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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-air-force\/\">United States Air Force<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>Edwards Air Force Base<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Active (flight test centre)<\/p>\n<div class=\"marks\">\n<div class=\"mark\"><img data-opt-id=1683109678  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-symbol-white.png\"  decoding=\"async\" class=\"badge big\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"United States Air Force badge\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"144\" height=\"112\"><span class=\"mk\">Service badge<b>United States Air Force<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><img data-opt-id=1443148856  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-majcom-afmc.png\"  decoding=\"async\" class=\"mjc\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"Air Force Materiel Command emblem\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"96\" height=\"96\"><span class=\"mk\">Major command<b>Air Force Materiel Command<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><svg class=\"finflash tall\" viewBox=\"0 0 40 48\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"United States Air Force fin marking: a wing colour band above the tail code ED\"><path d=\"M4 46 L15 6 H34 V46 Z\" fill=\"#39424f\"\/><path d=\"M15 6 H34 V15 H12.53 Z\" fill=\"#f2c200\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"15.4\" width=\"19\" height=\"1.5\" fill=\"#12161c\"\/><text x=\"24.5\" y=\"32.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">ED<\/text><\/svg><span class=\"mk\">Tail code<b>ED &mdash; worn by the 412th Test Wing<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>KEDW<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>5,120 m<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1933<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Bryce Bennett \/ US Air Force (public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>United States Air Force<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>State<\/b>California<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>705 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>34.9053 N, 117.8839 W<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base: what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Edwards is the Air Force&rsquo;s flight test centre and the reason a great deal of aviation history has a Mojave backdrop. The Army began using Rogers Dry Lake as a bombing and gunnery range in 1933; the vast, hard, naturally flat lakebed &mdash; about 116 square kilometres of it &mdash; gave test pilots something no engineer could build, an overrun measured in kilometres. Muroc Army Air Field hosted the first American jet flight, the Bell XP-59A, in October 1942, and on 14 October 1947 Captain Charles Yeager took the Bell X-1 through the sound barrier over the lake. The base was renamed in 1949 for Captain Glen Edwards, killed in the crash of a YB-49 flying wing.<\/p>\n<p>Almost every American military aircraft since has been tested here, and the roll of X-planes runs from the X-1 through the X-15, which reached the edge of space, to the lifting bodies that shaped the Space Shuttle &mdash; which landed on the lakebed 54 times. The 412th Test Wing runs the airfield and the test squadrons; the Test Pilot School trains the crews; NASA&rsquo;s Armstrong Flight Research Center shares the field. Runway 05R\/23L, at just over 5,100 m, is one of the longest in the United States. Two B-21 Raiders were in flight test at Edwards through 2026, with aerial refuelling trials in April and the first operational-pilot sorties in June. On 15 June 2026 a B-52H, tail number 60-0061, call sign Torch 11, crashed moments after taking off from Edwards on a test sortie, killing all eight people on board &mdash; the deadliest B-52 accident in 44 years. Flying at Edwards resumed on 22 June while the investigation continued.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Edwards Air Force Base seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>3 runways, the longest 5,120 m.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Edwards Air Force Base seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-117.95336,34.87885,-117.81444,34.93175\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-117.94920,34.86960,-117.81860,34.94100\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-117.91615,34.87885,-117.85165,34.93175\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><section class=\"pqband\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"pqrow\">\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>I realized that the mission had to end in a let-down because the real barrier wasn&rsquo;t in the sky but in our knowledge and experience of supersonic flight.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Charles E. &ldquo;Chuck&rdquo; Yeager<\/b><span>US Air Force test pilot, first man to fly faster than sound<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/airandspace.si.edu\/stories\/editorial\/breaking-sound-barrier\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>It is with profound sorrow and a heavy heart that I can now share the names of the eight extraordinary Americans we lost.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Colonel Thomas Tauer<\/b><span>Commander, 412th Test Wing, Edwards Air Force Base<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.af.mil\/News\/Article-Display\/Article\/4520307\/b-52-accident-update-edwards-releases-names-of-fallen-crew-members\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Air Force<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>ICAO<\/dt>\n<dd>KEDW<\/dd>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>State<\/dt>\n<dd>California<\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>34.9053 N, 117.8839 W<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>705 m <span class=\"imp\">(2,313 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Military<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Runways<\/dt>\n<dd>3<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator<\/dt>\n<dd>05R\/23L<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>5,120 m <span class=\"imp\">(16,798 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Concrete<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator 2<\/dt>\n<dd>05L\/23R<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>3,660 m <span class=\"imp\">(12,008 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Asphalt<\/dd>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>None<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Active<span class=\"gnote\">flight test centre<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>United States Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1933<\/dd>\n<dt>Military use ended<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>412th Test Wing<span class=\"gnote\">Air Force Test Center<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>4 current, 0 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>11<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from Edwards Air Force Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div><span>Current<\/span><em>4 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>412th Test Wing<small>Flight test wing &middot; active &middot; from 1992<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-22-raptor\/\">F-22A Raptor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35A Lightning II<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-1-lancer\/\">B-1B Lancer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-2-spirit\/\">B-2A Spirit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-52-stratofortress\/\">B-52H Stratofortress<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-38-talon\/\">T-38C Talon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rq-4-global-hawk\/\">RQ-4B Global Hawk<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>United States Air Force Test Pilot School<small>Test pilot school &middot; active &middot; from 1951<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">NF-16D VISTA<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-38-talon\/\">T-38C Talon<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>31st Test and Evaluation Squadron<small>Operational test squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-2-spirit\/\">B-2A Spirit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-22-raptor\/\">F-22A Raptor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35A Lightning II<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-52-stratofortress\/\">B-52H Stratofortress<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center<small>Civil research centre &middot; active &middot; from 1946<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Gulfstream III and other testbeds, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-15-eagle\/\">F-15B Eagle<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-22-raptor\/\">F-22A Raptor<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35A Lightning II<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-1-lancer\/\">B-1B Lancer<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-2-spirit\/\">B-2A Spirit<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-52-stratofortress\/\">B-52H Stratofortress<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-38-talon\/\">T-38C Talon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rq-4-global-hawk\/\">RQ-4B Global Hawk<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">NF-16D VISTA<\/a>, Gulfstream III and other testbeds, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-15-eagle\/\">F-15B Eagle<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What Edwards Air Force Base is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The lakebed that made it possible<\/h3>\n<p>Edwards exists because of Rogers Dry Lake, a 44-square-mile sheet of hardened clay that rain smooths flat again each winter. It gives a crippled test aircraft somewhere to put down that is measured in miles rather than feet, and it costs nothing to maintain. No other flight test site on earth has anything comparable.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Seven runways are marked out on Rogers Dry Lake, the longest of them seven and a half miles.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Where the sound barrier fell<\/h3>\n<p>On 14 October 1947 Captain Chuck Yeager was dropped from the belly of a B-29 over the lakebed in the Bell X-1 and became the first person to fly faster than sound. The flight closed one argument about aerodynamics and opened the whole supersonic era.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Yeager reached Mach 1.06, about 700 mph, at 43,000 feet.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>Home of the Air Force Test Center<\/h3>\n<p>Edwards is the headquarters of the Air Force Test Center and the home of the 412th Test Wing, which runs the flight and ground testing of nearly every aircraft, weapon and software load the US Air Force buys. Almost every American military aircraft of the last eighty years has been proved, or found wanting, over this desert.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The 412th Test Wing flies around 90 aircraft of more than 30 different designs and logs over 7,400 missions a year.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>The X-plane laboratory<\/h3>\n<p>The research aircraft that pushed the outside of the envelope were flown from here: the X-1, the X-15, the wingless lifting bodies, the XB-70 Valkyrie. Their job was not to enter service but to bring back data nobody had, often at considerable cost.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The X-15 reached 4,520 mph, Mach 6.7, on 3 October 1967 and 354,200 feet on 22 August 1963.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>The USAF Test Pilot School<\/h3>\n<p>The school that turns experienced aviators into flight testers has been at Edwards since the 1940s. Its graduates fill the test squadrons and, for decades, filled NASA&rsquo;s astronaut office as well. The course is as much engineering as flying.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The Flight Test Training Unit was set up on 9 September 1944; the course now runs 48 weeks.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">06<\/div>\n<h3>The Space Shuttle&rsquo;s desert runway<\/h3>\n<p>When Florida weather closed in, the orbiters came to Edwards. The lakebed and the long concrete runway made the base the programme&rsquo;s standing alternate landing site from the first mission onwards, and the shuttle learned to land here before it ever went to space.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">54 operational Space Shuttle missions landed at Edwards, from STS-1 on 14 April 1981 to STS-128 on 11 September 2009.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>Rogers Dry Lake is the reason the base is here<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Everything about Edwards follows from the ground. Rogers Dry Lake is a playa of about 44 square miles in the western Mojave, and Rosamond Lake nearby adds another 22 square miles of the same smooth clay. Winter rain floods the surface, wind riffles the water, and as it evaporates the silt settles out and dries into a sheet flatter than anything engineers could grade. The Rosamond surface curves less than 18 inches over a distance of 30,000 feet. The lakebed resurfaces itself every year, free of charge.<\/p>\n<p>For flight test that is priceless. Seven runways are simply drawn onto the Rogers surface, the longest of them seven and a half miles, so a pilot with a failed engine, a jammed control or an aircraft that has just been proved uncontrollable has an aiming point the size of a city rather than a strip of concrete. Add an average of 345 days a year fit for flying and the arithmetic of risk changes completely. NASA credits the lakebeds with saving hundreds of aircrew lives over half a century.<\/p>\n<p>The permanent airfield follows the same logic. The main concrete runway is 15,000 feet long, and beyond its end lies a further 9,000 feet of lakebed overrun, together giving one of the longest and safest landing surfaces anywhere. The National Park Service has recognised Rogers Dry Lake as a National Historic Landmark. It is one of very few landmarks that is essentially a piece of dried mud.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>The Air Force Test Center and what flight test actually involves<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Edwards is the headquarters of the Air Force Test Center, redesignated from the Air Force Flight Test Center in July 2012 and now also responsible for the 96th Test Wing at Eglin and the Arnold Engineering Development Complex in Tennessee. The Flight Test Center itself was established on 25 June 1951, formalising work that had gone on at Muroc since the war. The resident flying unit is the 412th Test Wing, descended from the 412th Fighter Group activated at Muroc on 20 November 1943 and given its present name on 2 October 1992.<\/p>\n<p>The wing&rsquo;s job description is unglamorous and enormous: it plans, conducts, analyses and reports on all flight and ground testing of aircraft, weapons systems, software and components for the Air Force. That means around 90 aircraft on the flightline representing upwards of 30 designs, an operations group of about 3,000 people and a maintenance group of over 2,000, and more than 7,400 missions a year, of which over 1,900 are formal test sorties. Roughly 10,000 military, civilian and contractor personnel work on the installation and its 54 tenant units.<\/p>\n<p>Developmental flight test is not stunt flying. It is the slow, instrumented expansion of an envelope: one knot, one degree of angle of attack, one hundred feet at a time, with telemetry streaming to engineers who can call a knock-it-off before the pilot knows anything is wrong. The aircraft are wired with hundreds of sensors, the flight card is written before the aeroplane leaves the chocks, and the value of the sortie lies in the data tape rather than the landing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>Yeager, the X-1 and the aircraft that followed<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The flight that defined the place took fourteen minutes. On 14 October 1947 Captain Charles E. Yeager was carried aloft in the bomb bay of a Boeing B-29 and released over Rogers Dry Lake in the orange Bell X-1 he had named Glamorous Glennis for his wife. Its Reaction Motors rocket engine produced 6,000 pounds of thrust and burned for about twenty seconds. He reached Mach 1.06, roughly 700 mph, at 43,000 feet, and a sonic boom rolled across the Mojave. The X-1 flew 78 times in all, reaching Mach 1.45 at 71,900 feet on 26 March 1948.<\/p>\n<p>What followed was two decades of aircraft built to answer questions rather than to fight. The North American X-15 was air-launched from a B-52 at about 45,000 feet and flown by twelve pilots &mdash; five from NASA, five from the Air Force, one from the Navy and one from North American. It reached 4,520 mph, Mach 6.7, on 3 October 1967 and 354,200 feet on 22 August 1963, figures no crewed aircraft has bettered since. Three airframes were built, and the programme ran from an unpowered first flight on 8 June 1959 to its last on 24 October 1968.<\/p>\n<p>Alongside them ran the lifting bodies, six wingless shapes flown between 1963 and 1975 to prove that a vehicle with no wings could be brought down to a precise unpowered landing. The first, the M2-F1, was towed across the lakebed behind a modified Pontiac convertible at up to 120 mph. Their lesson, that a re-entry shape could be flown to a runway rather than parachuted into the sea, went straight into the Space Shuttle.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>The Test Pilot School and the pipeline to space<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The US Air Force Test Pilot School began as a Flight Test Training Unit set up on 9 September 1944, when the service realised that a good fighter pilot is not automatically a good test pilot. What started as a three-month course is now a 48-week academic year in which pilots, navigators and flight test engineers learn instrumentation, data reduction, stability and control theory, performance testing and the discipline of writing a report an engineer will act on. Students fly a deliberately mixed fleet, including the T-38, so they must adapt to unfamiliar handling rather than perfect a single type.<\/p>\n<p>For a period the school became something else entirely. Between 1961 and 1972 it ran as the Aerospace Research Pilot School, teaching space flight subjects alongside conventional test technique, and it became the principal feeder for the American astronaut corps. Thirty-seven ARPS graduates were selected for the US space programme and 26 of them earned astronaut wings in space. Across both the ARPS and the modern school, NASA has chosen more than 75 graduates for astronaut duties.<\/p>\n<p>The school is why Edwards has a culture as well as a mission. Its graduates carry a shared method and vocabulary out to the test squadrons: build up gradually, know the abort criteria before you start, never let enthusiasm outrun the data. The Test Center motto, Ad Inexplorata &mdash; towards the unexplored &mdash; is the romantic version. The school teaches the unromantic one, which is what keeps people alive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">05<\/span><span>NASA Armstrong and the Space Shuttle years<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Sharing the lakebed with the Air Force is NASA&rsquo;s Armstrong Flight Research Center, and the relationship is older than NASA itself. In late 1946 a handful of engineers from the NACA&rsquo;s Langley laboratory arrived at Muroc Army Airfield to prepare for the X-1 flights, and they never left. The site was known simply as Muroc, then became the Dryden Flight Research Center, and was later renamed for Neil Armstrong, who flew research aircraft there, the X-15 among them, before he went to the Moon. It remains NASA&rsquo;s centre for high-risk atmospheric flight research and the home of the X-59 quiet supersonic demonstrator.<\/p>\n<p>The Space Shuttle learned to land at Edwards before it ever reached orbit. The Approach and Landing Tests began in February 1977 using the orbiter Enterprise carried on the back of a modified Boeing 747. On five free flights Enterprise was released at between 19,000 and 24,700 feet and glided to the lakebed, proving that an orbiter could be flown to a dead-stick landing by a crew.<\/p>\n<p>Once the programme was operational, Edwards became its standing alternate. When Florida cloud or crosswind made the Kennedy Space Center runway unusable, the orbiter came west, where the lakebed gave enormous margin to a vehicle that arrives with no engines and only one attempt. Columbia made the first shuttle landing here on 14 April 1981 ending STS-1, and Discovery the last on 11 September 2009 ending STS-128, touching down on runway 22L. In all, 54 operational missions landed at Edwards; with the five Enterprise free flights that makes 59 shuttle landings on the base&rsquo;s runways. Each visiting orbiter then had to be ferried back to Florida piggyback on the 747.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">06<\/span><span>Pancho Barnes, the Antelope Valley and the price of the work<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The human side of Edwards has a name, and it is Florence Lowe Barnes, universally called Pancho. Born in 1901, she had been a Hollywood stunt pilot, held the women&rsquo;s air speed record in 1930 and founded the first union for motion picture pilots. In the Antelope Valley between the Rosamond and Rogers lakebeds she ran a ranch called Rancho Oro Verde that became known as the Happy Bottom Riding Club: an airstrip, a restaurant, a bar, a swimming pool and a string of horses. It operated from 1935 until 1953 and it was where test pilots went to come down from the day.<\/p>\n<p>The place mattered because the work was lonely and frightening and there was nowhere else to put it down. Chuck Yeager was among her closest friends and stood as best man at her fourth wedding in 1952. The ending was sour: the Air Force wanted her land as the base expanded, she fought it in court and lost, and shortly after the ruling an unexplained explosion and fire destroyed much of the ranch. The cause was never established. She won nearly double the government&rsquo;s original offer, moved away, and died alone in a desert cabin in 1975.<\/p>\n<p>The Antelope Valley still lives with the noise, and with the loss. The base is named for a man who died in a flying wing ten miles from the runway, and the roll of pilots killed over the lakebed runs from the 1940s to the present day. On 15 June 2026 a B-52H of the 412th Test Wing, call sign Torch 11, crashed shortly after take-off on a radar modernisation test sortie, killing all eight aboard. It was a reminder, if the community needed one, that the envelope still has an edge.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1933<\/div>\n<p>The Army Air Corps begins using the Muroc lakebed as a bombing and gunnery range, staffed from March Field.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1942<\/div>\n<p>The Bell XP-59A Airacomet, the first American turbojet aircraft, makes its first flight from the lakebed on 2 October under conditions of great secrecy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1944<\/div>\n<p>Air Technical Service Command establishes its Flight Test Training Unit on 9 September, the origin of the US Air Force Test Pilot School.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1946<\/div>\n<p>Engineers from the NACA&rsquo;s Langley laboratory arrive at Muroc to support the X-1 programme, founding what is now NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1947<\/div>\n<p>Captain Chuck Yeager flies the Bell X-1 through Mach 1 over Rogers Dry Lake on 14 October.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1948<\/div>\n<p>Captain Glen Edwards and four others are killed on 5 June when the Northrop YB-49 flying wing breaks up northwest of the base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1949<\/div>\n<p>Muroc Air Force Base is renamed Edwards Air Force Base in December in honour of Captain Glen Edwards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1951<\/div>\n<p>The Air Force Flight Test Center is established at Edwards on 25 June; by then more than 40 aircraft types have made their first flights there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1959<\/div>\n<p>The North American X-15 makes its first unpowered flight on 8 June, opening a decade of hypersonic research.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1963&ndash;75<\/div>\n<p>Six wingless lifting bodies are flown at Edwards, proving that a re-entry shape can be landed unpowered on a runway.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1966<\/div>\n<p>An XB-70 Valkyrie and a NASA F-104N collide during a formation photographic flight on 8 June, killing Joe Walker and Major Carl Cross.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1977<\/div>\n<p>The Space Shuttle Approach and Landing Tests begin in February, with Enterprise released from a Boeing 747 for five free flights to the lakebed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1981<\/div>\n<p>Columbia lands at Edwards on 14 April at the end of STS-1, the first Space Shuttle mission.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1989<\/div>\n<p>The Northrop B-2 Spirit makes its first flight on 17 July and begins its test campaign with the B-2 Combined Test Force at Edwards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1990&ndash;91<\/div>\n<p>The YF-23 and YF-22 fly at Edwards from late August 1990; on 23 April 1991 the Air Force selects the Lockheed F-22 and the Pratt &amp; Whitney F119.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2009<\/div>\n<p>Discovery lands on runway 22L on 11 September at the end of STS-128, the 54th and last operational shuttle landing at Edwards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2012<\/div>\n<p>The Air Force Flight Test Center is redesignated the Air Force Test Center in July, taking on Eglin and Arnold as well as Edwards.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2026<\/div>\n<p>A B-52H of the 412th Test Wing, call sign Torch 11, crashes on 15 June shortly after take-off, killing all eight crew.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In pictures<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base, photographed<\/h2>\n<div class=\"galgrid\">\n<figure class=\"wide\"><span class=\"gim ph2\"><\/span><figcaption><b>The experimental aircraft of the 1950s<\/b>Almost every shape in this photograph was flown for the first time over Rogers Dry Lake.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph3\"><\/span><figcaption><b>Bell X-1 46-062<\/b>The aircraft Chuck Yeager named Glamorous Glennis, and flew past Mach 1 on 14 October 1947.<span>Photo: NASA (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph4\"><\/span><figcaption><b>Runway 5, painted onto the lakebed<\/b>Rogers Dry Lake is 44 square miles of playa, resurfaced flat by rain and wind every winter.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph5\"><\/span><figcaption><b>A T-7A Red Hawk lands at Edwards<\/b>Test aircraft still wear the high-visibility markings that make them easy to track from the ground.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph6\"><\/span><figcaption><b>The main base from the air<\/b>Edwards covers 301,000 acres, the largest Air Force installation by land area.<span>Photo: Bobbi Zapka \/ US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"video\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">On film<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base on film<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vidwrap\">\n<div class=\"vidfr\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/ofzSsg5BhsE\" title=\"Edwards Air Force Base mission video, 2024\" loading=\"lazy\" allow=\"accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"vidcap\"><b>Edwards Air Force Base mission video, 2024<\/b> Edwards Air Force Base, via YouTube.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">14 October 1947<\/div>\n<h3>Yeager takes the X-1 past Mach 1<\/h3>\n<p>Captain Charles E. Yeager was air-launched from the bomb bay of a Boeing B-29 over Rogers Dry Lake in the Bell X-1 Glamorous Glennis, named for his wife. The rocket engine, a Reaction Motors unit of 6,000 pounds thrust, burned for roughly twenty seconds and pushed the aircraft to Mach 1.06, about 700 mph, at 43,000 feet. The whole sortie lasted about fourteen minutes from release to landing. Yeager later framed the achievement in terms of ignorance rather than physics, arguing that the barrier had been in what nobody yet knew about supersonic flight. The X-1 flew 78 times in all and reached Mach 1.45 at 71,900 feet on 26 March 1948.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/airandspace.si.edu\/stories\/editorial\/breaking-sound-barrier\">Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">5 June 1948<\/div>\n<h3>The YB-49 breaks up and the base gets its name<\/h3>\n<p>Northrop&rsquo;s second YB-49, a jet-powered prototype flying wing, went out of control during its 25th test flight and crashed about ten miles northwest of Muroc Air Force Base. The outer wing panels tore off in what the Air Force described as a catastrophic structural failure during stall recovery testing. All five men aboard were killed: three officers and two civilian crew members, with Major Daniel Forbes as pilot and Captain Glen Edwards as co-pilot. Edwards was a decorated wartime A-20 pilot who had flown fifty combat missions in North Africa before becoming a test pilot. In December 1949 Muroc was renamed Edwards Air Force Base in his honour.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/News\/Article\/1203091\/this-week-in-edwards-history\/\">Edwards Air Force Base public affairs<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">8 June 1966<\/div>\n<h3>The XB-70 and the F-104N collide over the Mojave<\/h3>\n<p>Five aircraft powered by General Electric engines were flown in close formation east of Mojave at 25,000 feet so that they could be photographed together. The T-tail of NASA&rsquo;s F-104N struck the drooped right wingtip of the second XB-70 Valkyrie; the Starfighter pitched up, rolled inverted across the bomber and tore away much of its twin vertical fins. NASA research pilot Joe Walker, who had flown the X-15 to the edge of space, was killed almost instantly. The XB-70 flew on for some seconds before departing controlled flight. Major Carl Cross, on his first flight in the aircraft, did not get his escape capsule away and died in the crash; North American test pilot Al White ejected and survived with serious injuries after an impact estimated at 44 times the force of gravity.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/article\/0606valkyrie\/\">Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">10 May 1967<\/div>\n<h3>The M2-F2 lifting body crashes on the lakebed<\/h3>\n<p>NASA pilot Bruce Peterson was flying the heavyweight M2-F2 lifting body on its sixteenth glide flight when the vehicle rolled violently near the ground and tumbled across Rogers Dry Lake. The wingless craft was severely damaged and Peterson was seriously injured; while in hospital he lost the sight of one eye to a secondary infection. He recovered sufficiently to continue working at NASA in engineering and safety roles until 1981. The crash film, shot by the tracking cameras that record every research flight at Edwards, became one of the most-seen pieces of aviation footage ever made: it was used in the opening titles of The Six Million Dollar Man, a television series whose premise was drawn from Peterson&rsquo;s accident and recovery.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/bruce-a-peterson\/\">NASA<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">15 November 1967<\/div>\n<h3>X-15 flight 3-65-97 and the loss of Michael Adams<\/h3>\n<p>Major Michael J. Adams was flying the third X-15 airframe when the aircraft drifted in heading during re-entry and entered a hypersonic spin. NASA attributes the accident to a failure in the adaptive flight control system. The aircraft broke up under aerodynamic loads and Adams was killed. It was the only fatal accident in a programme that had run since 1959 and had carried twelve pilots to speeds and altitudes still unmatched by any crewed aeroplane. The X-15 flew on for another eleven months, making its final flight on 24 October 1968.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/reference\/x-15\/\">NASA<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">27&ndash;28 August 1990<\/div>\n<h3>The YF-23 and YF-22 begin the Advanced Tactical Fighter flyoff<\/h3>\n<p>The two prototypes for the Air Force&rsquo;s next-generation fighter flew within a day of each other at Edwards: the Northrop YF-23 on 27 August 1990 and the Lockheed YF-22 the following day. Both teams built two aircraft and flew intensive demonstration and validation campaigns from the base over the following months, the two YF-23 prototypes completing flight test programmes of 93 and 82 days respectively. On 23 April 1991 the Secretary of the Air Force, Donald Rice, announced that the Lockheed airframe and the Pratt &amp; Whitney F119 engine had won. The Air Force judged that both designs met the requirement but that it had greater confidence in Lockheed and Pratt &amp; Whitney to deliver on schedule and on budget.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Feb\/01\/2002931130\/-1\/-1\/0\/YF-23%20FLASHBACK%20(1).PDF\">US Air Force, via media.defense.gov<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">11 September 2009<\/div>\n<h3>Discovery makes the last shuttle landing at Edwards<\/h3>\n<p>Weather at the Kennedy Space Center sent STS-128 west, and Discovery touched down on Edwards runway 22L to end the mission. It was the 54th operational Space Shuttle landing at the base, closing a sequence that had begun with Columbia and STS-1 on 14 April 1981. Adding the five free flights made by the orbiter Enterprise during the 1977 Approach and Landing Tests, 59 shuttle landings were made on Edwards runways in all. Each visiting orbiter then had to be mated to the Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and ferried back to Florida, an operation that took days and cost the programme time and money but was the price of having a desert alternate.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aftc.af.mil\/News\/On-This-Day-in-Test-History\/Article-Display-Test-History\/Article\/2308766\/september-11-2009-shuttle-discovery-lands-at-edwards\/\">Air Force Test Center<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">15 June 2026<\/div>\n<h3>Torch 11: the B-52H crash at Edwards<\/h3>\n<p>A B-52H Stratofortress of the 412th Test Wing, tail number 60-0061, using the call sign Torch 11, crashed shortly after take-off from Edwards on a test sortie supporting the bomber&rsquo;s radar modernisation programme. All eight people aboard were killed: three pilots, three weapon systems officers and two flight test engineers. The wing&rsquo;s deputy commander said the crash was not survivable. The airfield closed while an interim safety investigation board began work, reopening on 18 June, and flight test operations resumed on 22 June. The Air Force imposed no flight restrictions on the remaining B-52H fleet.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/flights-resume-at-edwards-after-b-52-crash\/\">Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>Edwards Air Force Base and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"nearbytbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"nellis\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/nellis\/\">Nellis Air Force Base<\/a><\/td>\n<td>KLSV<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>F-35A Lightning II, F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon, F-15E Strike Eagle, F-22A Raptor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"creech\">\n<td>Creech Air Force Base<\/td>\n<td>KINS<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>MQ-9A Reaper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"travis\">\n<td>Travis Air Force Base<\/td>\n<td>KSUU<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>C-5M Super Galaxy, C-17A Globemaster III, KC-46A Pegasus, No assigned aircraft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"reads\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">From the magazine<\/div>\n<h2>More on Edwards Air Force Base in Afterburner<\/h2>\n<div class=\"reads\"><a class=\"read\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/pancho-barnes-happy-bottom-riding-club-speed-record\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Afterburner<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Pancho Barnes: The Aviator Who Ran the Test Pilots&rsquo; Saloon<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Happy Bottom Riding Club, and the woman who held the world speed record before she ran the bar at Muroc.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"read\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/edwards-resumes-flight-operations-b-52-crash-2026\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Afterburner<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Edwards Resumes Flying After the Deadliest B-52 Crash in 44 Years<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Torch 11 went down seconds after takeoff on 15 June 2026. Eight crew were lost, and the test centre was flying again a week later.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"read\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/convair-xf-92a-delta-wing-prototype\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Afterburner<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Convair XF-92A: The Delta Nobody Wanted to Fly<\/span><span class=\"rp\">America&rsquo;s first delta-winged aircraft flew from the Muroc lakebed and taught the industry what a delta could and could not do.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Edwards Air Force Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is Edwards Air Force Base known for?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Edwards is the home of American flight test. It is where Chuck Yeager first flew faster than sound in 1947, where the X-15 and the lifting bodies were flown, where the Space Shuttle learned to land, and where the Air Force Test Center and the 412th Test Wing still prove new aircraft, weapons and software before they reach the fleet. The USAF Test Pilot School and NASA&rsquo;s Armstrong Flight Research Center are both on the same lakebed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was Edwards built in the middle of the Mojave Desert?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because of Rogers Dry Lake. The 44-square-mile playa provides a naturally flat, hard landing surface that regenerates itself each winter, and the desert gives roughly 345 flyable days a year. For testing aircraft that may not come back the way they went out, an emergency landing area measured in miles is worth more than any amount of concrete.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How fast did Chuck Yeager fly on 14 October 1947?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">He reached Mach 1.06, about 700 mph, at 43,000 feet. The Bell X-1 was air-launched from a Boeing B-29 over Rogers Dry Lake and its rocket engine burned for around twenty seconds. The whole flight, from drop to landing, lasted about fourteen minutes.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How did Edwards Air Force Base get its name?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It was named for Captain Glen W. Edwards, a test pilot killed on 5 June 1948 when the second Northrop YB-49 flying wing broke up during a test flight about ten miles northwest of the base. All five men aboard died. Muroc Air Force Base was renamed Edwards Air Force Base in December 1949.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did the Space Shuttle land at Edwards?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes, 54 times. Edwards was the programme&rsquo;s standing alternate landing site whenever Florida weather was unsuitable. The first was Columbia at the end of STS-1 on 14 April 1981 and the last was Discovery at the end of STS-128 on 11 September 2009. The orbiter Enterprise also made five free-flight landings there during the 1977 Approach and Landing Tests.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft are tested at Edwards today?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The 412th Test Wing operates around 90 aircraft of more than 30 designs. Current and recent programmes include the F-35, F-22, F-16, T-7A, KC-46, C-17, B-1, B-2, B-52 and B-21, plus a long list of software, sensor and weapon integration work. The first flight of an F-35 with the Technology Refresh 3 upgrade was flown from Edwards by the 461st Flight Test Squadron on 6 January 2023.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who was Pancho Barnes?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Florence Lowe Barnes was a record-setting racing pilot and Hollywood stunt flyer who ran a ranch in the Antelope Valley near the base. Known as the Happy Bottom Riding Club, it operated from 1935 to 1953 and was the social centre of the test pilot world, with an airstrip, a bar, a pool and horses. The Air Force wanted her land, she fought and lost in court, and shortly afterwards an unexplained explosion and fire destroyed much of the ranch.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can the public visit Edwards Air Force Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Edwards is an active test installation covering roughly 470 square miles and access is controlled. The base hosts around 100,000 visitors a year through organised tours and events, and NASA Armstrong runs its own visitor programmes. Casual drop-in access is not possible; arrangements must be made in advance.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Edwards Air Force Base still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Active (flight test centre). The United States Air Force operates it as 412th Test Wing (Air Force Test Center).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of Edwards Air Force Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of Edwards Air Force Base is KEDW. The airfield sits at 705 m above sea level in California, at 34.9053 N, 117.8839 W.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at Edwards Air Force Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Edwards Air Force Base has 3 runways: 05R\/23L, 5,120 m (16,798 ft), concrete; 05L\/23R, 3,660 m (12,008 ft), asphalt; 07\/25, 2,440 m (8,005 ft), concrete.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at Edwards Air Force Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Edwards Air Force Base currently hosts 412th Test Wing flying the F-22A Raptor, F-35A Lightning II, F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon, B-1B Lancer, B-2A Spirit, B-52H Stratofortress, T-38C Talon, RQ-4B Global Hawk; United States Air Force Test Pilot School flying the NF-16D VISTA, T-38C Talon; 31st Test and Evaluation Squadron flying the B-2A Spirit, F-22A Raptor, F-35A Lightning II, B-52H Stratofortress; NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center flying the Gulfstream III and other testbeds, F-15B Eagle.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is Edwards Air Force Base known for?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Edwards is the home of American flight test. It is where Chuck Yeager first flew faster than sound in 1947, where the X-15 and the lifting bodies were flown, where the Space Shuttle learned to land, and where the Air Force Test Center and the 412th Test Wing still prove new aircraft, weapons and software before they reach the fleet. The USAF Test Pilot School and NASA\\u2019s Armstrong Flight Research Center are both on the same lakebed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why was Edwards built in the middle of the Mojave Desert?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because of Rogers Dry Lake. The 44-square-mile playa provides a naturally flat, hard landing surface that regenerates itself each winter, and the desert gives roughly 345 flyable days a year. For testing aircraft that may not come back the way they went out, an emergency landing area measured in miles is worth more than any amount of concrete.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How fast did Chuck Yeager fly on 14 October 1947?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"He reached Mach 1.06, about 700 mph, at 43,000 feet. The Bell X-1 was air-launched from a Boeing B-29 over Rogers Dry Lake and its rocket engine burned for around twenty seconds. The whole flight, from drop to landing, lasted about fourteen minutes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How did Edwards Air Force Base get its name?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It was named for Captain Glen W. Edwards, a test pilot killed on 5 June 1948 when the second Northrop YB-49 flying wing broke up during a test flight about ten miles northwest of the base. All five men aboard died. Muroc Air Force Base was renamed Edwards Air Force Base in December 1949.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did the Space Shuttle land at Edwards?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, 54 times. Edwards was the programme\\u2019s standing alternate landing site whenever Florida weather was unsuitable. The first was Columbia at the end of STS-1 on 14 April 1981 and the last was Discovery at the end of STS-128 on 11 September 2009. The orbiter Enterprise also made five free-flight landings there during the 1977 Approach and Landing Tests.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft are tested at Edwards today?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The 412th Test Wing operates around 90 aircraft of more than 30 designs. Current and recent programmes include the F-35, F-22, F-16, T-7A, KC-46, C-17, B-1, B-2, B-52 and B-21, plus a long list of software, sensor and weapon integration work. The first flight of an F-35 with the Technology Refresh 3 upgrade was flown from Edwards by the 461st Flight Test Squadron on 6 January 2023.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who was Pancho Barnes?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Florence Lowe Barnes was a record-setting racing pilot and Hollywood stunt flyer who ran a ranch in the Antelope Valley near the base. Known as the Happy Bottom Riding Club, it operated from 1935 to 1953 and was the social centre of the test pilot world, with an airstrip, a bar, a pool and horses. The Air Force wanted her land, she fought and lost in court, and shortly afterwards an unexplained explosion and fire destroyed much of the ranch.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can the public visit Edwards Air Force Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Edwards is an active test installation covering roughly 470 square miles and access is controlled. The base hosts around 100,000 visitors a year through organised tours and events, and NASA Armstrong runs its own visitor programmes. Casual drop-in access is not possible; arrangements must be made in advance.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Edwards Air Force Base still an active military air base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Active (flight test centre). The United States Air Force operates it as 412th Test Wing (Air Force Test Center).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code of Edwards Air Force Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ICAO code of Edwards Air Force Base is KEDW. The airfield sits at 705 m above sea level in California, at 34.9053 N, 117.8839 W.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at Edwards Air Force Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Edwards Air Force Base has 3 runways: 05R\/23L, 5,120 m (16,798 ft), concrete; 05L\/23R, 3,660 m (12,008 ft), asphalt; 07\/25, 2,440 m (8,005 ft), concrete.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at Edwards Air Force Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Edwards Air Force Base currently hosts 412th Test Wing flying the F-22A Raptor, F-35A Lightning II, F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon, B-1B Lancer, B-2A Spirit, B-52H Stratofortress, T-38C Talon, RQ-4B Global Hawk; United States Air Force Test Pilot School flying the NF-16D VISTA, T-38C Talon; 31st Test and Evaluation Squadron flying the B-2A Spirit, F-22A Raptor, F-35A Lightning II, B-52H Stratofortress; NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center flying the Gulfstream III and other testbeds, F-15B Eagle.\"}}]}<\/script><section id=\"fly\">\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You cannot fly from this base. You can fly the jet.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">MiGFlug flies the L-39 Albatros out of Florida &mdash; the same jet trainer that taught most of the air forces on the other side of the Cold War, in a real second seat with aerobatics and time on the controls.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-florida\/\">Fly the L-39 Albatros in Florida<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Edwards Air Force Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-air-force\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">United States Air Force<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the United States Air Force page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-22-raptor\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">F-22A Raptor<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the F-22A Raptor story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">F-35A Lightning II<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the F-35A Lightning II story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine: B-21 basing<\/a><span>B-21 main operating bases<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.faa.gov\/air_traffic\/flight_info\/aeronav\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">FAA National Airspace System Resource<\/a><span>runways, identifiers, elevations<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/About\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/393907\/edwards-history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Edwards&rsquo; History fact sheet<\/a><span>Official base history: Rogers Dry Lake, Hap Arnold&rsquo;s &ldquo;natural aerodrome&rdquo;, and every aircraft tested since.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/About\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/393902\/412th-test-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">412th Test Wing fact sheet<\/a><span>Acreage, aircraft on strength and annual mission count for the flight test wing.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.chuckyeager.org\/news\/gen-chuck-yeager-describes-how-he-broke-the-sound-barrier\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Gen. Chuck Yeager describes how he broke the sound barrier<\/a><span>Yeager&rsquo;s own account of the 14 October 1947 X-1 flight, from his official site.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/agency\/usaf\/tailmark.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GlobalSecurity.org: Air Force Aircraft Tail Markings<\/a><span>two-letter tail codes by wing and base<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/120328main_fs-086-dfrc.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NASA Dryden Fact Sheet: The Lake Beds<\/a><span>Rogers and Rosamond dry lake areas, lakebed runway count and length, flatness, 345 flying days, 15,000-foot runway and 9,000-foot overrun, National Historic Landmark status.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/About\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/393902\/412th-test-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">412th Test Wing fact sheet, Edwards Air Force Base<\/a><span>Wing mission, personnel, aircraft numbers and designs, annual mission totals, installation size.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/airandspace.si.edu\/stories\/editorial\/breaking-sound-barrier\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Breaking the Sound Barrier, National Air and Space Museum<\/a><span>Details of the 14 October 1947 flight and the verbatim Yeager quote used on this page.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/News\/Article\/1203091\/this-week-in-edwards-history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">This week in Edwards history, Edwards Air Force Base<\/a><span>Official account of the 5 June 1948 YB-49 crash, the crew, the cause and the December 1949 renaming.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/reference\/x-15\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">X-15 Hypersonic Research Program, NASA<\/a><span>X-15 first and last flight dates, maximum speed and altitude, twelve pilots, B-52 launch, Rogers Dry Lake landings, the Michael Adams accident.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/article\/0606valkyrie\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">The Ride of the Valkyrie, Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine<\/a><span>Detailed account of the General Electric formation photograph, the collision sequence, and the fates of Walker, Cross and White.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/people\/bruce-a-peterson\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bruce A. Peterson, NASA<\/a><span>The 10 May 1967 M2-F2 crash, Peterson&rsquo;s injuries, his later career and the use of the crash film in The Six Million Dollar Man.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/supporting_shuttle_dryden.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Supporting Shuttle, NASA Dryden<\/a><span>54 shuttle landings at Edwards from STS-1 to STS-128, the 1977 Approach and Landing Tests and Enterprise free-flight release altitudes, ferry operations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aftc.af.mil\/News\/On-This-Day-in-Test-History\/Article-Display-Test-History\/Article\/2308766\/september-11-2009-shuttle-discovery-lands-at-edwards\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">September 11, 2009: Shuttle Discovery Lands at Edwards, Air Force Test Center<\/a><span>STS-128 landing on runway 22L and the total of five ALT free flights plus 54 operational landings at Edwards.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/Portals\/50\/documents\/AFD-131008-020.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Air Force Test Pilot School information, Edwards Air Force Base<\/a><span>Flight Test Training Unit established 9 September 1944, 48-week course, ARPS era and astronaut graduate figures.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Feb\/01\/2002931130\/-1\/-1\/0\/YF-23%20FLASHBACK%20(1).PDF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Advanced Tactical Fighter: Paths to the Present (YF-23 flashback)<\/a><span>YF-23 and YF-22 first flight dates at Edwards, prototype test programme durations and the 23 April 1991 selection announcement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.edwards.af.mil\/Portals\/50\/Pancho%20Barnes_2023%20Women's%20history%20month.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Pancho Barnes, Women&rsquo;s History Month, Edwards Air Force Base<\/a><span>Rancho Oro Verde and the Happy Bottom Riding Club, 1935 to 1953, the 1953 fire, the land dispute and her friendship with Yeager.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/flights-resume-at-edwards-after-b-52-crash\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Flights Resume at Edwards After B-52 Crash, Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine<\/a><span>Crash date of 15 June 2026, call sign Torch 11, tail number 60-0061, the radar modernisation test mission, and the reopening timeline.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.af.mil\/News\/Article-Display\/Article\/4520307\/b-52-accident-update-edwards-releases-names-of-fallen-crew-members\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B-52 accident update: Edwards releases names of fallen crew members, US Air Force<\/a><span>Official confirmation of eight fatalities, crew composition, the interim safety investigation board and the Colonel Tauer quote used on this page.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-09-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-edwards-hero.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-edwards-x-planes.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-edwards-bell-x1.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph4{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-edwards-lakebed.jpg)!important}#mfam 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