbol.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Fonck learns his trade<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">France \u00b7 future top Allied ace<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Ren\u00e9 Fonck, who would finish the war as the highest-scoring Allied ace of all with 75 confirmed victories, honed his ruthless, marksman&#8217;s style of air fighting on the SPAD. He prized economy \u2014 a handful of rounds, precisely aimed \u2014 and the stable SPAD suited him perfectly as a gun platform.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Baracca over Italy<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Italy \u00b7 Corpo Aeronautico Militare<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Francesco Baracca, Italy&#8217;s greatest ace with 34 victories, scored many of them flying licence-built SPADs over the Italian Front. His prancing-horse emblem \u2014 later adopted by Ferrari \u2014 flew on Italian SPADs before his death in 1918.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">The Storks of N.3<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">France \u00b7 les Cigognes<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Escadrille N.3, the &#8220;Cigognes&#8221;, was among the first units to receive the S.VII. Its pilots&#8217; stork emblems became famous across France, and the squadron produced a cluster of leading aces who made the SPAD&#8217;s reputation in the war&#8217;s middle years.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">The dive that saved lives<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Tactics \u00b7 energy fighting<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Time and again, SPAD pilots caught at a disadvantage simply pushed the nose down and dived away \u2014 a manoeuvre that would have torn the wings off lighter scouts. The SPAD&#8217;s structural strength turned the dive into both a weapon and an escape, and reshaped French fighter tactics around energy rather than agility.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">RFC and RNAS SPADs<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Britain \u00b7 Western Front<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>The British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Naval Air Service flew the S.VII on the Western Front and built it under licence at home. British pilots valued its speed and strength, even as they wrestled with the early Hispano-Suiza&#8217;s teething troubles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">The American apprenticeship<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">USA \u00b7 US Air Service<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>When the United States entered the war in 1917 with almost no combat aircraft of its own, it leaned on French types. The SPAD S.VII became a key advanced trainer and front-line fighter for the fledgling US Air Service, schooling a generation of American pilots.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Birkigt&#8217;s engine gamble<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Engineering \u00b7 Hispano-Suiza<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Marc Birkigt&#8217;s decision to build a light, water-cooled aluminium V8 was a gamble against the entrenched rotary. It paid off spectacularly: the Hispano-Suiza 8 not only powered the SPADs but became one of the most important aero-engines of the war, built by the tens of thousands.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Cooling troubles on the line<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Maintenance \u00b7 early engines<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>The SPAD&#8217;s water-cooled engine was more demanding than a rotary. Ground crews contended with cooling problems and, on geared versions, reduction-gear failures that could ground aircraft. Accounts of how serious this was vary, but squadrons certainly felt it before the design matured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">One gun, well aimed<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Armament \u00b7 the single Vickers<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>Where later fighters carried two guns, the S.VII made do with one synchronised Vickers. Its steadiness in the air compensated: a disciplined pilot could put a short, accurate burst into an enemy in a single diving pass. The demand for more firepower, however, pointed straight to the twin-gun S.XIII.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">Wings that would not fold<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Structure \u00b7 B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s bracing<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>B\u00e9chereau&#8217;s clever wire-bracing, with its intermediate strut-links, let the SPAD use thin, low-drag wings that nonetheless held together under punishing loads. It is the single most important reason the SPAD could dive where others dared not.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"scard\">\n<div class=\"sh\">\n<div class=\"sq\">The survivors that still fly<\/div>\n<div class=\"ssub\">Preservation \u00b7 today<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Read the story<\/summary>\n<div class=\"sb\">\n<p>A handful of genuine S.VIIs survive in the Smithsonian, the Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Air at Le Bourget, San Diego and Brussels, while airworthy reproductions bring the Hispano-Suiza&#8217;s growl back to airshow skies \u2014 the closest most of us will ever get to seeing a SPAD in its element.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"carobtns\"><button onclick=\"document.getElementById('spadtrack').scrollBy({left:-720,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button onclick=\"document.getElementById('spadtrack').scrollBy({left:720,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Photo Gallery<\/div>\n<h2>SPAD S.VII in photographs<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">Genuine period and museum photographs. Click any image to enlarge. Credits and licences below each picture.<\/p>\n<div class=\"gtrack\">\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=320285001  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-side-profile.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"SPAD S.VII single-seat fighter, side view\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>SPAD S.VII. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=1917366188  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-museum-nmusaf.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"SPAD S.VII preserved in a museum\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>Preserved SPAD S.VII at the National Museum of the USAF. Photo: rogerd, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=1044004083  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:888\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-rfc-on-ground.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201536%20888%22%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22888%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22888%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Royal Flying Corps SPAD S.VII on the ground\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>RFC SPAD S.VII on the ground. San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum archives; public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=110922983  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:897\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-guynemer-vieux-charles.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201536%20897%22%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22897%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%22897%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Georges Guynemer's SPAD S.VII being transported\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>Georges Guynemer&#8217;s SPAD S.VII being transported. Universit\u00e9 de Caen Basse-Normandie; no known copyright restrictions, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=1851825328  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1017\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-san-diego-survivor.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201536%201017%22%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%221017%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%221536%22%20height%3D%221017%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Surviving SPAD S.VII airframe on display\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>Surviving SPAD S.VII C.1 (s\/n B9916) at the San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum. Photo: Tom\u00e1s Del Coro, CC BY-SA 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"gfig\"><img data-opt-id=1083906597  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1024\/h:717\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-period-photo.jpg\"  decoding=\"async\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%201024%20717%22%20width%3D%221024%22%20height%3D%22717%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%221024%22%20height%3D%22717%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"SPAD S.VII period photograph\" loading=\"lazy\"><figcaption>SPAD S.VII, period photograph. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\" style=\"background:#f6f8fb\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">On Film<\/div>\n<h2>The SPAD S.VII on video<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">One verified, high-authority film. See the type and its Hispano-Suiza engine brought to life.<\/p>\n<div class=\"vid\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ORciKz5pRWw\" title=\"SPAD S.VII video\" loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p class=\"vidcap\">\u201cThe Spad VII: One Of The Best Aircraft Of The Great War\u201d \u2014 Not A Pound For Air To Ground (~46,800 views, verified). An 11-minute history of France\u2019s first great fighter.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Operations Map<\/div>\n<h2>Where the SPAD S.VII flew: origin, operators, licences and survivors<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">France designed and built it; the Allies flew it on every front, licensed it abroad, and preserve it still. Toggle the categories to explore. Combat fronts and operators are shown together for this WWI type.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapwrap\">\n<div id=\"spad7-map-widget\" style=\"font-family:'Gilroy semiBold','Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,Lucida,sans-serif;max-width:1080px;width:100%;\">\n<div id=\"spad7-map-container\" style=\"width:100%;position:relative\"><svg id=\"spad7-map-svg\" style=\"width:100%;height:auto;display:block\"><\/svg><\/p>\n<div id=\"spad7-tooltip\" style=\"position:fixed;background:#1a1a2e;color:#fff;padding:10px 16px;border-radius:0;font-size:13px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.3px;pointer-events:auto;opacity:0;transition:opacity .15s;z-index:100000;max-width:360px;line-height:1.5\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"spad7-controls\" style=\"display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start;margin-top:12px;\"> <button class=\"spad7-toggle active\" data-cat=\"origin\" data-full=\"Origin &amp; Manufacturer\" data-short=\"Origin\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #5C91FF;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#5C91FF\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"spad7-label\">Origin &amp; Manufacturer<\/span><span class=\"spad7-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"spad7-toggle active\" data-cat=\"operators\" data-full=\"WWI Operators &amp; Fronts\" data-short=\"Operators\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #6B8E23;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#4A6741 25%,#6B8E23 25%,#6B8E23 50%,#556B2F 50%,#556B2F 75%,#8B9D77 75%);background-size:8px 8px\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"spad7-label\">WWI Operators &amp; Fronts<\/span><span class=\"spad7-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"spad7-toggle active\" data-cat=\"licence\" data-full=\"Licence &amp; Other Operators\" data-short=\"Licence\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #555;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#555\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"spad7-label\">Licence &amp; Other Operators<\/span><span class=\"spad7-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button> <button class=\"spad7-toggle active\" data-cat=\"survivors\" data-full=\"Surviving Airframes &amp; Replicas\" data-short=\"Survivors\" style=\"display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;padding:8px 12px;border:2px solid #bbb;border-radius:0;background:#fff;cursor:pointer;font-family:inherit;font-size:13px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a2e;white-space:nowrap;transition:all .25s\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"width:14px;height:14px;flex-shrink:0;background:#C0C0C0\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"spad7-label\">Surviving Airframes &amp; Replicas<\/span><span class=\"spad7-check\" style=\"font-size:10px;opacity:1\">&#10003;<\/span><\/button> <\/div>\n<div id=\"spad7-count\" style=\"text-align:left;font-size:14px;color:#666;margin-top:12px;line-height:1.7;width:100%\"><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<style> #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle:hover{border-color:#999!important} #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle:not(.active){color:#999!important;border-color:#E0E0E0!important} #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle:not(.active) .spad7-check{opacity:0!important} #spad7-map-widget .country{fill:#E8ECF1;stroke:#C8D0DA;stroke-width:.4;transition:fill .3s,stroke .3s} #spad7-map-widget .country:hover{stroke-width:1;stroke:#999} #spad7-map-widget .country.cat-origin{fill:#5C91FF;stroke:#3A6FD8;stroke-width:.7} #spad7-map-widget .country.cat-operators{fill:url(#camo-pattern);stroke:#4A6741;stroke-width:.7} #spad7-map-widget .country.cat-licence{fill:#555;stroke:#333;stroke-width:.7} #spad7-map-widget .country.cat-survivors{fill:#C0C0C0;stroke:#999;stroke-width:.5} #spad7-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:15px;font-weight:700;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #spad7-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:11px;font-weight:400;color:#aaa;display:block;margin-bottom:6px;letter-spacing:.3px} #spad7-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:12px;font-weight:600;color:#ccc;display:block;margin-bottom:4px} #spad7-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:12px;color:#ccc;line-height:1.5;display:block} @media(max-width:600px){ #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle{padding:6px 10px!important;font-size:12px!important;gap:5px!important} #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle div{width:12px!important;height:12px!important} #spad7-controls{gap:6px!important} #spad7-count{font-size:13px!important} #spad7-tooltip{max-width:calc(100vw - 32px)!important;font-size:12px!important;padding:8px 12px!important} #spad7-tooltip .tt-name{font-size:14px!important} #spad7-tooltip .tt-cat{font-size:10px!important} #spad7-tooltip .tt-fleet{font-size:11px!important} #spad7-tooltip .tt-desc{font-size:11px!important} } @media(max-width:400px){ #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle{padding:5px 8px!important;font-size:11px!important;gap:4px!important} #spad7-map-widget .spad7-toggle div{width:10px!important;height:10px!important} #spad7-controls{gap:4px!important} } <\/style>\n<p> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/d3\/7.8.5\/d3.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/topojson\/3.0.2\/topojson.min.js\"><\/script> <script src=\"https:\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/npm\/d3-geo-projection@4\/dist\/d3-geo-projection.min.js\"><\/script> <\/p>\n<div id=\"spad7-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p> <script>(function(){function boot(){if(typeof d3==='undefined'||typeof topojson==='undefined'||!d3.geoRobinson){setTimeout(boot,150);return}var el=document.getElementById(\"spad7-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);}boot();})();<\/script> <\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\" style=\"background:#0d1117\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\" style=\"color:#5C91FF\">Combat Record<\/div>\n<h2 style=\"color:#fff\">The SPAD S.VII by the numbers<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\" style=\"color:#aebbd2\">Approximate, historically contested figures \u2014 the SPAD was a war-winning fighter flown by the Allies&#8217; greatest aces.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cstats\">\n<div class=\"cstat\" style=\"background:#141b25;border-color:#263141\">\n<div class=\"cv\" style=\"color:#fff\">~3,500+<\/div>\n<div class=\"cl\" style=\"color:#9fb0cc\">Built (estimates vary)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\" style=\"background:#141b25;border-color:#263141\">\n<div class=\"cv\" style=\"color:#fff\">12+<\/div>\n<div class=\"cl\" style=\"color:#9fb0cc\">Air forces operated it<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\" style=\"background:#141b25;border-color:#263141\">\n<div class=\"cv\" style=\"color:#fff\">1<\/div>\n<div class=\"cl\" style=\"color:#9fb0cc\">Vickers gun (vs 2 on the S.XIII)<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"cstat\" style=\"background:#141b25;border-color:#263141\">\n<div class=\"cv\" style=\"color:#fff\">75 &amp; 53<\/div>\n<div class=\"cl\" style=\"color:#9fb0cc\">Victories of Fonck &amp; Guynemer (all types)<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap qa\" id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>SPAD S.VII: your questions answered<\/h2>\n<details open>\n<summary>Can I fly in a SPAD S.VII?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Not as a passenger \u2014 the SPAD S.VII is a single-seat First World War fighter. A number of genuine originals survive in museums such as the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, the Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Air et de l&#8217;Espace at Le Bourget, the San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum and the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, and a handful of airworthy reproductions still fly at airshows. But it is a static museum piece and a rare collector&#8217;s flyer, not a bookable ride, and MiGFlug does not offer SPAD S.VII flights.<\/p>\n<p>If what you want is the real experience of flying in a fast military aircraft, you absolutely can. MiGFlug flies members of the public in genuine ex-military jets \u2014 from the L-39 Albatros to the Hawker Hunter and more. Explore what&#8217;s available at <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\">migflug.com\/flights-prices<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What made the SPAD S.VII different from other WWI fighters?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Its engine. While most fighters of 1916 used spinning rotary engines, the SPAD used the stationary, water-cooled Hispano-Suiza 8 V8. That gave it high level speed, tremendous structural strength and \u2014 famously \u2014 the ability to dive away from almost any opponent. It traded some agility and climb for speed, ruggedness and reliability, and pointed the way to the modern inline-engined fighter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How was the SPAD S.VII different from the SPAD S.XIII?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>The S.VII came first and is the single-gun aircraft: one synchronised Vickers machine gun and a Hispano-Suiza 8 of roughly 150\u2013180 hp. The later S.XIII was an evolution with a more powerful, geared Hispano-Suiza of around 200\u2013220 hp and a second Vickers gun \u2014 faster and harder-hitting, but a direct descendant of the S.VII rather than a new design. They are frequently confused; this page is about the earlier, single-gun S.VII.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which aces flew the SPAD S.VII?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Many of the greatest. Georges Guynemer flew his famous &#8220;Vieux Charles&#8221; SPADs; Ren\u00e9 Fonck, the top-scoring Allied ace of the war, began his fighting career on the type; and Italy&#8217;s leading ace Francesco Baracca scored heavily on licence-built S.VIIs. Note that several of these aces flew both the S.VII and the later S.XIII during their careers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How fast was the SPAD S.VII?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Roughly 192 km\/h (about 119 mph) in level flight for the ~180 hp version \u2014 very fast for 1916\u201317 \u2014 though exact figures vary between sources and sub-types. Its diving speed was far higher, and the strength of the airframe let pilots exploit it fully.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many guns did the SPAD S.VII carry?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Just one: a single synchronised .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun firing through the propeller arc. The demand for more firepower was one of the drivers behind the twin-gun SPAD S.XIII.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many SPAD S.VIIs were built?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>The figure is genuinely uncertain. Around 3,500 or more is commonly cited for French production, with additional licence-built aircraft in Britain, Russia and Italy pushing the grand total higher. Wartime records were incomplete, so any number is an estimate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did the SPAD S.VII have any weaknesses?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Yes. It was less manoeuvrable than the rotary-engined Nieuports and its rate of climb was only adequate. Early Hispano-Suiza engines also suffered cooling and, on geared versions, reduction-gear troubles that could ground aircraft until the design matured \u2014 though accounts of how serious this was vary. And with a single gun it eventually felt under-armed against newer German fighters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where can I see a real SPAD S.VII today?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Genuine originals are preserved at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in the USA, the Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Air et de l&#8217;Espace at Le Bourget in France, the San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum, and the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, among others. Airworthy reproductions also appear at airshows.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who designed and built the SPAD S.VII?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>It was designed by Louis B\u00e9chereau and built by the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pour L&#8217;Aviation et ses D\u00e9riv\u00e9s (SPAD) in France, around the Hispano-Suiza 8 engine created by Marc Birkigt. It was the first truly successful fighter from SPAD and the direct ancestor of the famous S.XIII.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why did the SPAD S.VII use a water-cooled engine instead of a rotary?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Because it offered more power and, crucially, room to grow. Rotary engines were light and simple but had reached the practical limits of their power output and produced awkward gyroscopic handling. Marc Birkigt&#8217;s stationary, water-cooled Hispano-Suiza V8 was smoother, could be developed to much higher outputs, and gave the airframe the speed and strength that defined the SPAD. The cost was added weight and complexity \u2014 and some early cooling and reduction-gear reliability troubles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did the SPAD S.VII serve after the First World War?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Yes. Surplus S.VIIs served for years after 1918 with the air forces of Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Baltic states, Greece, Romania, Serbia and others, and as far afield as Brazil, Portugal, Peru and Siam. Some saw action in the conflicts that followed the collapse of the Russian Empire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the SPAD S.VII related to the car maker Hispano-Suiza?<span class=\"pm\">+<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"ans\">\n<p>Indirectly, yes. The SPAD&#8217;s engine was the Hispano-Suiza 8, designed by Marc Birkigt for the Spanish-Swiss firm Hispano-Suiza, which is best known today for its luxury cars. The same company&#8217;s aero-engine work in the First World War was hugely influential, and the Hispano-Suiza 8 became one of the most important engines of the era.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec cta\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\" style=\"color:#5C91FF\">You Can&#8217;t Fly a SPAD \u2014 These, You Can<\/div>\n<h2>The SPAD S.VII is a museum piece. A real military-jet flight is not.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"lead\">You&#8217;ll never book a seat in a single-seat WWI SPAD \u2014 but you can strap into a genuine ex-military jet and feel the speed, the g-force and the horizon rolling for yourself. MiGFlug makes it happen.<\/p>\n<div class=\"caro\">\n<div class=\"track\" id=\"flytrack\"> <a class=\"fcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/\"><span class=\"fh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"fb\"><span class=\"fn\">Fighter jet flights<\/span><span class=\"fd\">The full range of MiGFlug military-jet experiences around the world.<\/span><span class=\"fcta\">View all flights<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"fcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-in-switzerland\/\"><span class=\"fh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"fb\"><span class=\"fn\">L-39 Albatros \u2014 Switzerland<\/span><span class=\"fd\">Fly a real jet trainer over the Swiss Alps.<\/span><span class=\"fcta\">View flights<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"fcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-italian-alps\/\"><span class=\"fh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"fb\"><span class=\"fn\">L-39 Albatros \u2014 Italian Alps<\/span><span class=\"fd\">A jet ride over the peaks and lakes of northern Italy.<\/span><span class=\"fcta\">View flights<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"fcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-florida\/\"><span class=\"fh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"fb\"><span class=\"fn\">L-39 Albatros \u2014 Florida<\/span><span class=\"fd\">Jet-fighter thrills over the Florida coastline.<\/span><span class=\"fcta\">View flights<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"fcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-czech-republic\/\"><span class=\"fh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1536\/h:1021\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"fb\"><span class=\"fn\">L-39 Albatros \u2014 Czech Republic<\/span><span class=\"fd\">Fly the Albatros in the country where it was born.<\/span><span class=\"fcta\">View flights<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/div>\n<div class=\"carobtns\"><button onclick=\"document.getElementById('flytrack').scrollBy({left:-620,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2039<\/button><button onclick=\"document.getElementById('flytrack').scrollBy({left:620,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u203a<\/button><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Related Aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Explore related fighters in the Book of Beasts<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"> <a class=\"rcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-xiii\/\"><span class=\"rh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1024\/h:665\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-xiii-94th-aero-squadron-restored.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"rb\"><span class=\"rn\">SPAD S.XIII<\/span><span class=\"rd\">The more powerful, twin-gun evolution of the S.VII \u2014 the definitive Allied fighter of 1918.<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"rcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/nieuport-17\/\"><span class=\"rh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1024\/h:699\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/nieuport-17-climbing-1916.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"rb\"><span class=\"rn\">Nieuport 17<\/span><span class=\"rd\">The nimble rotary-engined scout the SPAD flew alongside \u2014 and out-dived.<\/span><\/span><\/a> <a class=\"rcard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/se-5a\/\"><span class=\"rh\" style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:1024\/h:662\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/se-5a-no32-squadron-humieres-1918.jpg')\"><\/span><span class=\"rb\"><span class=\"rn\">Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a<\/span><span class=\"rd\">Britain&#8217;s inline-engined fighter \u2014 another Hispano-Suiza-powered contemporary of the SPAD.<\/span><\/span><\/a> <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section class=\"sec\" style=\"background:#f6f8fb\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Sources &amp; further reading<\/h2>\n<div class=\"srcs\">\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/b>Collection record and history for the SPAD S.VII \/ S.XIII family.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Mus\u00e9e de l&#8217;Air et de l&#8217;Espace, Le Bourget<\/b>Preserved SPAD airframes and French aviation history.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum<\/b>Displayed SPAD S.VII and archival photography (SDASM archives).<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Royal Military Museum \/ War Heritage Institute, Brussels<\/b>Original SPAD S.VII on display.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Imperial War Museums (IWM)<\/b>First World War air-war context and photography.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Royal Air Force Museum<\/b>RFC\/RNAS operations and WWI fighter development.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>The Aerodrome \u2014 Aces &amp; Aircraft of WWI<\/b>Reference records for Guynemer, Fonck, Baracca and the SPAD types.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Mus\u00e9e Air France \/ Hispano-Suiza histories<\/b>Background on Marc Birkigt and the Hispano-Suiza 8 engine.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Jane&#8217;s All the World&#8217;s Aircraft (period editions)<\/b>Contemporary specification data for the SPAD S.VII.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>MiGFlug Afterburner magazine<\/b>Features on WWI aviation and the aircraft of the Book of Beasts \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/\">migflug.com\/jetflights<\/a>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Wikimedia Commons<\/b>Public-domain and Creative Commons period and museum photography (image source; see credits above).<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>National museum aviation archives (US Air Service)<\/b>American use of the SPAD S.VII as a trainer and front-line fighter.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>War Heritage Institute, Belgium<\/b>Belgian aviation in the First World War and preserved SPAD airframe.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Musei \/ History Museum of the Hellenic &amp; Italian air arms<\/b>Licence production and operational history of the SPAD on the Italian Front.<\/div>\n<div class=\"src\"><b>Aviation heritage &amp; airshow collections<\/b>Airworthy SPAD reproductions and living-history flying today.<\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<div class=\"lb\" id=\"spadlb\" onclick=\"this.classList.remove('on')\"><span class=\"x\">\u00d7<\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\" alt=\"SPAD S.VII enlarged\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"spadlb-data\" data-js=\"KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7dmFyIGxiPWRvY3VtZW50LmdldEVsZW1lbnRCeUlkKCdzcGFkbGInKTtpZighbGIpcmV0dXJuO3ZhciBpbT1sYi5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yKCdpbWcnKTtkb2N1bWVudC5xdWVyeVNlbGVjdG9yQWxsKCcjbWZhbSAuZ2ZpZyBpbWcnKS5mb3JFYWNoKGZ1bmN0aW9uKGcpe2cuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcignY2xpY2snLGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7aW0uc3JjPXRoaXMuc3JjO2xiLmNsYXNzTGlzdC5hZGQoJ29uJyk7fSk7fSk7fSkoKTs=\"><\/div>\n<p> <script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"spadlb-data\");if(!el)return;var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script> <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Can I fly in a SPAD S.VII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Not as a passenger \u2014 the SPAD S.VII is a single-seat First World War fighter. A number of genuine originals survive in museums such as the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, the Mus\u00e9e de l'Air et de l'Espace at Le Bourget, the San Diego Air & Space Museum and the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, and a handful of airworthy reproductions still fly at airshows. But it is a static museum piece and a rare collector's flyer, not a bookable ride, and MiGFlug does not offer SPAD S.VII flights. If what you want is the real experience of flying in a fast military aircraft, you can: MiGFlug flies members of the public in genuine ex-military jets \u2014 from the L-39 Albatros to the Hawker Hunter and more. Explore what's available at migflug.com\/flights-prices.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What made the SPAD S.VII different from other WWI fighters?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Its engine. While most fighters of 1916 used spinning rotary engines, the SPAD used the stationary, water-cooled Hispano-Suiza 8 V8. That gave it high level speed, tremendous structural strength and \u2014 famously \u2014 the ability to dive away from almost any opponent. It traded some agility and climb for speed, ruggedness and reliability, and pointed the way to the modern inline-engined fighter.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How was the SPAD S.VII different from the SPAD S.XIII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The S.VII came first and is the single-gun aircraft: one synchronised Vickers machine gun and a Hispano-Suiza 8 of roughly 150\u2013180 hp. The later S.XIII was an evolution with a more powerful, geared Hispano-Suiza of around 200\u2013220 hp and a second Vickers gun \u2014 faster and harder-hitting, but a direct descendant of the S.VII rather than a new design. They are frequently confused; this page is about the earlier, single-gun S.VII.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which aces flew the SPAD S.VII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Many of the greatest. Georges Guynemer flew his famous \\\"Vieux Charles\\\" SPADs; Ren\u00e9 Fonck, the top-scoring Allied ace of the war, began his fighting career on the type; and Italy's leading ace Francesco Baracca scored heavily on licence-built S.VIIs. Several of these aces flew both the S.VII and the later S.XIII during their careers.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How fast was the SPAD S.VII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Roughly 192 km\/h (about 119 mph) in level flight for the ~180 hp version \u2014 very fast for 1916\u201317 \u2014 though exact figures vary between sources and sub-types. Its diving speed was far higher, and the strength of the airframe let pilots exploit it fully.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many guns did the SPAD S.VII carry?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Just one: a single synchronised .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine gun firing through the propeller arc. The demand for more firepower was one of the drivers behind the twin-gun SPAD S.XIII.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How many SPAD S.VIIs were built?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The figure is genuinely uncertain. Around 3,500 or more is commonly cited for French production, with additional licence-built aircraft in Britain, Russia and Italy pushing the grand total higher. Wartime records were incomplete, so any number is an estimate.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Did the SPAD S.VII have any weaknesses?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Yes. It was less manoeuvrable than the rotary-engined Nieuports and its rate of climb was only adequate. Early Hispano-Suiza engines also suffered cooling and, on geared versions, reduction-gear troubles that could ground aircraft until the design matured \u2014 though accounts of how serious this was vary. And with a single gun it eventually felt under-armed against newer German fighters.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Where can I see a real SPAD S.VII today?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Genuine originals are preserved at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in the USA, the Mus\u00e9e de l'Air et de l'Espace at Le Bourget in France, the San Diego Air & Space Museum, and the Royal Military Museum in Brussels, among others. Airworthy reproductions also appear at airshows.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who designed and built the SPAD S.VII?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"It was designed by Louis B\u00e9chereau and built by the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pour L'Aviation et ses D\u00e9riv\u00e9s (SPAD) in France, around the Hispano-Suiza 8 engine created by Marc Birkigt. It was the first truly successful fighter from SPAD and the direct ancestor of the famous S.XIII.\"}}]}<\/script> <\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Book of Beasts &nbsp;\/&nbsp; SPAD S.VII SPAD S.VII France&#8217;s first great fighter: a rugged, fast, inline-engined scout that could out-dive almost anything in the sky and carried aces like Georges Guynemer into legend. ~192 km\/h Top speed (\u2248119 mph) 1 Synchronised Vickers gun 150\u2013180 hp Hispano-Suiza 8 V8 1916 Entered service Role &nbsp;Single-seat fighter (scout) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21160,"parent":15960,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-21159","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos &amp; Stories<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The SPAD S.VII, France&#039;s first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/\u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9-\u05d8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05e1\/spad-s-vii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"he_IL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos &amp; Stories\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The SPAD S.VII, France&#039;s first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/\u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9-\u05d8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05e1\/spad-s-vii\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1800\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1196\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@migflug\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e8\u05da\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"32 \u05d3\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/\",\"name\":\"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos & Stories\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-08-16T13:19:07+00:00\",\"description\":\"The SPAD S.VII, France's first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"he-IL\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"he-IL\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2026\\/08\\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg\",\"width\":1800,\"height\":1196,\"caption\":\"SPAD S.VII. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/spad-s-vii\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/aircraft\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos &#038; Stories\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug\",\"description\":\"Fly a Jet Fighter Yourself\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"he-IL\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"he-IL\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\/\\/migflug.com\\/wp-content\\/uploads\\/2018\\/10\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":100,\"caption\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MiGFlug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/migflug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/migflug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/MiGFlug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.ch\\\/migflug\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos & Stories","description":"The SPAD S.VII, France's first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/\u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9-\u05d8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05e1\/spad-s-vii\/","og_locale":"he_IL","og_type":"article","og_title":"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos & Stories","og_description":"The SPAD S.VII, France's first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.","og_url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/\u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9-\u05d8\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05e1\/spad-s-vii\/","og_site_name":"MiGFlug","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","og_image":[{"width":1800,"height":1196,"url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@migflug","twitter_misc":{"\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05e8\u05da":"32 \u05d3\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/","name":"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos & Stories","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg","datePublished":"2026-08-16T13:19:07+00:00","description":"The SPAD S.VII, France's first great fighter: history, specs, photos, WWI aces like Guynemer, an operations map and a video of the Hispano-Suiza scout.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"he-IL","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"he-IL","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/spad-s-vii-fighter-hero.jpg","width":1800,"height":1196,"caption":"SPAD S.VII. Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/spad-s-vii\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Book of Beasts \u2014 The Big Military Aircraft Encyclopedia","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"SPAD S.VII \u2014 History, Specs, Photos &#038; Stories"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","name":"\u05de\u05d9\u05d2\u05e4\u05dc\u05d5\u05d2","description":"\u05d8\u05e1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05db\u05dd \u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e7\u05e8\u05d1","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"he-IL"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization","name":"MiGFlug GmbH","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"he-IL","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","width":200,"height":100,"caption":"MiGFlug GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","https:\/\/x.com\/migflug","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/migflug\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MiGFlug","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/migflug.com\/","https:\/\/www.pinterest.ch\/migflug\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21159"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21159\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21167,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/21159\/revisions\/21167"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15960"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}