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col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt td.note{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td.note{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt td.note{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob-base{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob-base:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .ocx{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .ocx::before,#mfam .ocx::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .ocx::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open .ocx::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:220px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam .pq{margin:0;max-width:900px} #mfam .pq blockquote{margin:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;font-size:clamp(21px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.42;color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:before{content:'\\201C';color:var(--blue);margin-right:2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:after{content:'\\201D';color:var(--blue);margin-left:2px} #mfam .pq figcaption{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6} #mfam .pq figcaption b{color:#fff;font-size:14px} #mfam .pq figcaption span{display:block;color:#7c8697;font-size:13px} #mfam .pq figcaption a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .pqrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;max-width:1120px} #mfam .pqrow .pq blockquote{font-size:clamp(18px,2vw,21px)} #mfam .galgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .galgrid figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .galgrid .gim{display:block;height:210px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .galgrid figcaption{padding:14px 16px 16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .galgrid figcaption b{display:block;color:#0d1117;font-size:14.5px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .galgrid figcaption span{display:block;margin-top:7px;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.5} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:span 2} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:300px} #mfam .vidwrap{max-width:900px;margin-top:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidfr{position:relative;width:100%;padding-top:56.25%;height:0;display:block} #mfam .vidfr iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidcap{padding:16px 20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6;background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidcap b{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .vidcap a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .reads{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .read{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px 22px 24px} #mfam .read:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .read .rk{display:block;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-bottom:9px} #mfam .read .rh{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;color:#0d1117} #mfam .read:hover .rh{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .read .rp{display:block;font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);line-height:1.6;margin-top:9px} #mfam .read .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .galgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .reads{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .galgrid,#mfam .reads,#mfam .pqrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:auto}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:210px}} #mfam .kfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .kf{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:24px 24px 26px} #mfam .kf .kfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .kf h3{font-size:19px;line-height:1.25;margin:8px 0 10px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kf p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .kf .kff{display:block;margin-top:12px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:14px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .deep{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep details{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 0;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:baseline;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .deep summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .deep summary .dn{flex:0 0 34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc .incd{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .inc h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;margin:7px 0 9px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .inc p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .inc .incs{display:block;margin-top:11px;font-size:13px} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .kfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .kfgrid,#mfam .inc{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .deep .dbody{padding-left:0}#mfam .deep summary{font-size:18px}} #mfam .satfig{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#eef1f6;overflow:hidden;line-height:0} #mfam .satimg{display:block;width:100%;height:520px;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat} #mfam .satfig{cursor:zoom-in;position:relative}#mfam .satzoom{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:2;background:rgba(8,11,17,.72);color:#fff;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:9px 14px;line-height:1}#mfam .satlb{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;background:rgba(6,9,14,.95);display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:zoom-out;padding:24px}#mfam .satlb.on{display:flex}#mfam .satbig{width:96vw;height:90vh;background-position:center;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}#mfam .satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-air-and-space-force\/\">French Air and Space Force<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Base a&#233;rienne 118 &ldquo;Colonel Rozanoff&rdquo;<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Active (Rafale wing and the air force&rsquo;s trials and tactics centre)<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>LFBM<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>3,603 m<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1945<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Daxipedia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>French Air and Space Force<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>D&#233;partement<\/b>Landes<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>62 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>43.9117 N, 0.5092 W<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan: what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Mont-de-Marsan is the base where the French air force decides how to fight. The Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire &mdash; the air force&rsquo;s operational trials and tactics organisation, descended from a centre created in 1933 &mdash; sits here, and with it the squadrons that clear new weapons, write the tactics manuals and run the type conversions for everything from the Rafale to the Reaper. The base is named for Constantin Rozanoff, the Polish-born Dassault test pilot who was the first Frenchman through the sound barrier and who died testing the Myst&#232;re IV in 1954.<\/p>\n<p>It has also been a front-line base throughout. The first operational French nuclear bomber squadron, flying the Mirage IVA, formed here in 1964, and the base kept the strategic reconnaissance Mirage IVP until 2005 and the Mirage F1CR until the type&rsquo;s retirement in June 2014. Today it is the home of the 30e escadre de chasse, three Rafale squadrons whose names are a compressed history of the Free French air force: C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent, Lorraine and the Normandie-Niemen, the only unit in the air force still called a regiment because it fought under Soviet command on the Eastern Front.<\/p>\n<p>The 3,603-metre runway was built for the Mirage IV and is one of the longest military strips in France. In January 2026 the wing was ordered to disperse part of its Rafale force without notice, an exercise in the kind of readiness the service had not practised seriously since the Cold War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>One runway, 3,603 m of asphalt.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-0.56484,43.89309,-0.45356,43.93031\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-0.56151,43.88658,-0.45689,43.93682\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=-0.53503,43.89309,-0.48337,43.93031\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IHZhciBmPWRvY3VtZW50LmdldEVsZW1lbnRCeUlkKCdzYXRmaWcnKSwgYj1kb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50QnlJZCgnc2F0bGInKTsgaWYoIWZ8fCFiKSByZXR1cm47IGZ1bmN0aW9uIG9wZW4oKXsgYi5jbGFzc0xpc3QuYWRkKCdvbicpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5ib2R5LnN0eWxlLm92ZXJmbG93PSdoaWRkZW4nOyB9IGZ1bmN0aW9uIHNodXQoKXsgYi5jbGFzc0xpc3QucmVtb3ZlKCdvbicpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5ib2R5LnN0eWxlLm92ZXJmbG93PScnOyB9IGYuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcignY2xpY2snLCBvcGVuKTsgZi5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdrZXlkb3duJywgZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7IGlmKGUua2V5PT09J0VudGVyJ3x8ZS5rZXk9PT0nICcpeyBlLnByZXZlbnREZWZhdWx0KCk7IG9wZW4oKTsgfSB9KTsgYi5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdjbGljaycsIHNodXQpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdrZXlkb3duJywgZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7IGlmKGUua2V5PT09J0VzY2FwZScpIHNodXQoKTsgfSk7IH0pKCk7\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><section class=\"pqband\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"pqrow\">\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>l&rsquo;expertise des Aviateurs du CEAM permet de travailler et d&rsquo;exp&#233;rimenter quotidiennement au service des forces<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>G&#233;n&#233;ral de brigade a&#233;rienne Vincent Chusseau<\/b><span>Commandant le Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defense.gouv.fr\/air\/actualites\/ceam-90-ans-dexpertise-dexperimentation\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Minist&#232;re des Arm&#233;es, &ldquo;CEAM: 90 ans d&rsquo;expertise et d&rsquo;exp&#233;rimentation&rdquo;, 4 April 2023<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>Sollicit&#233; sans pr&#233;avis, le commandant d&rsquo;escadre a pris les mesures d&rsquo;urgence et donn&#233; ses directives aux escadrons de chasse et de soutien technique a&#233;ronautique pour sauvegarder le maximum d&rsquo;avions dans un temps extr&#234;mement contraint<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>G&#233;n&#233;ral Pierre Gaudilli&#232;re<\/b><span>Commandant la brigade a&#233;rienne de combat<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.opex360.com\/2026\/01\/28\/la-30e-escadre-de-chasse-a-recu-lordre-de-disperser-une-partie-de-ses-rafale-sans-preavis\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zone Militaire (opex360), &ldquo;La 30e escadre de chasse a re&#231;u l&rsquo;ordre de disperser une partie de ses Rafale sans pr&#233;avis&rdquo;, 28 January 2026<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>ICAO<\/dt>\n<dd>LFBM<\/dd>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>D&#233;partement<\/dt>\n<dd>Landes<\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>43.9117 N, 0.5092 W<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>62 m <span class=\"imp\">(203 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Military<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Runways<\/dt>\n<dd>1<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator<\/dt>\n<dd>09\/27<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>3,603 m <span class=\"imp\">(11,821 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Asphalt<\/dd>\n<dt>Cavern hangars<\/dt>\n<dd>No<\/dd>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>Air policing alert for the south-west approaches<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Active<span class=\"gnote\">Rafale wing and the air force&rsquo;s trials and tactics centre<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>French Air and Space Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1945<\/dd>\n<dt>Military use ended<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>30e escadre de chasse and the Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire<span class=\"gnote\">CEAM<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>4 current, 1 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>5<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"oob-base\"><span>Current<\/span><em>4 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>R&#233;giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen<small>Normandie-Niemen &middot; Fighter regiment &middot; active &middot; from 2012<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale C<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine<small>Lorraine &middot; Fighter squadron &middot; active &middot; from 2016<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale C<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Escadron de chasse 1\/30 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent<small>C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent &middot; Fighter squadron &middot; active &middot; from 2016<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Rafale B\/C<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire<small>CEAM &middot; Operational test and evaluation centre &middot; active &middot; from 1933<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-2000\/\">Dassault Mirage 2000D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/alpha-jet\/\">Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div class=\"oob-base\"><span>Former<\/span><em>1 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">Escadron de reconnaissance 2\/33 Savoie<small>2011&ndash;2014 &middot; Arrived from Reims in 2011 when BA 112 closed.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\" class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage F1CR<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale C<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Rafale B\/C<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\">Dassault Rafale<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-2000\/\">Dassault Mirage 2000D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/alpha-jet\/\">Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\" class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage F1CR<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The air force&rsquo;s own laboratory<\/h3>\n<p>The Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire is where the Arm&#233;e de l&rsquo;air et de l&rsquo;espace decides whether a new aircraft, pod, missile or datalink is actually usable, writes the tactical manuals for it, trains the first crews and mechanics, and then formally pronounces its adoption. Nothing reaches a front-line French squadron without passing through Mont-de-Marsan first. The Landes prefecture describes it as the reason the base exists: BA 118 has housed the CEAM since 1945, and the CEAM tests and writes the employment doctrine for every piece of equipment the forces receive.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Created by ministerial decree on 1 April 1933 &mdash; a year before the French air force became an independent service.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Normandie-Niemen<\/h3>\n<p>The only unit in the French air force styled a r&#233;giment rather than an escadron, because it fought under Soviet command on the Eastern Front from 1943 to the German surrender &mdash; the only Western Allied flying unit to do so to the end. Its pilots flew Yak-1s, Yak-9s and finally Yak-3s, and when the war finished Stalin gave them their aircraft to fly home. The unit has been at Mont-de-Marsan on the Rafale since 2012, and its three escadrilles still carry First World War insignia.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">273 homologated victories and 37 probables in about 5,240 sorties, against 46 pilots dead or missing out of roughly a hundred who served.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>Where the French nuclear alert began<\/h3>\n<p>France&rsquo;s airborne deterrent started here. Escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne, the first operational Dassault Mirage IVA squadron, stood up at Mont-de-Marsan and mounted the first operational nuclear alert of the Force de frappe. The 91e escadre de bombardement was formed on the base in 1964 with three Mirage IVA squadrons and a C-135F tanker squadron, ERV 4\/91 Landes, and the base kept a nuclear weapons depot for nearly half a century after that.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">8 October 1964 &mdash; the date of the first operational French nuclear alert, flown from this runway.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>A runway built for a bomber<\/h3>\n<p>The single strip, 09\/27, runs to about 3,600 metres, one of the longest military runways in France. Its ancestor was a 2,000-metre concrete strip the Luftwaffe laid from 1941; the length it has now was built for a fully loaded Mirage IVA and its tanker. Around it sit roughly 700 hectares of base behind a fifteen-kilometre fence, more than 600 buildings and about sixty-six separate units &mdash; a small town that happens to be an airfield.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">About 3,500 people work on the base and roughly 45 Rafale are assigned to it.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>A firing range bigger than Paris<\/h3>\n<p>Eighty kilometres north-east of the runway, the camp militaire de Captieux &mdash; the Camp du Poteau &mdash; gives the base something almost no European air arm has: a live air-to-ground range within a few minutes&rsquo; flying time of the squadrons that use it. It is heath and wet moor rather than forest, ringed by a firebreak to keep bombing from setting the Landes pines alight, and it doubles as a Natura 2000 site and one of the last large wet-heath wintering grounds for birds in Aquitaine.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">10,000 hectares with a 45-kilometre perimeter &mdash; roughly the surface area of the city of Paris.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">06<\/div>\n<h3>Every French combat type, evaluated here first<\/h3>\n<p>The first production SEPECAT Jaguar landed at Mont-de-Marsan on 4 May 1972 and the CEAM had flown 500 sorties on the type by May 1973, writing the normal and emergency procedures, accepting the simulator and deciding that the angle-of-attack indicator, not the airspeed indicator, would be the primary approach instrument. The same treatment was given to the Mirage III, the Mirage F1, the Mirage 2000, the Alpha Jet, the Rafale and the MQ-9 Reaper, and is being given now to each successive Rafale standard.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">500 Jaguar sorties flown at Mont-de-Marsan in the first thirteen months of the type&rsquo;s evaluation.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>The CEAM: what an air force does before it fights<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Every air force buys equipment. The harder question is what to do with it &mdash; which tactics work, which switch sequence a pilot can manage at four g at night, how many mechanics a new pod needs, and whether the thing is worth carrying at all. The Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire is the French answer to that question, and it has been at Mont-de-Marsan since 1945.<\/p>\n<p>It is older than the service it works for. A ministerial decree of 1 April 1933, signed under the air minister Pierre Cot, created the Centre d&rsquo;exp&#233;riences a&#233;riennes militaires at Reims &mdash; a year before the law of 2 July 1934 made the Arm&#233;e de l&rsquo;air an independent service. The centre was destroyed at Orl&#233;ans in 1940. Colonel Constantin Rozanoff rebuilt it in 1945 on the German-built airfield in the Landes, testing captured German equipment and the first French prototypes, and it has not moved since.<\/p>\n<p>The CEAM is routinely confused with the DGA&rsquo;s flight-test organisation, and the distinction is the whole point. DGA Essais en vol, about 900 people on two main sites at Istres and Cazaux, does the engineering &mdash; instrumented airframes, telemetry, measurement ranges &mdash; and issues a qualification: a statement that the system does what the contract says. The CEAM then decides whether it is usable. It runs the operational evaluation, writes the tactical documentation and the technical manuals, trains the first crews and mechanics, and pronounces the adoption. The Rafale F3-R was qualified by the DGA in the autumn of 2018 and adopted by the air force on 16 July 2019; the nine months in between were CEAM work.<\/p>\n<p>Today it is 39 units across 13 sites, about 700 experts by the Landes prefecture&rsquo;s count, and more than 2,500 operational capabilities pronounced in a decade. It was renamed on 1 September 2015 from <em>exp&#233;riences<\/em> to <em>expertise<\/em>, taking Air Warfare Center as its English title, and it has answered directly to the chief of staff rather than to the base commander since 1 February 1989. Its flying arm is escadron de chasse et d&rsquo;exp&#233;rimentation 1\/30 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent, which keeps a deliberately mixed fleet &mdash; Rafale, Mirage 2000D, Alpha Jet and TBM 700 &mdash; alongside escadron 07\/330 EPIGE for electronic-warfare programming and the CEILDT, created on 1 September 2012, for tactical datalinks. One thing the base is not: the Rafale conversion squadron, ETR 3\/4 Aquitaine, is at Saint-Dizier, not here.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>Normandie-Niemen: the French squadron that fought for Stalin<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Groupe de chasse n&#176; 3 Normandie was created on 1 September 1942 at Rayak in Lebanon, out of Free French pilots who had asked to fight somewhere that mattered. Sixty volunteers left on 12 November 1942 and reached Ivanovo, 250 kilometres north-east of Moscow, at the turn of the year. They learned Russian aircraft through interpreters in a Russian winter, flew their first operational sorties in March 1943, and stayed until the German surrender on 9 May 1945 &mdash; the only Western Allied flying unit that fought alongside the Soviet air force to the end.<\/p>\n<p>The aircraft were Yakovlev fighters throughout: the Yak-1, then the Yak-9, and from the summer of 1944 the Yak-3, which the French pilots rated the finest low-altitude dogfighter of the war and preferred to anything the Allies offered them. The Soviet supreme command added the honorific Niemen in 1944 after the crossing of the river of that name, and the unit collected Soviet decorations including the Order of the Red Banner. Four of its pilots &mdash; Marcel Albert, Marcel Lef&#232;vre, Jacques Andr&#233; and Roland de la Poype &mdash; were made Heroes of the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n<p>The official record is 273 homologated victories and 37 probables in roughly 5,240 sorties, against 46 pilots dead or missing out of about a hundred who served. The 273 figure is a legal total that cannot now be revised, and the unit&rsquo;s own association has published a Bundesarchiv cross-check suggesting far fewer German aircraft can be positively matched to those claims. Both things are true at once, and neither changes the loss rate, which was close to one pilot in two.<\/p>\n<p>What happened next is the part nobody invents. Stalin gave the pilots their aircraft. On 15 June 1945 forty Yak-3s left Elbing in East Prussia and on 20 June landed at Le Bourget to a triumphal reception. The unit then went through Morocco, Indochina and Algeria, and through the Mosquito, the P-63 Kingcobra, the F6F Hellcat, the P-47, the Mistral, the Vautour IIN and finally the Mirage F1C and F1CT at Reims from 1966 and Colmar from 1993. It went into hibernation on 1 July 2009 and was re-created at Mont-de-Marsan on 25 June 2012 with about ten Rafale F3. It is the only unit in the French air force still called a r&#233;giment, and its escadrilles &mdash; SPA 91, SPA 93 and SPA 97 &mdash; carry insignia from the First World War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>Getting an aeroplane into service, from the Jaguar to the F4<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The first production SEPECAT Jaguar, the two-seat E2, landed at Mont-de-Marsan on 4 May 1972 flown by Commandant Gautier, was nicknamed <em>Matou<\/em>, and was formally handed to the CEAM on 30 May in an interim standard. Five pilots ran the evaluation. By May 1973 they had flown 500 sorties on the type. What came out of it was not a performance chart but a way of operating: the angle-of-attack indicator established as the primary approach reference, a brake-cooling rule of an hour and a half on the ground after landing, a brake parachute cleared without its container, and every normal and emergency procedure in the flight manual written from scratch.<\/p>\n<p>That is the shape of the work, and it has not changed. The Mirage III, the Mirage F1, the Alpha Jet and the Mirage 2000 all went through the same squadron, escadron de chasse 5\/330 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent until it was renumbered ECE 1\/30 on 1 March 2016 under the re-created 30e escadre.<\/p>\n<p>The Rafale is now evaluated here standard by standard. F3-R, qualified by the DGA in the autumn of 2018, brought the MBDA Meteor, the Thales Talios designation pod, the AASM Block 3 and the GBU-16, Mode 5\/S IFF and automatic ground-collision avoidance; the CEAM ran the operational trials jointly with the navy&rsquo;s CEPA\/10S detachment so that one set of manuals served both services, and the air force adopted the standard on 16 July 2019. The first F4.1 aircraft arrived at Mont-de-Marsan in March 2023. ECE 1\/30 evaluated it, the standard was adopted that August, and on 23 February 2024 the air force declared full operational capability &mdash; the first F4.1 air-policing alert was flown from this base. F4.1 added the Thales Scorpion helmet sight, hardened connectivity and improvements to SPECTRA and the RBE2 AESA radar.<\/p>\n<p>The most recent example is the fastest. On 31 December 2025 the DGA contracted a laser-guided 68 mm rocket capability for the Rafale, to give a fighter a cheap way of shooting down Shahed-type drones. DGA flight testing ran at Istres and Cazaux through the first half of 2026, the missile range at Biscarrosse did its part in early July, the CEAM ran the operational firings and assessed laser designation performance, and the capability was declared usable on 7 July 2026. Less than eight months from contract to first operational capability &mdash; which is what the CEAM exists to make possible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>A German airfield the French kept<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Aviation came to Mont-de-Marsan in 1911, when Ren&#233; Labouch&#232;re flew from the Hippodrome des Grands Pins on 1 May and a crowd of ten thousand came to watch. Georges Guynemer was among the pilots trained on the racecourse field during the First World War. The town laid out a proper aerodrome of about a hundred hectares south of the hippodrome in 1932, opened it as the A&#233;rodrome Henri Farbos on 17 June 1934, and handed it to the state on 1 June 1938.<\/p>\n<p>The Germans arrived on 27 June 1940. Messerschmitt Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen used the field that September and October, and from 1941 the Luftwaffe built the airfield that is still here &mdash; a 2,000-metre concrete runway, hangars, repair shops and dispersed storage cells, put up with French prisoners and requisitioned labour. From late 1943 it became one of the most important maritime reconnaissance stations on the Atlantic coast: Fernaufkl&#228;rungsgruppe 5, flying the four-engined Junkers Ju 290, hunted Allied convoys for the U-boat command from here. Between November 1943 and mid-August 1944 the group flew 191 missions, located some twenty convoys, and lost nine aircraft and 91 men doing it.<\/p>\n<p>The Americans came for it on 27 March 1944 with forty-seven Consolidated B-24 Liberators. The French account puts the toll at thirteen dead and ten wounded among civilians and Italian servicemen, and six dead on the German side. The Ju 290s and the Heinkel He 177s left in July 1944; Mont-de-Marsan was liberated on 21 August.<\/p>\n<p>France took the field over on 15 July 1945 and gave it to the CEAM, which installed itself under Colonel Constantin Rozanoff on 1 November. The designation BA 118 dates from December 1948. An air-defence mission arrived in 1958 with a zone operations centre, the strategic bombers in 1964, a detection and control centre in 1969, and the air defence and control instruction centre in 1986. The base was officially named for Rozanoff on 20 July 1985. In 1991, a hundred of its people went to the Gulf while the base simultaneously hosted two hundred American servicemen and their equipment. The 91e escadre de bombardement was dissolved on 1 August 1993; strategic reconnaissance carried on with ERS 1\/91 Gascogne until the last Mirage IVP was retired on 31 August 2005, and the nuclear weapons depot, DAMS 16-004, closed on 30 June 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">05<\/span><span>The Landes: sand, pine and space<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The base sits in the largest man-made forest in western Europe. Until the nineteenth century the Landes were a sandy, malarial plain of wet heath where shepherds walked on stilts; an imperial law of 19 June 1857 under Napoleon III ordered the marshes drained and the whole of it planted with maritime pine. Roughly a million hectares of forest came out of that decision, about ninety per cent of it <em>Pinus pinaster<\/em>, and with it a landscape of straight sand tracks, drainage ditches and firebreaks that happens to be ideal for military aviation: flat, empty, cheap and a long way from anywhere that complains.<\/p>\n<p>It is not a benign landscape. A fire in 1949 killed 82 people, a single fire in 1942 took 66,000 hectares, and the response was over twenty-one thousand kilometres of firebreaks. Storm Klaus, on 24 January 2009, flattened timber across a quarter of the forest. Every military use of the area is conditioned by fire risk, which is why the air-to-ground range at Captieux &mdash; the Camp du Poteau, 10,000 hectares with a 45-kilometre perimeter &mdash; is surrounded by a firebreak wide enough to be visible from orbit, and why it is heath rather than plantation inside the wire. Two Natura 2000 charters apply to the base and the range together; the range is one of the last big wet-heath zones in Aquitaine and winters thousands of birds.<\/p>\n<p>The clustering is the other thing the geography gives. Within a short transit are BA 120 Cazaux with its over-water ranges and the DGA&rsquo;s test aircraft, the DGA missile range at Biscarrosse on the coast, BA 106 Bordeaux-M&#233;rignac and the Dassault Aviation line that builds the Rafale, and BA 709 Cognac with the Reaper and the PC-21 school. A CEAM evaluation team can be over a live range within minutes of take-off, shoot, land, and be in a factory conference room the same afternoon. The Landes prefecture makes exactly this point when it explains why the CEAM is here rather than anywhere else: proximity to operational Rafale squadrons, to the Captieux range, and to the regional aerospace industry.<\/p>\n<p>The base itself takes roughly 700 hectares of that forest, with fifteen kilometres of fence and more than six hundred buildings. It is one of the largest employers in the department, and the department has organised itself around it accordingly.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">06<\/span><span>Mont-de-Marsan in 2026<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The base is two things at once. The 30e escadre de chasse, re-created on 3 September 2015, holds three Rafale squadrons &mdash; ECE 1\/30 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent, r&#233;giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen and escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine &mdash; plus ESTA 15\/030 Chalosse, the technical support squadron that keeps them flying. Around them sit the CEAM, the air defence squadron EDSA 12\/950 Tursan with the SAMP\/T Mamba, a detection and control centre, and some sixty-six units in all. Roughly 3,500 people work here and about 45 Rafale are on strength. Two aircraft stand at immediate readiness around the clock for the permanent air-security posture over the south-west. Colonel Matthieu Cereghetti, a Rafale pilot and former squadron chief in the Normandie-Niemen, took command on 28 August 2025.<\/p>\n<p>The tempo is the story of the year. On 27 January 2026, without warning, General Pierre Gaudilli&#232;re of the brigade a&#233;rienne de combat ordered the wing to disperse: exercise Topaze, part of the French agile combat employment concept, scattered part of the Rafale force to Cognac, Cazaux, M&#233;rignac and Clermont-Ferrand at no notice, then had the aircraft strike back from their host bases. In February the base was one of ten fed into the kinetic phase of exercise Orion 26, which put fifty combat aircraft, six ground-based air defence systems and 1,500 aviators into the air with German, Greek and Qatari units. In October 2025 it had hosted Volfa, running about twenty fighter sorties a day with Greek F-16s and Italian Tornados on the ramp, explicitly practising against Shahed-type drones &mdash; a target, as the wing commander noted, that is hard precisely because it is slow.<\/p>\n<p>In early September 2026 four Rafale F4 of the 30e escadre left on P&#233;gase 26, the seventh of the air force&rsquo;s long-range deployments: 38 days and about 300 aviators, with three A330 MRTT and two A400M, routing over Greenland to North America and Alaska, then Japan, South Korea and Indonesia, then splitting between the Tarang Shakti exercise in India and the Indian Ocean, and finishing with Qatar and the Franco-Egyptian exercise Amun 26.<\/p>\n<p>What changes under the current planning law is standards rather than bricks. The Rafale force grows towards 185 to 190 aircraft by 2030, the F4 standard fills out in increments, and the nuclear rebuild at Luxeuil takes the infrastructure money. Mont-de-Marsan&rsquo;s job is the one it has had since 1945: everything new gets tried here first.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1911<\/div>\n<p>1 May: Ren&#233; Labouch&#232;re makes the first flight at Mont-de-Marsan from the Hippodrome des Grands Pins; Georges Guynemer is among the pilots trained on the racecourse field in the First World War. The town opens a purpose-built aerodrome, the A&#233;rodrome Henri Farbos, on 17 June 1934 and hands it to the state on 1 June 1938.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>27 June: German occupation. Messerschmitt Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen use the field that September and October, and from 1941 the Luftwaffe builds the airfield that still exists &mdash; a 2,000-metre concrete runway, hangars, repair shops and dispersed storage cells, put up with French prisoners and requisitioned labour.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1943<\/div>\n<p>November: Fernaufkl&#228;rungsgruppe 5 arrives with the four-engined Junkers Ju 290 to hunt Atlantic convoys for the U-boat command. By mid-August 1944 it will have flown 191 missions and lost nine aircraft and 91 men.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1944<\/div>\n<p>27 March: forty-seven American B-24 Liberators bomb the base. The German aircraft leave in July and Mont-de-Marsan is liberated on 21 August.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1945<\/div>\n<p>15 July: the field becomes a French air base. Colonel Constantin Rozanoff installs the Centre d&rsquo;exp&#233;riences a&#233;riennes militaires here on 1 November; the designation BA 118 follows in December 1948.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1964<\/div>\n<p>8 October: escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne mounts the first operational nuclear alert of the French deterrent, with the Dassault Mirage IVA. The 91e escadre de bombardement forms at Mont-de-Marsan with three bomber squadrons and the C-135F tankers of ERV 4\/91 Landes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1966<\/div>\n<p>19 July: a Mirage IVA of the Gascogne, flying from Hao in French Polynesia, drops a live AN-21 atomic bomb near Moruroa &mdash; Operation Tamour&#233;, the only live nuclear drop ever made by a French bomber.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1972<\/div>\n<p>4 May: the first production SEPECAT Jaguar lands at Mont-de-Marsan for evaluation. The CEAM will fly 500 sorties on the type by May 1973 and write its operating procedures from scratch.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1977<\/div>\n<p>7 October: Mirage IVA no. 58 of the Gascogne comes down on the Jean Maridor barracks in the town. Commandant Raymond Pardaillan and Lieutenant James Martin are killed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1985<\/div>\n<p>20 July: the base is officially named for Colonel Constantin Rozanoff, the Polish-born Dassault test pilot who founded the postwar CEAM here and was killed at Melun-Villaroche on 3 April 1954.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2005<\/div>\n<p>31 August: the last strategic reconnaissance Mirage IVP of ERS 1\/91 Gascogne is retired, ending forty-one years of Mirage IV operations from the base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2011<\/div>\n<p>Escadron de reconnaissance 2\/33 Savoie arrives from Reims with about twenty-five Mirage F1. The nuclear weapons depot DAMS 16-004 is dissolved on 30 June.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2012<\/div>\n<p>25 June: the Normandie-Niemen is re-created at Mont-de-Marsan with about ten Rafale F3, three years after going into hibernation at Colmar.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2014<\/div>\n<p>13 June: the French air force retires the Dassault Mirage F1 at Mont-de-Marsan after forty years of service, with a final Paris flypast on 14 July.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2015<\/div>\n<p>1 September: the CEAM is renamed Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire and takes Air Warfare Center as its English title. The 30e escadre de chasse is re-created on the base two days later.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2019<\/div>\n<p>13&ndash;24 May: the base hosts the NATO Tiger Meet, with sixteen flying squadrons from eleven nations. On 16 July the air force adopts the Rafale F3-R standard after CEAM evaluation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>23 February: the Rafale F4.1 is declared to have reached full operational capability and flies its first air-policing alert from Mont-de-Marsan, eleven months after the first aircraft arrived for evaluation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2026<\/div>\n<p>27 January: exercise Topaze disperses the 30e escadre&rsquo;s Rafale without notice to four other bases. In February the base joins the kinetic phase of exercise Orion 26; in September four of its Rafale F4 leave on the 38-day P&#233;gase 26 deployment across the Arctic, the Indo-Pacific and the Middle East.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">November 1943 to August 1944<\/div>\n<h3>The Luftwaffe hunts Atlantic convoys from the Landes, and loses badly<\/h3>\n<p>Fernaufkl&#228;rungsgruppe 5 was raised by the Fliegerf&#252;hrer Atlantik on behalf of the U-boat command to find Allied convoys in the open Atlantic, and it flew the four-engined Junkers Ju 290 from Mont-de-Marsan. The first crews arrived in November 1943; by May 1944 each squadron held eight to ten aircraft and twelve to fourteen crews. Between then and mid-August 1944 the group flew 191 missions and located about twenty convoys, at a cost of nine Ju 290s and 91 men. One of those losses is documented in detail: on 26 May 1944 the aircraft coded 9V+GK was caught by Hurricanes while shadowing a convoy, ditched successfully, and five of its crew of ten were picked up by a Royal Navy ship and taken to Britain for interrogation. The airfield they flew from is the one the French air force still uses.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/falkeeins.blogspot.com\/2011\/03\/atlantic-reconnaissance-1-fliegerfuhrer.html\">FalkeEins, the Luftwaffe blog: Fliegerf&#252;hrer Atlantik and the Junkers Ju 290<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">27 March 1944<\/div>\n<h3>Forty-seven Liberators over Mont-de-Marsan<\/h3>\n<p>The base the Germans had spent three years building was attacked by forty-seven Consolidated B-24 Liberators of the United States Army Air Forces on 27 March 1944. The French municipal record of the raid puts the toll at thirteen killed and ten wounded among civilians and Italian servicemen on the field, and six dead on the German side. It is a reminder that the concrete the Rafale squadrons use today was laid by forced labour and paid for, in the end, by the people who lived around it. The Junkers Ju 290s and Heinkel He 177s left the field in July; the town was liberated on 21 August 1944.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Base_a%C3%A9rienne_118_Mont-de-Marsan\">Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan, historique<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">19 July 1966<\/div>\n<h3>The only French bomber ever to drop a live atomic bomb<\/h3>\n<p>Operation Tamour&#233; is the one time a French aircraft dropped a live nuclear weapon in a test. A Mirage IVA of escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne &mdash; the Mont-de-Marsan squadron &mdash; released an AN-21 bomb of about sixty kilotons over the Moruroa atoll at five past five in the morning, the weapon detonating some 85 kilometres east of the atoll. Getting there had been the hard part: two Mirage IVs and three C-135F tankers had staged across the Atlantic via Otis Air Force Base in Massachusetts to Hao in French Polynesia, the original aircraft was damaged on landing and had to be replaced, and the drop was postponed four times for weather. It proved the bomber-tanker-weapon combination worked as a system. The Mirage IV was never asked to do it again.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/theaviationgeekclub.com\/operation-tamoure-the-only-time-a-french-air-force-mirage-iv-strategic-bomber-dropped-a-live-nuclear-bomb\/\">The Aviation Geek Club, Operation Tamour&#233;<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">7 October 1977<\/div>\n<h3>A Mirage IV falls on a barracks in the town<\/h3>\n<p>Mirage IVA number 58, coded CE, of escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne came down on the caserne Jean Maridor in Mont-de-Marsan during a commanded flight. The two crew, Commandant Raymond Pardaillan and Lieutenant James Martin, were killed. They are named on the base&rsquo;s <em>mur du souvenir<\/em>, the wall of remembrance, which stands beside the espace Colonel Rozanoff &mdash; the small museum the base has kept since 2006 to hold the heritage of its units. It is the memorial most visitors to BA 118 see first, and the one the base is least inclined to talk about.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aerosteles.net\/stelefr-mdm-mir458\">A&#233;rost&#232;les, mur du souvenir, BA 118 Mont-de-Marsan<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">11 May 2010<\/div>\n<h3>A trials Mirage 2000 goes into the pines and the pilot walks away<\/h3>\n<p>At about ten past four in the afternoon a Dassault Mirage 2000 of escadron de chasse 5\/330 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent &mdash; the CEAM&rsquo;s own trials squadron, now ECE 1\/30 &mdash; came down in uninhabited forest near Pouydesseaux, a few kilometres from the runway, returning from an unarmed sortie. The pilot ejected and was slightly injured; the base commander, Colonel Christophe Oursel, confirmed it the same day. It was the third French air force accident in a month, after a Mirage F1CR near Orl&#233;ans on 8 April and an Alpha Jet in the Vaucluse during Patrouille de France training. All three pilots got out. The Landes forest, for once, was the useful kind of empty.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opex360.com\/2010\/05\/11\/crash-dun-mirage-2000-dans-les-landes\/\">Zone Militaire (opex360), 11 May 2010<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">13 June 2014<\/div>\n<h3>The end of the Mirage F1, forty years on<\/h3>\n<p>Escadron de reconnaissance 2\/33 Savoie, which had brought about twenty-five Mirage F1 down from Reims when BA 112 closed in 2011, retired the type at Mont-de-Marsan on 13 June 2014 after forty years of French service. The F1 had flown over Chad, the Gulf, the former Yugoslavia, Afghanistan, Libya and Mali; the Savoie had taken it into Operation Serval the previous year. The aircraft gave demonstrations at Cazaux on 21 and 22 June and at Nancy on 5 and 6 July, and made a last pass over Paris in the 14 July flypast before the type went permanently quiet.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.traditions-air.fr\/communique_presse_AA_09.htm\">Arm&#233;e de l&rsquo;air, communiqu&#233;s de presse 2014<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">13&ndash;24 May 2019<\/div>\n<h3>The tigers come to the Landes<\/h3>\n<p>The NATO Tiger Meet is the alliance&rsquo;s least serious and most photographed exercise, and in 2019 Mont-de-Marsan hosted it, because escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine carries the escadrille SPA 162 Tigre and therefore belongs to the NATO Tiger Association. Sixteen flying squadrons from eleven nations came, plus three observer units and a visitor, with F-16s, Rafale, Eurofighters, Tornados, transports and helicopters. Portugal&rsquo;s Esquadra 301 took the Silver Tiger trophy and the Tiger Spirit award; the Lorraine won best operations and best-painted aircraft, and the CEAM&rsquo;s own ECE 1\/30 won the Tiger Games. It remains one of the few occasions on which the public gets inside the wire.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.natotigers.org\/tiger-meet\/ntm2019\">NATO Tiger Association, NTM 2019<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">27 January 2026<\/div>\n<h3>Get the aeroplanes off the base. Now.<\/h3>\n<p>Without notice, General Pierre Gaudilli&#232;re, commanding the brigade a&#233;rienne de combat, ordered the 30e escadre de chasse to disperse. Exercise Topaze, part of the French agile combat employment concept, sent Rafale from Mont-de-Marsan to Cognac, Cazaux, M&#233;rignac and Clermont-Ferrand in an extremely short window, with the technical support squadron following, and then required the dispersed aircraft to mount retaliatory strikes from their host bases. The point was to test what the air force calls the agility and speed of the decision chain, and to establish that a wing can survive the first hour of a war against an enemy that knows where its home base is &mdash; a problem the service had not rehearsed seriously since the Cold War.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opex360.com\/2026\/01\/28\/la-30e-escadre-de-chasse-a-recu-lordre-de-disperser-une-partie-de-ses-rafale-sans-preavis\/\">Zone Militaire (opex360), 28 January 2026<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"ba-106-bordeaux-merignac\">\n<td>Base a&#233;rienne 106 Bordeaux-M&#233;rignac<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFBD<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">Socata TBM 700, Airbus CN235<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"ba-120-cazaux\">\n<td>Base a&#233;rienne 120 Cazaux<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFBC<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet E, Airbus Helicopters H225M Caracal, Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"ba-709-cognac\">\n<td>Base a&#233;rienne 709 Cognac-Ch&#226;teaubernard<\/td>\n<td class=\"num\">LFBG<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td class=\"sub\">Pilatus PC-21, Grob G 120A-F, General Atomics MQ-9A Reaper, Beechcraft King Air 350ER ALSR<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is Mont-de-Marsan air base known for?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Two things. It is the home of the Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire, the organisation that evaluates, writes the tactics for and formally adopts every aircraft, weapon and system the French air force takes into service. And it is a front-line Rafale base: the 30e escadre de chasse holds three squadrons here, including the Normandie-Niemen. About 3,500 people work on some 700 hectares, with roughly 45 Rafale on strength.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the CEAM, and how is it different from the DGA&rsquo;s flight-test centre?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The DGA&rsquo;s flight-test organisation, DGA Essais en vol at Istres and Cazaux, does the engineering and issues the qualification: proof that a system performs as specified. The CEAM then runs the operational evaluation &mdash; can a squadron actually use this, with what tactics, what training and what maintenance &mdash; and issues the adoption. The Rafale F3-R was qualified by the DGA in the autumn of 2018 and adopted by the air force on 16 July 2019. The gap is CEAM work. The centre was created by decree on 1 April 1933 and today runs 39 units on 13 sites with about 700 experts.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why is one squadron at Mont-de-Marsan called a regiment?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because the Normandie-Niemen fought under Soviet command. Formed as Groupe de chasse n&#176; 3 Normandie at Rayak in Lebanon on 1 September 1942, it flew Yak fighters on the Eastern Front from March 1943 until the German surrender &mdash; the only Western Allied flying unit to stay to the end &mdash; and was made a Soviet guards-style r&#233;giment. It kept the title. It is the only unit in the French air force styled r&#233;giment de chasse rather than escadron de chasse.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Stalin really give the Normandie-Niemen their aircraft?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. By Soviet decree the pilots kept the Yak-3s they had been flying. Forty aircraft took off from Elbing in East Prussia on 15 June 1945 and landed at Le Bourget on 20 June to a triumphal reception, Soviet-built fighters in French markings over Paris. Several survive in French museums.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Was Mont-de-Marsan a nuclear base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It was the first one. Escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne mounted the first operational nuclear alert of the French deterrent here on 8 October 1964 with the Dassault Mirage IVA, and the 91e escadre de bombardement formed on the base with three bomber squadrons and a C-135F tanker squadron. A Mont-de-Marsan crew made the only live French airborne nuclear test, Operation Tamour&#233;, on 19 July 1966. Strategic reconnaissance Mirage IVPs flew from here until 31 August 2005 and the nuclear weapons depot closed on 30 June 2011. The airborne deterrent is now flown from Saint-Dizier, and from Luxeuil from the 2030s.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are at Mont-de-Marsan now?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The 30e escadre de chasse, re-created on 3 September 2015, comprises escadron de chasse et d&rsquo;exp&#233;rimentation 1\/30 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent, which is the CEAM&rsquo;s trials squadron and keeps Rafale, Mirage 2000D, Alpha Jet and TBM 700; r&#233;giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen on the Rafale since 2012; escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine, which brought its Rafale back from Al Dhafra in 2016; and ESTA 15\/030 Chalosse for technical support. The air defence squadron EDSA 12\/950 Tursan operates the SAMP\/T Mamba. The Rafale conversion squadron, ETR 3\/4 Aquitaine, is not here &mdash; it is at Saint-Dizier.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code and the runway like?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">LFBM, with no IATA code. There is a single runway, 09\/27, of about 3,600 metres at 62 metres above sea level &mdash; one of the longest military strips in France, laid out for the Mirage IV. Published sources disagree on the surface, French sources describing it as concrete and English-language ones as asphalt; treat the surface as unconfirmed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where do the aircraft from Mont-de-Marsan drop their weapons?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">At the camp militaire de Captieux, the Camp du Poteau, about eighty kilometres north-east of the base: 10,000 hectares with a 45-kilometre perimeter, roughly the surface area of Paris, and one of the largest firing ranges in Europe. It is wet heath rather than plantation, ringed by a firebreak to stop live firing setting the Landes pines alight, and it is simultaneously a Natura 2000 site and a wintering ground for thousands of birds.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Active (Rafale wing and the air force&rsquo;s trials and tactics centre). The French Air and Space Force operates it as 30e escadre de chasse and the Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire (CEAM).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan is LFBM. The airfield sits at 62 m above sea level in Landes, at 43.9117 N, 0.5092 W.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan has one runway: 09\/27, 3,603 m (11,821 ft), asphalt.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan currently hosts R&#233;giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen flying the Dassault Rafale C; Escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine flying the Dassault Rafale C; Escadron de chasse 1\/30 C&#244;te d&rsquo;Argent flying the Rafale B\/C, Mirage 2000D, Alpha Jet, TBM 700; Centre d&rsquo;expertise a&#233;rienne militaire flying the Dassault Rafale, Dassault Mirage 2000D, Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet, General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which aircraft used to fly from Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Over its history Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan has hosted Escadron de reconnaissance 2\/33 Savoie (2011&ndash;2014) with the Dassault Mirage F1CR.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is Mont-de-Marsan air base known for?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two things. It is the home of the Centre d\\u2019expertise a\\u00e9rienne militaire, the organisation that evaluates, writes the tactics for and formally adopts every aircraft, weapon and system the French air force takes into service. And it is a front-line Rafale base: the 30e escadre de chasse holds three squadrons here, including the Normandie-Niemen. About 3,500 people work on some 700 hectares, with roughly 45 Rafale on strength.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the CEAM, and how is it different from the DGA\\u2019s flight-test centre?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The DGA\\u2019s flight-test organisation, DGA Essais en vol at Istres and Cazaux, does the engineering and issues the qualification: proof that a system performs as specified. The CEAM then runs the operational evaluation \\u2014 can a squadron actually use this, with what tactics, what training and what maintenance \\u2014 and issues the adoption. The Rafale F3-R was qualified by the DGA in the autumn of 2018 and adopted by the air force on 16 July 2019. The gap is CEAM work. The centre was created by decree on 1 April 1933 and today runs 39 units on 13 sites with about 700 experts.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why is one squadron at Mont-de-Marsan called a regiment?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the Normandie-Niemen fought under Soviet command. Formed as Groupe de chasse n\\u00b0 3 Normandie at Rayak in Lebanon on 1 September 1942, it flew Yak fighters on the Eastern Front from March 1943 until the German surrender \\u2014 the only Western Allied flying unit to stay to the end \\u2014 and was made a Soviet guards-style r\\u00e9giment. It kept the title. It is the only unit in the French air force styled r\\u00e9giment de chasse rather than escadron de chasse.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Stalin really give the Normandie-Niemen their aircraft?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. By Soviet decree the pilots kept the Yak-3s they had been flying. Forty aircraft took off from Elbing in East Prussia on 15 June 1945 and landed at Le Bourget on 20 June to a triumphal reception, Soviet-built fighters in French markings over Paris. Several survive in French museums.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was Mont-de-Marsan a nuclear base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It was the first one. Escadron de bombardement 1\/91 Gascogne mounted the first operational nuclear alert of the French deterrent here on 8 October 1964 with the Dassault Mirage IVA, and the 91e escadre de bombardement formed on the base with three bomber squadrons and a C-135F tanker squadron. A Mont-de-Marsan crew made the only live French airborne nuclear test, Operation Tamour\\u00e9, on 19 July 1966. Strategic reconnaissance Mirage IVPs flew from here until 31 August 2005 and the nuclear weapons depot closed on 30 June 2011. The airborne deterrent is now flown from Saint-Dizier, and from Luxeuil from the 2030s.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are at Mont-de-Marsan now?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The 30e escadre de chasse, re-created on 3 September 2015, comprises escadron de chasse et d\\u2019exp\\u00e9rimentation 1\/30 C\\u00f4te d\\u2019Argent, which is the CEAM\\u2019s trials squadron and keeps Rafale, Mirage 2000D, Alpha Jet and TBM 700; r\\u00e9giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen on the Rafale since 2012; escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine, which brought its Rafale back from Al Dhafra in 2016; and ESTA 15\/030 Chalosse for technical support. The air defence squadron EDSA 12\/950 Tursan operates the SAMP\/T Mamba. The Rafale conversion squadron, ETR 3\/4 Aquitaine, is not here \\u2014 it is at Saint-Dizier.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code and the runway like?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"LFBM, with no IATA code. There is a single runway, 09\/27, of about 3,600 metres at 62 metres above sea level \\u2014 one of the longest military strips in France, laid out for the Mirage IV. Published sources disagree on the surface, French sources describing it as concrete and English-language ones as asphalt; treat the surface as unconfirmed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where do the aircraft from Mont-de-Marsan drop their weapons?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"At the camp militaire de Captieux, the Camp du Poteau, about eighty kilometres north-east of the base: 10,000 hectares with a 45-kilometre perimeter, roughly the surface area of Paris, and one of the largest firing ranges in Europe. It is wet heath rather than plantation, ringed by a firebreak to stop live firing setting the Landes pines alight, and it is simultaneously a Natura 2000 site and a wintering ground for thousands of birds.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan still an active military air base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Active (Rafale wing and the air force\\u2019s trials and tactics centre). The French Air and Space Force operates it as 30e escadre de chasse and the Centre d\\u2019expertise a\\u00e9rienne militaire (CEAM).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code of Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ICAO code of Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan is LFBM. The airfield sits at 62 m above sea level in Landes, at 43.9117 N, 0.5092 W.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan has one runway: 09\/27, 3,603 m (11,821 ft), asphalt.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan currently hosts R\\u00e9giment de chasse 2\/30 Normandie-Niemen flying the Dassault Rafale C; Escadron de chasse 3\/30 Lorraine flying the Dassault Rafale C; Escadron de chasse 1\/30 C\\u00f4te d\\u2019Argent flying the Rafale B\/C, Mirage 2000D, Alpha Jet, TBM 700; Centre d\\u2019expertise a\\u00e9rienne militaire flying the Dassault Rafale, Dassault Mirage 2000D, Dassault\/Dornier Alpha Jet, General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which aircraft used to fly from Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Over its history Base a\\u00e9rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan has hosted Escadron de reconnaissance 2\/33 Savoie (2011\\u20132014) with the Dassault Mirage F1CR.\"}}]}<\/script><section id=\"fly\">\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You cannot fly from a French air base. You can fly the jet.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">MiGFlug flies the L-39 Albatros out of Florida &mdash; a real military jet trainer, a real second seat, aerobatics and time on the controls. French military airfields do not sell flights; this is the nearest thing there is.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-florida\/\">Fly the L-39 Albatros in Florida<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Base a&#233;rienne 118 Mont-de-Marsan<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-air-and-space-force\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">French Air and Space Force<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the French Air and Space Force page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Dassault Rafale C<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Dassault Rafale C story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/rafale\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Rafale B\/C<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Rafale B\/C story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.opex360.com\/2026\/01\/28\/la-30e-escadre-de-chasse-a-recu-lordre-de-disperser-une-partie-de-ses-rafale-sans-preavis\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zone Militaire (opex360): La 30e escadre de chasse a re&#231;u l&rsquo;ordre de disperser une partie de ses Rafale sans pr&#233;avis<\/a><span>January 2026 dispersal exercise at Mont-de-Marsan<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sia.aviation-civile.gouv.fr\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Service de l&rsquo;information a&#233;ronautique (SIA France): AIP France and military VAC charts<\/a><span>published ICAO codes, runway designators, lengths, surfaces and aerodrome elevations for French military aerodromes<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-09-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:8e3F.d294\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/fr-ba-118-mont-de-marsan-hero.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .cflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/swiss-canton-flags-sprite-v2.png)!important}#mfam .cf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .cf1{background-position:-22px -2px}#mfam .cf2{background-position:-42px -2px}#mfam .cf3{background-position:-62px 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