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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; Spain<\/div>\n<h1>Spanish Air and Space Force<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">The Spanish Air and Space Force, the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, grew out of an army air service that was bombing in Morocco by December 1913, fought both sides of the Civil War, was rebuilt with American aircraft after the 1953 Pact of Madrid, and in 2026 is replacing its Hornets with new Eurofighters after the European fighter project it had joined lost its manned jet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"marks\">\n<div class=\"mcol\">\n<div class=\"mark\"><svg class=\"rondel\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Spanish national marking: red outer ring, yellow ring, red centre\"><circle cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"49\" fill=\"#aa151b\"\/><circle cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"33\" fill=\"#f1bf00\"\/><circle cx=\"50\" cy=\"50\" r=\"16.5\" fill=\"#aa151b\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"mk\">National marking<b>The roundel: a red outer ring, a yellow ring and a red centre, in the colours of the national flag<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><svg class=\"finflash\" viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Spanish fin marking: a black Saint Andrew cross on white\"><rect x=\"1\" y=\"4\" width=\"30\" height=\"24\" fill=\"#ffffff\" stroke=\"#9aa3ad\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/><path d=\"M3 6 L29 26 M29 6 L3 26\" stroke=\"#10141b\" stroke-width=\"5\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"mk\">Fin marking<b>A black Saint Andrew&rsquo;s cross on white<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>137<\/b><span>Combat aircraft<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>14<\/b><span>Active air bases<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1939<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>17<\/b><span>Types retired<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Ministerio de Defensa Espa&#241;a \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Spain<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1939<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Active<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Madrid<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Commander<\/b>Francisco Braco Carb&#243;<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>The Spanish Air and Space Force story: Morocco, civil war, American bases and a lost European fighter<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1911&ndash;1927: Cuatro Vientos, Morocco and the gas war<\/h3>\n<p>Spanish military flying began at Cuatro Vientos, outside Madrid, the oldest airfield in the country, in 1911, and a royal decree of 28 February 1913 created the army&rsquo;s Servicio de Aeron&#225;utica Militar. By December of that year its aircraft were in action in the Spanish protectorate in Morocco, among the first air units anywhere to fight. The war against Abd el-Krim&rsquo;s Rif republic after the disaster of Annual in July 1921, when some 8,000 of about 20,000 Spanish soldiers were killed or went missing, made Morocco the air arm&rsquo;s school. It also produced its darkest chapter: from 1924 Spanish aircraft dropped mustard gas and other chemical agents made at La Mara&#241;osa near Madrid, with German technical help, on Rif villages, markets and rivers. The historian Sebastian Balfour, working from Spanish military archives, calls it a massive use of mustard gas on civilians. Spain has never formally acknowledged it; a 2007 parliamentary motion asking it to do so was voted down.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1936&ndash;1939: two air forces and four foreign ones<\/h3>\n<p>The Civil War split the service in July 1936. The Republic kept most of the aircraft and men but little modern equipment; from October 1936 Soviet I-15s, I-16s and SB bombers, and some 772 Soviet airmen, gave its air force (FARE) a brief edge. The Nationalists had something decisive instead: Germany&rsquo;s Condor Legion, which rotated some 19,000 men through Spain, and Italy&rsquo;s Aviazione Legionaria, which sent about 764 aircraft. The war was a laboratory. The Condor Legion bombed Guernica on 26 April 1937; Italian bombers flying from Mallorca in Spanish markings hit Barcelona seventeen times in March 1938, on Mussolini&rsquo;s order and without telling Franco. The death tolls of both raids are still argued over, and the page gives them as ranges. The Nationalist ace Joaqu&#237;n Garc&#237;a Morato scored 36 of his 40 victories in a Fiat CR.32 and was killed in a crash in April 1939, as the war ended.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1939&ndash;1970: the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire, Franco and the Americans<\/h3>\n<p>Franco&rsquo;s regime created the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire as an independent service on 7 October 1939, from the victorious Nationalist air arm and the aircraft of both sides. Isolated after 1945, it flew licence-built German designs for two decades: the CASA 2.111 Heinkel, the CASA 352 Junkers and the HA-1112 Buch&#243;n, a Bf 109 airframe with a Rolls-Royce Merlin that stayed in service until 27 December 1965. The Pact of Madrid of 23 September 1953 changed everything. In return for American air bases at Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza and Mor&#243;n, Spain received 270 F-86F Sabres, T-33s, T-6s and later F-104s and F-4s. It was a bargain that rescued a threadbare air force and tied Franco&rsquo;s dictatorship to the West; it also put US bombers on Spanish soil. The Ifni-Sahara war of 1957&ndash;58 was fought with T-6s, CASA 2.111s and CASA 352 paratroop drops.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1970&ndash;1999: Phantoms, Mirages, Hornets and NATO<\/h3>\n<p>The 1970s brought front-line jets: 24 Mirage IIIEE fighters from 1970, 36 ex-USAF F-4C Phantoms &mdash; the only C models ever exported &mdash; from 1971, and Mirage F1s at Albacete from 1975, alongside CASA-built F-5s that reportedly flew more than 500 combat missions over the Sahara from Gando. Democracy, NATO membership and the 1986 referendum reshaped the service. Spain chose the F\/A-18 Hornet, ordering 72 EF-18A\/B and taking the first in November 1985, and insisted that the US 401st Tactical Fighter Wing leave Torrej&#243;n; the base was handed back on 21 May 1992. The homegrown CASA C-101 jet trainer, in service from 1980, gave the academy at San Javier its Patrulla &#193;guila display team in 1985. Spanish Hornets dropped laser-guided bombs on a Bosnian Serb ammunition depot at Pale in May 1995 and flew strike and air-defence suppression missions over Kosovo in 1999.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2000&ndash;2022: Eurofighter, the A400M and a new name<\/h3>\n<p>Spain rejoined the Eurofighter consortium in 1985 and received its first aircraft in 2004, based at Mor&#243;n and later at Albacete, where they replaced the Mirage F1 in 2013. The A400M, assembled in Seville, gave Spain an industrial prize and a painful setback: on 9 May 2015 an Airbus test aircraft for Turkey crashed there, killing four of its six Airbus crew, after engine-control software data had been erased on three engines. Spain ordered 27 A400Ms but chose to keep only 14 at first, a measure of how the cost had grown. Spanish jets policed Baltic airspace from 2006, and Hornets enforced the Libya no-fly zone in 2011. On 30 June 2022 a royal decree renamed the service the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, and a Space Command followed on 9 January 2024.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2022&ndash;2026: Halc&#243;n, H&#252;rjet and the end of a European fighter<\/h3>\n<p>Today the fleet is two fighter types, Eurofighters and Hornets, backed by the ageing F-5M trainers, 40 Pilatus PC-21s, A400M and C295 transports, two A330 MRTT tankers and four MQ-9A drones. The Halc&#243;n programmes &mdash; 20 new Eurofighters signed in June 2022 for the Canary Islands and 25 more in December 2024 &mdash; are to replace the Hornets. Gando&rsquo;s conversion began without them: 8 Eurofighters arrived at Gando on 26 June 2026, according to a secondary blog source; they were older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc&#243;n aircraft. The ITS-C training system, based on the Turkish H&#252;rjet, was approved in October 2025 at an estimated 3.12 billion euros to replace the F-5. Spain did not order the F-35, and the Franco-German cancellation of the FCAS manned fighter in June 2026 left the Spanish partner, which had joined in 2019, without the aircraft it had planned as the Eurofighter&rsquo;s successor. Defence spending reached an estimated 2 per cent of GDP in 2025, up from 1.43 per cent a year earlier, with NATO&rsquo;s new Hague commitment pointing far higher by 2035.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">The Civil War split the service in July 1936. The Republic kept most of the aircraft and men but little modern equipment; from October 1936 Soviet I-15s, I-16s and SB bombers, and some 772 Soviet airmen, gave its air force (FARE) a brief edge.<cite>Spanish Air and Space Force &middot; verified 2026-09-28<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>The Spanish Air and Space Force in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Service<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Native name<\/dt>\n<dd>Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<span class=\"gnote\">The name since 30 June 2022, set by Real Decreto 524\/2022 of 27 June 2022 (BOE 29 June 2022): &quot;el Ej&#233;rcito del Aire se denominar&#225; Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio&quot;. Before that, Ej&#233;rcito del Aire from 1939<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Founded<\/dt>\n<dd>7 October 1939<span class=\"gnote\">The independent Ej&#233;rcito del Aire dates from 7 October 1939. Its lineage runs back to the army&rsquo;s Servicio de Aeron&#225;utica Militar, created by royal decree on 28 February 1913, and to flying at Cuatro Vientos from 1911<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Part of<\/dt>\n<dd>Spanish Armed Forces<span class=\"gnote\">Alongside the Army and the Navy; the King is supreme commander. Army helicopters (FAMET) and naval aviation are separate services and are not counted here<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Headquarters<\/dt>\n<dd>Madrid<span class=\"gnote\">The Cuartel General del Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio. The NATO Combined Air Operations Centre at Torrej&#243;n covers Alliance airspace south of the Alps<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Chief of Staff (JEMA)<\/dt>\n<dd>Gen. Francisco Braco Carb&#243;<span class=\"gnote\">In post since 25 July 2024; a transport pilot with more than 9,000 hours, previously commander of the joint Mando de Operaciones<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Minister of Defence<\/dt>\n<dd>Margarita Robles<span class=\"gnote\">Presided over the July 2024 change of chief; re-check that she is still in office before publishing<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Strength<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Personnel<\/dt>\n<dd>About 20,000 to 27,000<span class=\"gnote\">The minister spoke of &quot;more than 20,000&quot; men and women in July 2024; Wikipedia gives 26,953 for 2025. The two figures probably count differently (civilians, reservists), so the range is given<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Eurofighter C.16 &mdash; about 67&ndash;70<\/li>\n<li>EF-18 Hornet C.15 &mdash; about 67<\/li>\n<li>F-5M (fighter lead-in trainer) &mdash; about 20<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">At September 2026. Counts differ between Wikipedia and the enthusiast blog Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas; 8 Eurofighters arrived at Gando on 26 June 2026, according to a secondary blog source; they were older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc&#243;n aircraft and the F-5M is a trainer, not a front-line fighter<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Trainers<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Pilatus PC-21 E.27 &mdash; 40<\/li>\n<li>CASA C-101 E.25 &mdash; being withdrawn<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The PC-21 replaced the C-101 in basic and advanced training from 2021; the ITS-C (H&#252;rjet) is to replace the F-5M from 2028<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Transport and tankers<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>A400M T.23 &mdash; 14<\/li>\n<li>C295 T.21 &mdash; 13<\/li>\n<li>CN-235 &mdash; 15<\/li>\n<li>A330 MRTT &mdash; 2, a third in conversion<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Spain ordered 27 A400Ms but keeps 14 for now; the rest are to be delayed or exported. Sixteen C295 maritime aircraft are on order<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Unmanned aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>MQ-9A Predator B &mdash; 4<span class=\"gnote\">NR.05, flown by 233 Squadron of Ala 23 at Talavera la Real since 2020. Twelve Eurodrones are on order<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Defence budget<\/dt>\n<dd>About 33.1 billion euros (2025 estimate)<span class=\"gnote\">NATO estimates Spain at 2.00 per cent of GDP in 2025, up from 1.43 per cent in 2024 and 0.92 per cent in 2014. This is the whole defence budget, not the air force&rsquo;s share<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Infrastructure<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Fighter wings<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Ala 11 &mdash; Mor&#243;n, Eurofighter<\/li>\n<li>Ala 12 &mdash; Torrej&#243;n, EF-18<\/li>\n<li>Ala 14 &mdash; Albacete-Los Llanos, Eurofighter<\/li>\n<li>Ala 15 &mdash; Zaragoza, EF-18<\/li>\n<li>Ala 46 &mdash; Gando, Gran Canaria, EF-18 converting to Eurofighter<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Unit-to-base facts from the base articles and the enthusiast blog; re-check against the national AIP and official unit pages<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Transport and special wings<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Ala 31 &mdash; Zaragoza, A400M<\/li>\n<li>Ala 35 &mdash; Getafe, C295<\/li>\n<li>Ala 45 &mdash; Torrej&#243;n, VIP and A330 MRTT<\/li>\n<li>Ala 23 &mdash; Talavera la Real, F-5M and MQ-9A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">As above; Ala 45 452 Squadron flies the A330 MRTT<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Academy<\/dt>\n<dd>Academia General del Aire y del Espacio, San Javier<span class=\"gnote\">Officer training on the PC-21; home of the Patrulla &#193;guila display team from 1985<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Display teams<\/dt>\n<dd>Patrulla &#193;guila (C-101, listed as former from 2025) and Patrulla Aspa (EC120 helicopters)<span class=\"gnote\">The &#193;guila flew seven C-101s and was the only team to use yellow smoke<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>NATO sites<\/dt>\n<dd>CAOC Torrej&#243;n; Tactical Leadership Programme at Albacete<span class=\"gnote\">The TLP moved to Los Llanos from Florennes, Belgium, in July 2009<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>US presence today<\/dt>\n<dd>Mor&#243;n (with the US Navy at Rota)<span class=\"gnote\">A May 2015 agreement allows up to 3,000 US personnel and 40 aircraft at Mor&#243;n. The USAF left Torrej&#243;n in 1992 and Zaragoza in 1992<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"structure\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Structure<\/div>\n<h2>How the Spanish Air and Space Force is organised<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">One chief of staff in Madrid over wings, schools and a new Space Command. <span class=\"imp\">Four mainland fighter wings and Ala 46 in the Canaries hold the front line; the fighters answer operationally to the Mando A&#233;reo de Combate and organically to the commands that own them.<\/span> Army helicopters and naval aviation are separate services and are not counted here.<\/p>\n<div class=\"org\">\n<div class=\"cmdcard\"><span class=\"cface mono\">FB<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmdtx\"><span class=\"crank\">General del Aire (Air General)<\/span><b>Francisco Braco Carb&#243;<\/b><span class=\"cmeta\">Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force (Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, JEMA) &middot; in office since 2024<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmdorg\"><span>Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force<\/span><em>Jefe de Estado Mayor del Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgrow\">\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Staff<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Chief of Staff of the Air and Space Force<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">JEMA<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Madrid<\/div>\n<p>Gen. Francisco Braco Carb&#243; since 25 July 2024, at the Cuartel General in Madrid. The King holds the supreme command of the armed forces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Operations<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Mando A&#233;reo de Combate<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>The operational command of the fighter wings, among them Ala 15 at Zaragoza and Ala 46 at Gando. The NATO Combined Air Operations Centre at Torrej&#243;n directs Alliance air policing south of the Alps.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Front line<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Mainland fighter wings<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Mor&#243;n, Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza, Albacete<\/div>\n<p>Ala 11 at Mor&#243;n and Ala 14 at Albacete fly the Eurofighter; Ala 12 at Torrej&#243;n and Ala 15 at Zaragoza fly the EF-18 Hornet, which the Halc&#243;n II Eurofighters are to replace.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Canary Islands<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Ala 46<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Gando<\/div>\n<p>The Hornet wing at Gando, holding a 24\/7 alert over the Canary Islands and converting to the Eurofighter under Halc&#243;n I. Its organic command is the Mando A&#233;reo de Canarias.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Transport<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Transport and special wings<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Zaragoza, Getafe, Torrej&#243;n<\/div>\n<p>Ala 31 with the A400M at Zaragoza, Ala 35 with the C295 and CN-235 at Getafe, and Ala 45 at Torrej&#243;n with VIP transport and the A330 MRTT.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Training<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Academia General del Aire y del Espacio and Ala 23<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">San Javier, Talavera la Real<\/div>\n<p>Officer and pilot training on the PC-21 at San Javier, then fighter lead-in on the F-5M with Ala 23 at Talavera la Real, which also flies the MQ-9A.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Space<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Space Command<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>Established on 9 January 2024, after the service was renamed the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio on 30 June 2022.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In service<\/div>\n<h2>What the Spanish Air and Space Force flies today<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type on charge, linked to its Book of Beasts page where one exists. <span class=\"imp\">Counts are aircraft on the books, not aircraft available on a given day.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-yr\">\n<col class=\"c-units\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">In service<\/th>\n<th>Since<\/th>\n<th>Units<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph2\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon (C.16 \/ CE.16)<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Multirole fighter<\/td>\n<td>70<\/td>\n<td>2004<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>73 bought in Tranches 1&ndash;3 (14 of them two-seaters) and 70 in service according to the enthusiast blog Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas; Wikipedia gives 67. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>New Halc&#243;n aircraft are counted under on order.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph3\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">McDonnell Douglas EF-18A\/B Hornet, EF-18M\/BM (C.15 \/ CE.15)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Multirole fighter<\/td>\n<td>67<\/td>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Blog figure: 49 EF-18M, 12 EF-18BM and 6 F\/A-18A. Wikipedia&rsquo;s table gives 81 (69 + 12), which appears to count older data. 96 were delivered in all: 72 new and 24 ex-US Navy.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph4\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\">CASA-Northrop SF-5A\/B, now F-5M (AE.9)<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter lead-in trainer<\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td>1969<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>About 20 remain, according to Wikipedia; 70 were in the original contract, 62 of them built by CASA at Getafe.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph5\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\">Pilatus PC-21 (E.27)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf2\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Switzerland\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Basic and advanced trainer<\/td>\n<td>40<\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>24 ordered in January 2020 and 16 more announced in 2023.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph6\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus A400M Atlas (T.23 \/ TK.23)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Strategic and tactical transport, tanker<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>27 ordered; 14 in service (the blog lists nine T.23 and five TK.23). About six more are expected to be kept around 2029 and the rest offered for export.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus C295 (T.21)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Tactical transport<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td>2001<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>13 in the transport role; 16 maritime versions are on order.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph7\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>CASA CN-235 (T.19 \/ D.4)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport and maritime surveillance<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Wikipedia inventory figure, transport and patrol versions together.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph8\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus A330 MRTT (T.24 \/ TK.24)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Tanker-transport<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Three ex-Iberia A330-200s bought; two converted to MRTT, the third due in November 2026 according to the blog.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mq-9-reaper\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mq-9-reaper\/\">General Atomics MQ-9A Predator B Block 5 (NR.05)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Medium-altitude long-endurance drone<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Four aircraft and three ground stations.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph9\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>NHIndustries NH90 (HD.29)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Utility and combat search and rescue helicopter<\/td>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Wikipedia inventory figure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph10\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>A&#233;rospatiale AS332 Super Puma \/ H215M Cougar (HD.21)<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Search and rescue helicopter<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Wikipedia inventory figure; 802 Squadron at Gando has four H215M.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Eurocopter EC120 Colibr&#237; (HE.25)<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Training helicopter<\/td>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Wikipedia inventory figure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph11\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Canadair CL-215 \/ Bombardier CL-415<span class=\"nflag nf1\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Canada\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Firefighting<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Number not verified.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fleetchart\">\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Eurofighter<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:100%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">70<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">EF-18 Hornet<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:96%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">67<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">PC-21<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:57%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">40<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">F-5M<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:29%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">20<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">CN-235<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:21%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">15<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">EC120<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:21%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">15<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">A400M<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:20%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">14<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">NH90<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:20%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">14<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>On order<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet ord\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-fd\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Ordered<\/th>\n<th>First delivery<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph12\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 4 (Halc&#243;n I)<\/a><span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>20<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>16 single-seat and 4 two-seat aircraft contracted on 23 June 2022 to replace the Hornets of Ala 46 in the Canary Islands. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>The Council of Ministers of 14 December 2021 had authorised the multi-year spending for project Halc&#243;n. No Halc&#243;n delivery to Gando had been confirmed by September 2026: 8 Eurofighters arrived at Gando on 26 June 2026, according to a secondary blog source; they were older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc&#243;n aircraft. When the Tranche 4 aircraft will arrive was not confirmed.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph12\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon Tranche 4+ (Halc&#243;n II)<\/a><span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>25<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>21 single-seat and 4 two-seat aircraft, signed on 20 December 2024, to replace EF-18 Hornets on the mainland. The contract value and delivery schedule were not verified in this research.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph13\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>TAI H&#252;rjet (ITS-C integrated training system)<span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>30<\/td>\n<td>2028<\/td>\n<td>The Council of Ministers authorised the ITS-C contract on 28 October 2025 at an estimated 3.12 billion euros, running to 30 November 2035, to replace the F-5M. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>The number is contested: 24 (May 2025 agreement), 45 (October 2025 reports) and 30 (December 2025 reports) all appear; the Council text gives none. Airbus is the Spanish industrial partner.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph14\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus C295 MPA and MSA<span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Six maritime patrol and ten maritime surveillance aircraft approved in June 2023 to replace the retired P-3 Orions and the CN-235 D.4s.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph15\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Eurodrone (European MALE RPAS)<span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Twelve aircraft in four systems, per Wikipedia; delivery dates not verified.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph8\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus A330 MRTT (joint purchase with Poland)<span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Framework agreement for joint Spanish-Polish acquisition approved by the Council of Ministers on 25 August 2026, estimated at 5.4 billion euros over seven years and financed through the EU SAFE instrument. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>The number of aircraft for Spain was not published in the Council text.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"former\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Formerly operated<\/div>\n<h2>Every type the Spanish Air and Space Force has retired<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">17 types, from the Polikarpov I-16 Mosca (C.8) to the Lockheed P-3A\/B\/M Orion. <span class=\"imp\">Peak figures are airframes taken on charge over the whole service life, not fleet strength on any one date.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet former\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-srv\">\n<col class=\"c-rep\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Peak<\/th>\n<th>Served<\/th>\n<th>Replaced by<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph16\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Lockheed P-3A\/B\/M Orion<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Maritime patrol<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td>1971&ndash;2022<\/td>\n<td>C295 MPA<\/td>\n<td>Two P-3A and four ex-Norwegian P-3B upgraded to P-3M.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph17\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\" class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage F1CE, F1EE, F1BE, F1EDA\/DDA (C.14)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>1975&ndash;2013<\/td>\n<td>Eurofighter<\/td>\n<td>Batches of 15 (1975), 10 (1976) and 48 more new aircraft, plus 12 ex-Qatari F1EDA\/DDA; Wikipedia&rsquo;s own total of 75 does not match the batches, so no single figure is given. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>38 upgraded F1M were left in 2009.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph18\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\" class=\"was\">McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II and RF-4C (C.12 \/ CR.12)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter and reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>52<\/td>\n<td>1971&ndash;2002<\/td>\n<td>EF-18 Hornet<\/td>\n<td>36 F-4C in 1971&ndash;1972, four more F-4C and four RF-4C in October 1978, eight more RF-4C in 1989.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph19\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Hispano HA-200 Saeta (E.14) and HA-220 Super Saeta (C.10)<\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>CASA C-101<\/td>\n<td>About 30 HA-200A and 55 HA-200D, with 40 later converted to HA-200E, according to Wikipedia; the total is not stated as a single figure.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph20\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre (C.5)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>270<\/td>\n<td>1955&ndash;1972<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>270 US-built F-86Fs, received 1955&ndash;1958.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph21\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\" class=\"was\">Hispano HA-1112-K1L Tripala and HA-1112-M1L Buch&#243;n<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Fighter-bomber<\/td>\n<td>237<\/td>\n<td>1951&ndash;1965<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>65 Tripala with the Hispano-Suiza 12Z out of 200 planned, then 172 Buch&#243;n with the Rolls-Royce Merlin 500-45.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph22\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/\" class=\"was\">Fiat CR.32 and Hispano HA-132-L Chirri (C.1)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf10\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Italy\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>1936&ndash;1953<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>365&ndash;405 sent from Italy; at least 100 more built by Hispano as the HA-132-L.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/polikarpov-i-16\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph23\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/polikarpov-i-16\/\" class=\"was\">Polikarpov I-16 Mosca (C.8)<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>276<\/td>\n<td>1936&ndash;1952<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>276 delivered to the Republic 1936&ndash;38; 187 lost by 1 April 1939; about 30 more built in Spain.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph24\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\" class=\"was\">Heinkel He 51<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf3\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Germany\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter, then ground attack<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>1936&ndash;1952<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>About 46 survivors plus 15 new-built after the war.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-iii\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph25\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-iii\/\" class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage IIIEE and IIIDE (C.11 \/ CE.11)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>1970&ndash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>24 IIIEE and 7 IIIDE two-seaters.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph26\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\" class=\"was\">Lockheed F-104G Starfighter<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Interceptor<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Number not verified in this research.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph27\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\" class=\"was\">Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Number not verified.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph28\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Trainer and counter-insurgency aircraft<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Number not verified.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph29\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>CASA C-101 Aviojet (E.25 Mirlo)<\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>88<\/td>\n<td>1980&ndash;<\/td>\n<td>Pilatus PC-21 and ITS-C<\/td>\n<td>Initial order for 88 trainers.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph30\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\" class=\"was\">CASA 2.111 (licence-built Heinkel He 111H-16)<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Bomber and transport<\/td>\n<td>236<\/td>\n<td>1945&ndash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>236 built from 1945 to 1956.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph31\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">CASA 352 \/ 352L (licence-built Junkers Ju 52\/3m, T.2B)<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>170<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>106 CASA 352 and 64 CASA 352L built.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph32\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\" class=\"was\">Lockheed C-130H \/ KC-130H Hercules (T.10 \/ TK.10)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport and tanker<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Airbus A400M<\/td>\n<td>Number not verified in this research.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"bases\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Air bases<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Spanish Air and Space Force flies from<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Black pins are active bases, hollow pins the ones that have closed. <span class=\"imp\">Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza and Mor&#243;n were shared with the United States under the 1953 Pact of Madrid, and US forces are still at Mor&#243;n.<\/span> Gando lies in the Atlantic, so a second map shows the mainland and the Balearic Islands at a readable scale.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><span>Click a pin to open the base page<\/span><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"mapsub\">Mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands<\/h3>\n<p class=\"mapnote\">One of the 16 bases above sits outside mainland Spain and the Balearic Islands, so the world map has to pull back until the home airfields cannot be told apart. The same pins again, without the overseas base.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap2\" class=\"oobmap home\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"oob2-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"oob2-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"basefind\" data-filter=\"#basetbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air bases\" placeholder=\"Search bases, autonomous community, units, aircrafts\" aria-label=\"Search bases, autonomous community, units, aircrafts\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"basefind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"basefind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"basetbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Runway<\/th>\n<th>Units and aircraft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr id=\"base-albacete-los-llanos\" data-base=\"albacete-los-llanos\" data-x=\"active active Ala 14; joint civil (Aena) and military (Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio) aerodrome \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/albacete-los-llanos\/\">Albacete-Los Llanos<\/a><span>Castilla-La Mancha<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEAB<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>09\/27<\/span>2,700 m<span>asphalt concrete<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>142 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 14)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>141 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 14)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Tactical Leadership Programme (NATO)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 14 (Mirage F1 era)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\">Dassault Mirage F1<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-alcantarilla\" data-base=\"alcantarilla\" data-x=\"active active Base A&#233;rea de Alcantarilla; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator \">\n<td>Alcantarilla<span>Region of Murcia<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LERI<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>06\/24<\/span>938 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-armilla\" data-base=\"armilla\" data-x=\"active active Ala 78 (operational command: Mando de Personal; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo General) \">\n<td>Armilla<span>Andalusia<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEGA<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>18\/36<\/span>1,300 m<span>compacted soil with asphalt<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>781 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 78)<\/span>: <span>Sikorsky S-76C (HE.24)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>782 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 78)<\/span>: <span>Eurocopter EC120B Colibr&#237; (HE.25)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Patrulla ASPA<\/span>: <span>Eurocopter EC120B Colibr&#237; (HE.25)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-cuatro-vientos\" data-base=\"cuatro-vientos\" data-x=\"active active Base A&#233;rea de Cuatro Vientos; civil side run by Aena (military designator LEVS) \">\n<td>Cuatro Vientos<span>Community of Madrid<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LECU<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>09\/27<\/span>1,500 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-gando\" data-base=\"gando\" data-x=\"active active Ala 46 (operational command: Mando A&#233;reo de Combate; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo de Canarias) \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/gando\/\">Gando<\/a><span>Canary Islands<\/span><\/td>\n<td>GCLP<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>03L\/21R<\/span>3,100 m<span>asphalt concrete<\/span><\/span><span><span>03R\/21L<\/span>3,099 m<span>asphalt concrete<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>462 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 46)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16), Tranche 3<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>802 Escuadr&#243;n<\/span>: <span>CN235-100 MSA, C295 MSA\/SAR (from June 2026), AS332 Super Puma (HD.21) or H215M<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>462 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 46), Hornet era<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18A+ Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>462 Escuadr&#243;n (Mirage F1 era)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\">Dassault Mirage F1<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>29 Grupo Expedicionario de Caza<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/\">Fiat CR.32<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-getafe\" data-base=\"getafe\" data-x=\"active active Ala 35; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator \">\n<td>Getafe<span>Community of Madrid<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEGT<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>04\/22<\/span>2,477 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Ala 35<\/span>: <span>CASA\/IPTN CN-235, Airbus C295<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-matacan\" data-base=\"matacan\" data-x=\"active active Base A&#233;rea de Matac&#225;n; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator \">\n<td>Matac&#225;n<span>Castile and Le&#243;n<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LESA<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>03\/21<\/span>2,513 m<\/span><span><span>07\/25<\/span>1,864 m<span>hard soil (military use only)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>741 Escuadr&#243;n<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-moron\" data-base=\"moron\" data-x=\"active active Ala 11; the AIP lists the aerodrome for exclusive military use, H24 \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/moron\/\">Mor&#243;n<\/a><span>Andalusia<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEMO<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>02\/20<\/span>3,596 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>111 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 11)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>113 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 11)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>496th Air Base Squadron (USAF)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Crisis Response &ndash; Africa (USMC)<\/span>: <span>MV-22B Osprey, KC-130J Hercules<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Strategic Air Command Reflex detachment (USAF)<\/span>: <span>Boeing B-47 Stratojet<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-san-javier\" data-base=\"san-javier\" data-x=\"active active Academia General del Aire; civil operations by Aena \">\n<td>San Javier<small>Academia General del Aire<\/small><span>Region of Murcia<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LELC<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>04R\/22L<\/span>2,320 m<\/span><span><span>04L\/22R<\/span>1,577 m<span>asphalt (military use only)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Academia General del Aire: basic and advanced flying training<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\">Pilatus PC-21<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Patrulla &#193;guila<\/span>: <span>CASA C-101 Aviojet<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-son-san-juan\" data-base=\"son-san-juan\" data-x=\"active active Base A&#233;rea de Son San Juan (LESJ); civil operations by Aena \">\n<td>Son San Juan<span>Balearic Islands<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEPA<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>06L\/24R<\/span>3,270 m<\/span><span><span>06R\/24L<\/span>3,000 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-talavera-la-real\" data-base=\"talavera-la-real\" data-x=\"active active Ala 23, fighter and attack training school \">\n<td>Talavera la Real<span>Extremadura<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEBZ<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>13\/31<\/span>2,852 m<span>asphalt concrete<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Ala 23<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\">Northrop F-5B (SF-5)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Escuela de Reactores<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\">Lockheed T-33<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">North American F-86 Sabre<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-torrejon\" data-base=\"torrejon\" data-x=\"active active Ala 12 and the other units of the Torrej&#243;n base; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/torrejon\/\">Torrej&#243;n<\/a><span>Community of Madrid<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LETO<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>04\/22<\/span>3,658 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>121 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15 \/ C.15M)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>122 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15 \/ C.15M)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>43 Grupo<\/span>: <span>Canadair CL-215, Bombardier 415<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ala 45 (452 Escuadr&#243;n, formerly 45 Grupo)<\/span>: <span>Airbus A330-200 (T.24), Airbus A330 MRTT (TK.24)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>47 Grupo Mixto<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>54 Grupo (flight test)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>123 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">RF-4C Phantom II<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 12 and predecessors: early fighter types<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">F-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\">F-104G Starfighter<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4C Phantom II<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>401st Tactical Fighter Wing (USAF)<\/span>: <span>F-100D\/F Super Sabre, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4C\/D Phantom II<\/a>, F-16A\/B Fighting Falcon, F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>98th Strategic Wing (USAF)<\/span>: <span>KC-135 Stratotanker<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>497th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (USAF)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">F-86 Sabre<\/a>, F-102 Delta Dagger<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-villanubla\" data-base=\"villanubla\" data-x=\"active active Ala 37; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator \">\n<td>Villanubla<span>Castile and Le&#243;n<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEVD<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>05\/23<\/span>3,005 m<\/span><span><span>14\/32<\/span>907 m<span>hard soil (military use only)<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>371 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 37)<\/span>: <span>CASA C-212 Aviocar (T.12)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>422 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 37)<\/span>: <span>Beechcraft F33C Bonanza (E.24)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 37 (Caribou era)<\/span>: <span>de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou (T.9)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-zaragoza\" data-base=\"zaragoza\" data-x=\"active active Ala 15 (operational command: Mando A&#233;reo de Combate; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo General) and Ala 31 \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/zaragoza\/\">Zaragoza<\/a><span>Aragon<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEZG<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>12L\/30R<\/span>3,032 m<\/span><span><span>12R\/30L<\/span>3,718 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>151 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>152 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>153 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Ala 31 (311 and 312 Escuadr&#243;n)<\/span>: <span>Airbus A400M Atlas<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 31, 311 and 312 Escuadr&#243;n (Hercules era)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\">Lockheed C-130H and C-130H-30 Hercules (T.10)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\">Lockheed KC-130H Hercules<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>United States Air Force at Zaragoza<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (USAF)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">F-86D Sabre<\/a>, F-102A Delta Dagger<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>406th Tactical Fighter Training Wing (USAF)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-reus\" data-base=\"reus\" data-x=\"active closed  \" class=\"was\">\n<td>Reus<span>Catalonia<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LERS<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>07\/25<\/span>2,459 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-manises\" data-base=\"manises\" data-x=\"active closed Last major unit: Ala 11 (Mirage III) \" class=\"was\">\n<td>Manises<span>Valencian Community<\/span><\/td>\n<td>LEVC<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed 1999<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>12\/30<\/span>3,215 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 11 (Manises)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-iii\/\">Dassault Mirage IIIEE\/DE (C.11\/CE.11)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\">Dassault Mirage F1EDA\/DDA<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Ala 1<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">North American F-86F Sabre (C.5)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Patrulla Ascua<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">North American F-86 Sabre<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"basefind\">No air base matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Order of battle<\/div>\n<h2>Who is stationed where in the Spanish Air and Space Force<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Flying units by base, current units first. <span class=\"imp\">Spanish squadrons take their numbers from their wing &mdash; 121 and 122 in Ala 12, 151 to 153 in Ala 15, 462 in Ala 46 &mdash; and several carry radio call signs such as P&#243;ker, Tenis and Toro.<\/span> American units are marked as allied.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"unitfind\" data-filter=\"#oobwrap\" data-item=\".oob\" data-noun=\"installations\" placeholder=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" aria-label=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"unitfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"unitfind\"><\/span><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-toggleall=\"#oobwrap\">Expand all<\/button><\/div>\n<div class=\"oobwrap coll\" id=\"oobwrap\">\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Community of Madrid active Ala 12 and the other units of the Torrej&#243;n base; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/torrejon\/\">Torrej&#243;n Air Base<\/a> &middot; LETO<\/span><em>Ala 12 and the other units of the Torrej&#243;n base; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>121 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15 \/ C.15M)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>122 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15 \/ C.15M)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>43 Grupo<small>Aerial firefighting group &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Canadair CL-215<\/dd>\n<dt>Ala 45 (452 Escuadr&#243;n, formerly 45 Grupo)<small>VIP transport and tanker &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Airbus A330-200 (T.24), Airbus A330 MRTT (TK.24)<\/dd>\n<dt>47 Grupo Mixto<small>Electronic warfare and intelligence &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>54 Grupo (flight test)<small>Flight test group &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">123 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 12)<small>&mdash;<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">RF-4C Phantom II<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Ala 12 and predecessors: early fighter types<small>1958&ndash;2002<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">F-86F Sabre, F-104G Starfighter, F-4C Phantom II<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">401st Tactical Fighter Wing (USAF)<small>1966&ndash;1992<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">F-100D\/F Super Sabre, F-4C\/D Phantom II, F-16A\/B Fighting Falcon, F-16C\/D Fighting Falcon<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Andalusia active Ala 11; the AIP lists the aerodrome for exclusive military use, H24\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/moron\/\">Mor&#243;n Air Base<\/a> &middot; LEMO<\/span><em>Ala 11; the AIP lists the aerodrome for exclusive military use, H24<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>111 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 11)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>113 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 11)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>496th Air Base Squadron (USAF)<small>Allied air base squadron &middot; allied<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force Crisis Response &ndash; Africa (USMC)<small>2013&ndash;2021<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">MV-22B Osprey, KC-130J Hercules<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Strategic Air Command Reflex detachment (USAF)<small>1958&ndash;1966<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Boeing B-47 Stratojet<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Aragon active Ala 15 (operational command: Mando A&#233;reo de Combate; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo General) and Ala 31\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/zaragoza\/\">Zaragoza Air Base<\/a> &middot; LEZG<\/span><em>Ala 15<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>151 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<small>Toro &middot; Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>152 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<small>Marte &middot; Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>153 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 15)<small>Ebro &middot; Hornet conversion squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet (C.15)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Ala 31 (311 and 312 Escuadr&#243;n)<small>Transport wing &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Airbus A400M Atlas<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Ala 31, 311 and 312 Escuadr&#243;n (Hercules era)<small>1973&ndash;2020<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Lockheed C-130H and C-130H-30 Hercules (T.10), Lockheed KC-130H Hercules<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">United States Air Force at Zaragoza<small>1958&ndash;1992<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">431st Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (USAF)<small>1958&ndash;1964<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">F-86D Sabre, F-102A Delta Dagger<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Castilla-La Mancha active Ala 14; joint civil (Aena) and military (Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio) aerodrome\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/albacete-los-llanos\/\">Albacete-Los Llanos Air Base<\/a> &middot; LEAB<\/span><em>Ala 14; joint civil<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>142 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 14)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>141 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 14)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Tactical Leadership Programme (NATO)<small>Multinational tactical training school &middot; allied<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Ala 14 (Mirage F1 era)<small>1975&ndash;2013<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage F1<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Canary Islands active Ala 46 (operational command: Mando A&#233;reo de Combate; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo de Canarias)\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/gando\/\">Gando Air Base<\/a> &middot; GCLP<\/span><em>Ala 46<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>462 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 46)<small>Fighter squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16), Tranche 3<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>802 Escuadr&#243;n<small>Search and rescue and transport squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>CN235-100 MSA, C295 MSA\/SAR (from June 2026), AS332 Super Puma (HD.21) or H215M<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">462 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 46), Hornet era<small>1999&ndash;2026<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">EF-18A+ Hornet (C.15)<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">462 Escuadr&#243;n (Mirage F1 era)<small>1982&ndash;1999<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Dassault Mirage F1<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">29 Grupo Expedicionario de Caza<small>1940&ndash;<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Fiat CR.32<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Extremadura active Ala 23, fighter and attack training school\">\n<div><span>Talavera la Real &middot; LEBZ<\/span><em>Ala 23, fighter and attack training school<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Ala 23<small>Fighter-attack training wing &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\">Northrop F-5B (SF-5)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Escuela de Reactores<small>1954&ndash;1987<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Lockheed T-33, North American F-86 Sabre<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Community of Madrid active Ala 35; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator\">\n<div><span>Getafe &middot; LEGT<\/span><em>Ala 35; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Ala 35<small>Transport wing &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>CASA\/IPTN CN-235, Airbus C295<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Region of Murcia active Academia General del Aire; civil operations by Aena\">\n<div><span>San Javier (Academia General del Aire) &middot; LELC<\/span><em>Academia General del Aire; civil operations by Aena<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Academia General del Aire: basic and advanced flying training<small>Flying training &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\">Pilatus PC-21<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Patrulla &#193;guila<small>1985&ndash;<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">CASA C-101 Aviojet<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Castile and Le&#243;n active Base A&#233;rea de Matac&#225;n; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator\">\n<div><span>Matac&#225;n &middot; LESA<\/span><em>Base A&#233;rea de Matac&#225;n; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>741 Escuadr&#243;n<small>Squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Castile and Le&#243;n active Ala 37; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator\">\n<div><span>Villanubla &middot; LEVD<\/span><em>Ala 37; the AIP names the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio as operator<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>371 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 37)<small>Transport squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>CASA C-212 Aviocar (T.12)<\/dd>\n<dt>422 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 37)<small>Training squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Beechcraft F33C Bonanza (E.24)<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Ala 37 (Caribou era)<small>1968&ndash;1991<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou (T.9)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Andalusia active Ala 78 (operational command: Mando de Personal; organic command: Mando A&#233;reo General)\">\n<div><span>Armilla &middot; LEGA<\/span><em>Ala 78<\/em><i><\/i><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>781 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 78)<small>Helicopter training squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Sikorsky S-76C (HE.24)<\/dd>\n<dt>782 Escuadr&#243;n (Ala 78)<small>Helicopter training squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Eurocopter EC120B Colibr&#237; (HE.25)<\/dd>\n<dt>Patrulla ASPA<small>Helicopter display team &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Eurocopter EC120B Colibr&#237; (HE.25)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"unitfind\">No unit matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Spanish Air and Space Force milestones, 1914 to today<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1911<\/div>\n<p>Military flying begins at Cuatro Vientos, Madrid, today the oldest airfield in Spain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1913<\/div>\n<p>28 February: a royal decree creates the Servicio de Aeron&#225;utica Militar. From December its aircraft fly combat missions in Morocco.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1921<\/div>\n<p>1 July: the disaster of Annual; some 8,000 of about 20,000 Spanish soldiers are killed or missing, and the Rif War escalates.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1924<\/div>\n<p>Spanish aircraft begin dropping mustard gas and other chemical agents in the Rif, the first widespread use of gas warfare after the First World War.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1925<\/div>\n<p>September: the Alhucemas landing, the first amphibious landing to use tanks and aircraft, with about 150 Franco-Spanish aircraft in support.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1926<\/div>\n<p>22 January: Ram&#243;n Franco&rsquo;s Dornier Wal Plus Ultra leaves Palos de la Frontera and reaches Buenos Aires after 10,270 km and 59 hours 39 minutes of flying. 27 May: Abd el-Krim surrenders.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1936<\/div>\n<p>The Civil War splits the air arm. Six German He 51s arrive for the Nationalists on 6 August; Soviet aircraft reach the Republic from October.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1937<\/div>\n<p>26 April: the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria bomb Guernica.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1938<\/div>\n<p>16&ndash;18 March: seventeen Italian raids on Barcelona kill up to 1,300 people.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1939<\/div>\n<p>1 April: the Civil War ends. 7 October: the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire is created as an independent service.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1953<\/div>\n<p>23 September: the Pact of Madrid opens Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza and Mor&#243;n to the USAF in return for aid that includes F-86 Sabres, T-33s and T-6s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1955<\/div>\n<p>12 August: the HA-200 Saeta, Spain&rsquo;s first jet, makes its first flight. F-86F deliveries run from 1955 to 1958.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1957<\/div>\n<p>25 November: CASA 2.111s bomb and CASA 352s drop 75 paratroopers at Tiliu&#237;n in the Ifni War, which lasts until 30 June 1958.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1965<\/div>\n<p>27 December: the last HA-1112 Buch&#243;n is retired.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1971<\/div>\n<p>October: the first of 36 ex-USAF F-4C Phantoms arrive for Ala 12 at Torrej&#243;n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1975<\/div>\n<p>Ala 14 at Albacete receives the Mirage F1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1985<\/div>\n<p>4 July: the Patrulla &#193;guila is formed at San Javier with the C-101. 22 November: deliveries of the EF-18 Hornet begin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1992<\/div>\n<p>21 May: the USAF hands Torrej&#243;n back to Spain after the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing leaves.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1995<\/div>\n<p>May: Spanish EF-18s bomb a Bosnian Serb ammunition depot at Pale during Operation Deny Flight.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2004<\/div>\n<p>May: the first Eurofighters arrive; Spain had rejoined the programme in 1985. Ala 11 at Mor&#243;n and later Ala 14 at Albacete fly them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2015<\/div>\n<p>26 January: a Greek F-16 crashes on take-off at Albacete, killing its two crew and nine people on the ground. 9 May: an Airbus A400M test aircraft for Turkey crashes at Seville, killing four of the six Airbus crew.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2022<\/div>\n<p>23 June: Halc&#243;n I, 20 Eurofighters for the Canaries. 30 June: the service becomes the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio. 16 December: the P-3 Orion is retired.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>9 January: Space Command is established. 25 July: Gen. Francisco Braco Carb&#243; becomes JEMA. 20 December: Halc&#243;n II, 25 more Eurofighters, is signed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2026<\/div>\n<p>June: France and Germany cancel the FCAS manned fighter that Spain had joined in 2019. 26 June: 8 Eurofighters arrive at Gando per a secondary blog source, older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc&#243;n aircraft. 25 August: a joint MRTT purchase with Poland is approved.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat record<\/div>\n<h2>Every war the Spanish Air and Space Force has fought<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Sorties and losses where the record gives them, and an honest blank where it does not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip dark\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>7<\/b><span>conflicts<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1921<\/b><span>First<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Aircraft lost<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Killed<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"gl cml\">\n<li><b>The Rif War<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1921&ndash;1927<\/span> Reconnaissance, bombing and supply of besieged posts; from 1924 the aerial delivery of chemical weapons against the Rif population; air support for the Alhucemas landing in 1925<\/li>\n<li><b>The Spanish Civil War<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1936&ndash;1939<\/span> Both halves of the Spanish air arm fought each other, each with foreign support: Soviet aircraft and airmen for the Republic, the German Condor Legion and the Italian Aviazione Legionaria for the Nationalists<\/li>\n<li><b>The Ifni-Sahara War<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1957&ndash;1958<\/span> Bombing, close support and paratroop drops against the Moroccan Army of Liberation, including a joint Franco-Spanish air offensive in February 1958<\/li>\n<li><b>Bosnia: Deny Flight and Deliberate Force<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1993&ndash;1995<\/span> Spanish EF-18s flew in NATO&rsquo;s enforcement of the UN no-fly zone and in air strikes; transport aircraft supported UNPROFOR<\/li>\n<li><b>Kosovo: Operation Allied Force<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1999<\/span> Spanish EF-18s flew ground-attack, air-defence suppression and combat air patrol missions under NATO command, supported by KC-130 tankers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a class=\"cbig\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/spanish-air-and-space-force\/combat-record\/\">Open the full combat record<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"news\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">From the magazine<\/div>\n<h2>Spanish Air and Space Force news from Afterburner<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Everything MiGFlug&rsquo;s magazine has published on the Spanish Air and Space Force and the aircraft it flies. <span class=\"imp\">This list refreshes itself &mdash; new Afterburner stories appear here automatically.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ngrid\" id=\"newsgrid\" data-cats=\"664,670,666\" data-term=\"spain\" data-match=\"spain|spanish|ej.rcito del aire|torrej.n|mor.n|zaragoza|albacete|gando|patrulla\" data-reject=\"Iberia|Vueling|Air Europa|Ryanair\"><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/romania-drone-crash-solca-suceava-f-16-scramble-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph33\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-25\">25 September 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">Solca Drone Crash: Romanian F-16s and Spanish Hornets Scramble<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">It was over in four minutes. By the time Romanian F-16s and Spanish Hornets were airborne, the drone was already down in a forest.<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/usaf-b-52-moron-air-base-spain-expansion-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph34\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-01\">1 September 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">The B-52s Are Coming Back to Spain<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">The US Air Force wants to expand Mor&#243;n Air Base to park up to nine B-52 bombers at once, even as Madrid and Washington spar over Iran.<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/spanish-f-18-shoots-down-drone-romania-galati-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph35\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-18\">18 August 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">Spain&rsquo;s First Kill Over Romania<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">A Spanish Air and Space Force F-18 on NATO air policing destroyed a suspected Russian drone over Galati County on 16 August, seventeen minutes after Romanian radar picked it up.<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/raf-concludes-nato-air-policing-romania-biloxi-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph36\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-06\">6 August 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">Britain Hands Romania&rsquo;s Skies to Spain<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">For four months British fighters guarded NATO&rsquo;s edge over the Black Sea from Romania. Then they handed the watch to Spain.<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/palomares-1966-b-52-hydrogen-bombs-spain\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph37\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-08-04\">4 August 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">Palomares: The Day Four H-Bombs Fell on Spain<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">In 1966 a B-52 and a tanker collided over a Spanish village, dropping four hydrogen bombs and triggering the strangest search of the Cold War.<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"nmore\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/\">All stories in Afterburner<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Spanish Air and Space Force<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is the Spanish Air Force called now?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Its official name is the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, the Spanish Air and Space Force. Real Decreto 524\/2022 of 27 June 2022, published in the Bolet&#237;n Oficial del Estado on 29 June (BOE-A-2022-10787), renamed the Ej&#233;rcito del Aire with effect from 30 June 2022. The old names, Ej&#233;rcito del Aire and Spanish Air Force, are still widely used and refer to the same service. The official name is given in Spanish only; no co-official regional form was found in the official sources used.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was the Spanish Air Force renamed in 2022?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It was renamed to reflect the new space capabilities the service had acquired. The rename was followed on 9 January 2024 by the formal creation of a Space Command within the service.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What fighter jets does the Spanish Air and Space Force fly?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Two front-line types: the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon<\/a> (C.16), about 67 to 70 of them at Mor&#243;n and Albacete, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a> (C.15), about 67 at Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza and Gando. About 20 <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\">F-5M<\/a>s serve as fighter lead-in trainers. Forty-five new Eurofighters are on order under the Halc&#243;n I and II programmes.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Spain fly the F-35?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. The air force has no F-35 order, and the Eurofighter Halc&#243;n I and II orders of 2022 and 2024 are replacing its Hornets instead. Press reports in 2025 said the government had ruled the F-35 out; that decision was not confirmed from an official document in the research for this page.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who commands the Spanish Air and Space Force?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">General Francisco Braco Carb&#243;, Chief of Staff (JEMA) since 25 July 2024. A transport pilot who joined in 1978, he has flown more than 9,000 hours on the C-130, Falcon 900 and Airbus 310, and had commanded the joint Operations Command since 2020. He succeeded Gen. Javier Salto Mart&#237;nez-Avial.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When was the Spanish Air Force founded?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The independent Ej&#233;rcito del Aire was created on 7 October 1939, after the Civil War. Military aviation is older: flying began at Cuatro Vientos in 1911, and a royal decree of 28 February 1913 created the army&rsquo;s Servicio de Aeron&#225;utica Militar, which was in combat in Morocco by December 1913.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Spain use chemical weapons from the air in the Rif War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. From 1924 Spanish aircraft dropped mustard gas, phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin in the Rif, on villages, markets and rivers, using agents made at La Mara&#241;osa near Madrid with German technical help. The historians Rudibert Kunz and Rolf-Dieter M&#252;ller (1990) and Sebastian Balfour (Deadly Embrace, 2002) documented it from Spanish, French and British archives. The number of victims is unknown, and a 2007 parliamentary motion asking Spain to acknowledge it was rejected.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who bombed Guernica, and how many people died?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Aircraft of the German Condor Legion, with three Italian SM.79s of the Aviazione Legionaria, bombed Guernica on 26 April 1937 in an attack codenamed Operation R&#252;gen, under the Condor Legion&rsquo;s chief of staff Wolfram von Richthofen. The toll is contested: the Basque government said 1,654 in 1937; the local history group Gernikazarra counts 126, later 153; Ra&#250;l Arias Ramos gives 250 and Villarroya and Sol&#233; i Sabat&#233; 300. Many historians now cite 170 to 300. The Spanish air arm itself did not fly the raid.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Condor Legion?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Germany&rsquo;s air expeditionary force for Franco&rsquo;s Nationalists in the Civil War, formed in July 1936. About 19,000 men served in it in rotation, flying the He 51, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\">Ju 52<\/a>, He 111, Do 17, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\">Bf 109<\/a> and Ju 87. It claimed 320 Republican aircraft destroyed and lost 72 to enemy action and 160 in accidents. Future Luftwaffe aces Adolf Galland and Werner M&#246;lders served in it.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft did the Spanish Republic fly in the Civil War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Mostly Soviet types from October 1936: the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/polikarpov-i-16\/\">Polikarpov I-16<\/a> Mosca, the I-15 Chato, the Tupolev SB Katiuska bomber and the R-5 and R-Z. The Soviet Union sent 276 I-16s, and about 772 Soviet airmen served, of whom 99 were killed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who was Spain&rsquo;s top fighter ace?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Joaqu&#237;n Garc&#237;a Morato of the Nationalist air arm, with 40 victories in the Civil War, 36 of them in the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/\">Fiat CR.32<\/a>. He was killed in a flying accident in April 1939.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Pact of Madrid?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The 1953 agreements, signed on 23 September, under which the United States gained air bases at Torrej&#243;n, Zaragoza and Mor&#243;n and the naval base at Rota, and Franco&rsquo;s Spain received economic and military aid. For the air force it meant 270 <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">F-86F Sabres<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\">T-33<\/a> and T-6 trainers, and later the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\">F-104<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4 Phantom<\/a>.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When did the US Air Force leave Torrej&#243;n?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The USAF part of Torrej&#243;n was handed back to Spain on 21 May 1992. The 1986 NATO referendum committed the government to reduce the US presence, and an agreement in January 1988 required the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing and its F-16s to leave. US forces remain at Mor&#243;n, where a 2015 agreement allows up to 3,000 personnel.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Spain fly the F-4 Phantom?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Spain received 36 ex-USAF F-4C Phantoms from October 1971 &mdash; the only F-4Cs ever exported &mdash; for Ala 12 at Torrej&#243;n, then four more F-4Cs, four RF-4Cs in 1978 and eight RF-4Cs in 1989. The last reconnaissance Phantoms retired in 2002.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Hispano Buch&#243;n?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The HA-1112-M1L Buch&#243;n was a Spanish-built <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\">Messerschmitt Bf 109<\/a> fitted with a Rolls-Royce Merlin. 172 were built, entering service in 1954, and the last was retired on 27 December 1965. Buch&#243;ns played German fighters in the film Battle of Britain, and several still fly.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the CASA 2.111?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">A Spanish licence-built <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\">Heinkel He 111<\/a>. 236 were built from 1945, many later re-engined with Merlins. They bombed in the Ifni War in 1957 and served into the late 1960s, the transports into the early 1970s.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened in the Ifni War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Moroccan irregulars attacked Spanish Ifni and the Sahara from 23 November 1957. The air force relieved Tiliu&#237;n on 25 November with CASA 2.111 bombers and a drop of 75 paratroopers from CASA 352s, flew T-6s as attack aircraft, and joined France in a 150-aircraft offensive in February 1958. The war ended on 30 June 1958; Spanish forces lost 190 dead, 500 wounded and 80 missing.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What caused the A400M crash in Seville?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 9 May 2015 an Airbus A400M test aircraft being built for Turkey crashed near Seville, killing four of the six Airbus crew. Torque calibration data for three of the four engines had been accidentally erased when the engine-control software was installed, so their control units could not work normally. Spain&rsquo;s military accident agency CITAAM investigated. It was not a Spanish air force aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the Halc&#243;n programme?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Halc&#243;n I is the order of 23 June 2022 for 20 Tranche 4 Eurofighters (16 single-seat, 4 two-seat) to replace the Hornets of Ala 46 in the Canary Islands; Halc&#243;n II, signed on 20 December 2024, adds 25 more (21 and 4) to replace mainland Hornets. None had been confirmed at Gando by September 2026: 8 Eurofighters arrived at Gando on 26 June 2026, according to a secondary blog source; they were older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc&#243;n aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What trainer aircraft does the Spanish Air Force use?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Pilots learn on 40 <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\">Pilatus PC-21<\/a>s (E.27) at the Academia General del Aire at San Javier, which replaced the CASA C-101 from 2021. Fighter lead-in training is on the <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\">F-5M<\/a> at Talavera la Real until the ITS-C system, based on the Turkish H&#252;rjet, arrives from 2028.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Spain buying the H&#252;rjet?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. The Council of Ministers authorised the ITS-C fighter and attack training system on 28 October 2025 at an estimated 3.12 billion euros, to replace the F-5M, with Airbus as the Spanish partner. The number of aircraft reported has varied between 24, 30 and 45; the official Council text gives none.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to FCAS?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Spain joined the Franco-German Future Combat Air System in June 2019, with Indra as national lead and a contract of more than 600 million euros in the 2022 Phase 1B. In June 2026 France and Germany cancelled the manned fighter; the &quot;combat cloud&quot; data network continues under the FCAS name. Spain&rsquo;s future after the Eurofighter is therefore open.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What drones does the Spanish Air Force fly?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Four <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mq-9-reaper\/\">MQ-9A<\/a> Predator B Block 5s, designated NR.05, flown by 233 Squadron from Talavera la Real since 2020. A contract to arm them with Hellfire missiles was authorised in November 2023. Twelve Eurodrones are on order.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the Patrulla &#193;guila?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Spanish Air Force&rsquo;s jet display team, formed on 4 July 1985 at the academy at San Javier with seven CASA C-101s. It was the only team to use yellow smoke and was known for formation landings. With the C-101 being retired, it is listed as a former team from 2025. Its predecessor, the Patrulla Ascua, flew F-86 Sabres from Manises from 1958.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does the Spanish Air Force take part in NATO air policing?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Spain has flown Baltic Air Policing rotations since August 2006, from &#352;iauliai in Lithuania and &#196;mari in Estonia, with Mirage F1s, Eurofighters and Hornets; a detachment of eleven Hornets began at &#352;iauliai on 27 November 2025. NATO&rsquo;s Combined Air Operations Centre at Torrej&#243;n directs air policing south of the Alps.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How much does Spain spend on defence?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">NATO estimated Spanish defence spending at 2.00 per cent of GDP in 2025, about 33.1 billion euros, up from 1.43 per cent in 2024 and 0.92 per cent in 2014. That is the whole defence budget, not the air force&rsquo;s share.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where is the Spanish Air Force museum?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Museo de Aeron&#225;utica y Astron&#225;utica is on the southern side of Cuatro Vientos airfield in Madrid, where Spanish military flying began in 1911.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Plus Ultra flight?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">In January 1926 the Dornier Wal flying boat Plus Ultra, crewed by military aviators, flew from Palos de la Frontera to Buenos Aires with Ram&#243;n Franco, Julio Ruiz de Alda, Juan Manuel Dur&#225;n and mechanic Pablo Rada: 10,270 km in 59 hours 39 minutes of flying. The aircraft is preserved in Luj&#225;n, Argentina.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Spanish Air Force called now?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its official name is the Ej\\u00e9rcito del Aire y del Espacio, the Spanish Air and Space Force. Real Decreto 524\/2022 of 27 June 2022, published in the Bolet\\u00edn Oficial del Estado on 29 June (BOE-A-2022-10787), renamed the Ej\\u00e9rcito del Aire with effect from 30 June 2022. The old names, Ej\\u00e9rcito del Aire and Spanish Air Force, are still widely used and refer to the same service. The official name is given in Spanish only; no co-official regional form was found in the official sources used.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why was the Spanish Air Force renamed in 2022?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It was renamed to reflect the new space capabilities the service had acquired. The rename was followed on 9 January 2024 by the formal creation of a Space Command within the service.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What fighter jets does the Spanish Air and Space Force fly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two front-line types: the Eurofighter Typhoon (C.16), about 67 to 70 of them at Mor\\u00f3n and Albacete, and the EF-18 Hornet (C.15), about 67 at Torrej\\u00f3n, Zaragoza and Gando. About 20 F-5Ms serve as fighter lead-in trainers. Forty-five new Eurofighters are on order under the Halc\\u00f3n I and II programmes.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Spain fly the F-35?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The air force has no F-35 order, and the Eurofighter Halc\\u00f3n I and II orders of 2022 and 2024 are replacing its Hornets instead. Press reports in 2025 said the government had ruled the F-35 out; that decision was not confirmed from an official document in the research for this page.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who commands the Spanish Air and Space Force?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"General Francisco Braco Carb\\u00f3, Chief of Staff (JEMA) since 25 July 2024. A transport pilot who joined in 1978, he has flown more than 9,000 hours on the C-130, Falcon 900 and Airbus 310, and had commanded the joint Operations Command since 2020. He succeeded Gen. Javier Salto Mart\\u00ednez-Avial.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When was the Spanish Air Force founded?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The independent Ej\\u00e9rcito del Aire was created on 7 October 1939, after the Civil War. Military aviation is older: flying began at Cuatro Vientos in 1911, and a royal decree of 28 February 1913 created the army\\u2019s Servicio de Aeron\\u00e1utica Militar, which was in combat in Morocco by December 1913.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Spain use chemical weapons from the air in the Rif War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. From 1924 Spanish aircraft dropped mustard gas, phosgene, diphosgene and chloropicrin in the Rif, on villages, markets and rivers, using agents made at La Mara\\u00f1osa near Madrid with German technical help. The historians Rudibert Kunz and Rolf-Dieter M\\u00fcller (1990) and Sebastian Balfour (Deadly Embrace, 2002) documented it from Spanish, French and British archives. The number of victims is unknown, and a 2007 parliamentary motion asking Spain to acknowledge it was rejected.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who bombed Guernica, and how many people died?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Aircraft of the German Condor Legion, with three Italian SM.79s of the Aviazione Legionaria, bombed Guernica on 26 April 1937 in an attack codenamed Operation R\\u00fcgen, under the Condor Legion\\u2019s chief of staff Wolfram von Richthofen. The toll is contested: the Basque government said 1,654 in 1937; the local history group Gernikazarra counts 126, later 153; Ra\\u00fal Arias Ramos gives 250 and Villarroya and Sol\\u00e9 i Sabat\\u00e9 300. Many historians now cite 170 to 300. The Spanish air arm itself did not fly the raid.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Condor Legion?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Germany\\u2019s air expeditionary force for Franco\\u2019s Nationalists in the Civil War, formed in July 1936. About 19,000 men served in it in rotation, flying the He 51, Ju 52, He 111, Do 17, Bf 109 and Ju 87. It claimed 320 Republican aircraft destroyed and lost 72 to enemy action and 160 in accidents. Future Luftwaffe aces Adolf Galland and Werner M\\u00f6lders served in it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft did the Spanish Republic fly in the Civil War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Mostly Soviet types from October 1936: the Polikarpov I-16 Mosca, the I-15 Chato, the Tupolev SB Katiuska bomber and the R-5 and R-Z. The Soviet Union sent 276 I-16s, and about 772 Soviet airmen served, of whom 99 were killed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who was Spain\\u2019s top fighter ace?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Joaqu\\u00edn Garc\\u00eda Morato of the Nationalist air arm, with 40 victories in the Civil War, 36 of them in the Fiat CR.32. He was killed in a flying accident in April 1939.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Pact of Madrid?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The 1953 agreements, signed on 23 September, under which the United States gained air bases at Torrej\\u00f3n, Zaragoza and Mor\\u00f3n and the naval base at Rota, and Franco\\u2019s Spain received economic and military aid. For the air force it meant 270 F-86F Sabres, T-33 and T-6 trainers, and later the F-104 and F-4 Phantom.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When did the US Air Force leave Torrej\\u00f3n?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The USAF part of Torrej\\u00f3n was handed back to Spain on 21 May 1992. The 1986 NATO referendum committed the government to reduce the US presence, and an agreement in January 1988 required the 401st Tactical Fighter Wing and its F-16s to leave. US forces remain at Mor\\u00f3n, where a 2015 agreement allows up to 3,000 personnel.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Spain fly the F-4 Phantom?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Spain received 36 ex-USAF F-4C Phantoms from October 1971 \\u2014 the only F-4Cs ever exported \\u2014 for Ala 12 at Torrej\\u00f3n, then four more F-4Cs, four RF-4Cs in 1978 and eight RF-4Cs in 1989. The last reconnaissance Phantoms retired in 2002.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Hispano Buch\\u00f3n?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The HA-1112-M1L Buch\\u00f3n was a Spanish-built Messerschmitt Bf 109 fitted with a Rolls-Royce Merlin. 172 were built, entering service in 1954, and the last was retired on 27 December 1965. Buch\\u00f3ns played German fighters in the film Battle of Britain, and several still fly.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the CASA 2.111?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A Spanish licence-built Heinkel He 111. 236 were built from 1945, many later re-engined with Merlins. They bombed in the Ifni War in 1957 and served into the late 1960s, the transports into the early 1970s.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened in the Ifni War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Moroccan irregulars attacked Spanish Ifni and the Sahara from 23 November 1957. The air force relieved Tiliu\\u00edn on 25 November with CASA 2.111 bombers and a drop of 75 paratroopers from CASA 352s, flew T-6s as attack aircraft, and joined France in a 150-aircraft offensive in February 1958. The war ended on 30 June 1958; Spanish forces lost 190 dead, 500 wounded and 80 missing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What caused the A400M crash in Seville?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"On 9 May 2015 an Airbus A400M test aircraft being built for Turkey crashed near Seville, killing four of the six Airbus crew. Torque calibration data for three of the four engines had been accidentally erased when the engine-control software was installed, so their control units could not work normally. Spain\\u2019s military accident agency CITAAM investigated. It was not a Spanish air force aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Halc\\u00f3n programme?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Halc\\u00f3n I is the order of 23 June 2022 for 20 Tranche 4 Eurofighters (16 single-seat, 4 two-seat) to replace the Hornets of Ala 46 in the Canary Islands; Halc\\u00f3n II, signed on 20 December 2024, adds 25 more (21 and 4) to replace mainland Hornets. None had been confirmed at Gando by September 2026: 8 Eurofighters arrived at Gando on 26 June 2026, according to a secondary blog source; they were older Tranche 3 aircraft from Ala 14 and Ala 11, not new Halc\\u00f3n aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What trainer aircraft does the Spanish Air Force use?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Pilots learn on 40 Pilatus PC-21s (E.27) at the Academia General del Aire at San Javier, which replaced the CASA C-101 from 2021. Fighter lead-in training is on the F-5M at Talavera la Real until the ITS-C system, based on the Turkish H\\u00fcrjet, arrives from 2028.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Spain buying the H\\u00fcrjet?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The Council of Ministers authorised the ITS-C fighter and attack training system on 28 October 2025 at an estimated 3.12 billion euros, to replace the F-5M, with Airbus as the Spanish partner. The number of aircraft reported has varied between 24, 30 and 45; the official Council text gives none.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to FCAS?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Spain joined the Franco-German Future Combat Air System in June 2019, with Indra as national lead and a contract of more than 600 million euros in the 2022 Phase 1B. In June 2026 France and Germany cancelled the manned fighter; the \\\"combat cloud\\\" data network continues under the FCAS name. Spain\\u2019s future after the Eurofighter is therefore open.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What drones does the Spanish Air Force fly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Four MQ-9A Predator B Block 5s, designated NR.05, flown by 233 Squadron from Talavera la Real since 2020. A contract to arm them with Hellfire missiles was authorised in November 2023. Twelve Eurodrones are on order.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Patrulla \\u00c1guila?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Spanish Air Force\\u2019s jet display team, formed on 4 July 1985 at the academy at San Javier with seven CASA C-101s. It was the only team to use yellow smoke and was known for formation landings. With the C-101 being retired, it is listed as a former team from 2025. Its predecessor, the Patrulla Ascua, flew F-86 Sabres from Manises from 1958.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does the Spanish Air Force take part in NATO air policing?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Spain has flown Baltic Air Policing rotations since August 2006, from \\u0160iauliai in Lithuania and \\u00c4mari in Estonia, with Mirage F1s, Eurofighters and Hornets; a detachment of eleven Hornets began at \\u0160iauliai on 27 November 2025. NATO\\u2019s Combined Air Operations Centre at Torrej\\u00f3n directs air policing south of the Alps.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How much does Spain spend on defence?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"NATO estimated Spanish defence spending at 2.00 per cent of GDP in 2025, about 33.1 billion euros, up from 1.43 per cent in 2024 and 0.92 per cent in 2014. That is the whole defence budget, not the air force\\u2019s share.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where is the Spanish Air Force museum?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Museo de Aeron\\u00e1utica y Astron\\u00e1utica is on the southern side of Cuatro Vientos airfield in Madrid, where Spanish military flying began in 1911.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Plus Ultra flight?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In January 1926 the Dornier Wal flying boat Plus Ultra, crewed by military aviators, flew from Palos de la Frontera to Buenos Aires with Ram\\u00f3n Franco, Julio Ruiz de Alda, Juan Manuel Dur\\u00e1n and mechanic Pablo Rada: 10,270 km in 59 hours 39 minutes of flying. The aircraft is preserved in Luj\\u00e1n, Argentina.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Read the aircraft the Spanish Air and Space Force flew<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type with a page in the Book of Beasts, in service first, then by the year it left the fleet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Eurofighter EF-2000 Typhoon (C.16 \/ CE.16)<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>McDonnell Douglas EF-18A\/B Hornet, EF-18M\/BM (C.15 \/ CE.15)<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/northrop-f-5\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>CASA-Northrop SF-5A\/B, now F-5M (AE.9)<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/pc-21\/\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Pilatus PC-21 (E.27)<span class=\"nflag nf2\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Switzerland\"><\/span><\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mq-9-reaper\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>General Atomics MQ-9A Predator B Block 5 (NR.05)<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-iii\/\"><span class=\"im ph25\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Dassault Mirage IIIEE and IIIDE (C.11 \/ CE.11)<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/b><em>1970&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-104-starfighter\/\"><span class=\"im ph26\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Lockheed F-104G Starfighter<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>&mdash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\"><span class=\"im ph27\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>&mdash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/he-111\/\"><span class=\"im ph30\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>CASA 2.111 (licence-built Heinkel He 111H-16)<\/b><em>1945&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\"><span class=\"im ph31\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>CASA 352 \/ 352L (licence-built Junkers Ju 52\/3m, T.2B)<\/b><em>&mdash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\"><span class=\"im ph32\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Lockheed C-130H \/ KC-130H Hercules (T.10 \/ TK.10)<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>&mdash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/dassault-mirage-f1\/\"><span class=\"im ph17\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Dassault Mirage F1CE, F1EE, F1BE, F1EDA\/DDA (C.14)<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/b><em>1975&ndash;2013<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\"><span class=\"im ph18\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>McDonnell Douglas F-4C Phantom II and RF-4C (C.12 \/ CR.12)<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1971&ndash;2002<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\"><span class=\"im ph20\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>North American F-86F Sabre (C.5)<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1955&ndash;1972<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/messerschmitt-bf-109\/\"><span class=\"im ph21\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hispano HA-1112-K1L Tripala and HA-1112-M1L Buch&#243;n<\/b><em>1951&ndash;1965<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fiat-cr-32\/\"><span class=\"im ph22\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Fiat CR.32 and Hispano HA-132-L Chirri (C.1)<span class=\"nflag nf10\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Italy\"><\/span><\/b><em>1936&ndash;1953<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/polikarpov-i-16\/\"><span class=\"im ph23\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Polikarpov I-16 Mosca (C.8)<\/b><em>1936&ndash;1952<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/heinkel-he-51\/\"><span class=\"im ph24\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Heinkel He 51<span class=\"nflag nf3\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Germany\"><\/span><\/b><em>1936&ndash;1952<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defensa.gob.es\/gabinete\/notasPrensa\/2024\/07\/DGC-240725-toma-posesion-jema.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministerio de Defensa press note DGC-240725: Robles presides the taking of office of Lt Gen Francisco Braco Carb&#243; as JEMA<\/a><span>25 July 2024; previously commander of the Mando de Operaciones since 25 September 2020; more than 9,000 flying hours on C-130, Falcon 900 and Airbus 310; joined 1978; succeeded Gen. Javier Salto Mart&#237;nez-Avial (JEMA from 1 April 2017)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/eli\/es\/rd\/2022\/06\/27\/524\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BOE: Real Decreto 524\/2022, de 27 de junio, por el que se dispone el cambio de denominaci&#243;n del Ej&#233;rcito del Aire por la de Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio<\/a><span>BOE-A-2022-10787, published 29 June 2022; the rename<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lamoncloa.gob.es\/consejodeministros\/referencias\/paginas\/2021\/refc20211214.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">La Moncloa: Council of Ministers reference, 14 December 2021<\/a><span>spending commitments 2022&ndash;2035 for EF-2000 modernisation, the S-80 submarine and project Halc&#243;n<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lamoncloa.gob.es\/consejodeministros\/referencias\/paginas\/2025\/20251028-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">La Moncloa: Council of Ministers reference, 28 October 2025<\/a><span>ITS-C integrated fighter and attack training system replacing the AE.09 (F-5), estimated 3,120 million euros, to 30 November 2035<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lamoncloa.gob.es\/consejodeministros\/referencias\/paginas\/2026\/20260825-referencia-rueda-de-prensa-ministros.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">La Moncloa: Council of Ministers reference, 25 August 2026<\/a><span>framework agreement for joint Spanish-Polish acquisition of MRTT aircraft, estimated 5,400 million euros over seven years, using the EU SAFE instrument<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/content\/dam\/nato\/webready\/documents\/finance\/def-exp-2025-en.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO: Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014&ndash;2025)<\/a><span>Spain 0.92% of GDP in 2014, 1.43% in 2024, 2.00% estimated for 2025 (33,123 million euros); cut-off 3 June 2025<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_49198.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO: Funding NATO \/ defence expenditures topic page<\/a><span>the 5% Hague commitment by 2035<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_132685.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO: Air policing &mdash; securing NATO airspace<\/a><span>Baltic Air Policing since 2004; CAOC Torrej&#243;n covers the airspace south of the Alps<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/missions\/air-policing\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO Allied Air Command: Air Policing<\/a><span>how the mission works; no national detail<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airbus.com\/en\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2026-07-airbus-awarded-contract-for-spainsat-ng-iii-secure-communications-satellite\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Airbus: Airbus awarded contract for SpainSat NG-III secure communications satellite (31 July 2026)<\/a><span>Hisdesat customer; SpainSat NG-I launched 2025<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/global.oup.com\/academic\/product\/deadly-embrace-9780199252961\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Oxford University Press: Sebastian Balfour, Deadly Embrace: Morocco and the Road to the Spanish Civil War (2002)<\/a><span>mustard gas dropped on civilians, from Spanish military archives and survivors<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Guernica-Spain\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Encyclopaedia Britannica: Guernica, Spain<\/a><span>26 April 1937 bombing by German aircraft; Picasso<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog), home page<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. index of type pages<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/eurofighter\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): Eurofighter<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. 73 bought, 70 in service; Halc&#243;n I and II<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/f-18-ejercito-del-aire\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): F-18 Ej&#233;rcito del Aire<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. 67 in service; Gando retirement plan<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/mq-9-predator\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): MQ-9 Predator B<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. four aircraft, Talavera la Real<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/a330\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): A330<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. three ex-Iberia A330-200, MRTT conversions<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/a-400-ejercito-delaire\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): A400<\/a><span>Blog by an enthusiast, secondary source only; figures not official. 14 kept, Ala 31<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/2026\/08\/03\/novedades-en-el-ala-46-de-la-base-aerea-de-gando\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): Novedades en el Ala 46 de la base a&#233;rea de Gando, 3 August 2026<\/a><span>Enthusiast blog, secondary. Eight Tranche 3 Eurofighters from Ala 14 and Ala 11 on 26 June 2026; six Hornets to Ala 15; C295 D.6-01\/802-01 on 24 June 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/AIP-en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a (ENAIRE), index page<\/a><span>States the current cycle: 03-SEP-26, incorporating AIRAC 08\/26 and AMDT 410\/26. Used to locate the AD 2 page of every aerodrome.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LETO\/LE_AD_2_LETO_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LETO Madrid\/Torrej&#243;n<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEMO\/LE_AD_2_LEMO_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEMO Sevilla\/Mor&#243;n<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEZG\/LE_AD_2_LEZG_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEZG Zaragoza<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEAB\/LE_AD_2_LEAB_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEAB Albacete<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/GCLP\/LE_AD_2_GCLP_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 GCLP Gran Canaria (Gando)<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEBZ\/LE_AD_2_LEBZ_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEBZ Badajoz\/Talavera la Real<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEGT\/LE_AD_2_LEGT_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEGT Madrid\/Getafe<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LECU_LEVS\/LE_AD_2_LECU_LEVS_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LECU Madrid\/Cuatro Vientos (LECU\/LEVS)<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LELC\/LE_AD_2_LELC_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LELC Murcia\/San Javier<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LESA\/LE_AD_2_LESA_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LESA Salamanca\/Matac&#225;n<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEVD\/LE_AD_2_LEVD_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEVD Valladolid\/Villanubla<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEGA\/LE_AD_2_LEGA_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEGA Granada\/Armilla<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEPA_LESJ\/LE_AD_2_LEPA_LESJ_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEPA Palma de Mallorca (Son San Juan, LESJ)<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LERI\/LE_AD_2_LERI_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LERI Murcia\/Alcantarilla<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LERS\/LE_AD_2_LERS_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LERS Reus<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aip.enaire.es\/AIP\/contenido_AIP\/AD\/AD2\/LEVC\/LE_AD_2_LEVC_en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIP Espa&#241;a, AD 2 LEVC Valencia<\/a><span>ENAIRE AIP Espa&#241;a AD 2, cycle effective 3 September 2026 (AIRAC 08\/26); AD 2.2 reference point and elevation, AD 2.12 runways. Re-fetched 28 September 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-12\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 12<\/a><span>Official unit history: squadrons and call signs, aircraft from F-86F to C.15 Hornet, US presence at Torrej&#243;n until May 1993, Destacamento &#205;caro at Aviano 1994&ndash;2002.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-15\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 15<\/a><span>Official unit history: created 16 December 1985, first F-18s 10 July 1986, squadrons 151, 152 and 153, NATO Tiger Meet membership since 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-23\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 23<\/a><span>Official unit history: Escuela de Reactores from December 1954, T-33, F-86 and F-5 periods, renamed Ala 23 in 1987.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-37\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 37<\/a><span>Official unit history: created September 1962 at Los Llanos, moved to Villanubla 8 August 1974; 371 and 422 squadrons.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-46\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 46<\/a><span>Official unit and base history of Gando: first landings 1924, Fiat CR.32s 1940, Mirage F1 1982, F-18 from 1999, 24\/7 alert.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ejercitodelaire.defensa.gob.es\/EA\/ejercitodelaire\/es\/organizacion\/unidades\/unidad\/Ala-78\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito del Aire y del Espacio, unit page: Ala 78<\/a><span>Official unit history: helicopter school at Armilla, 781 and 782 squadrons, Patrulla ASPA since 2004, aerodrome inaugurated 1922.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tlp-info.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tactical Leadership Programme, official website<\/a><span>TLP is located at Albacete Air Base and draws personnel from 12 participating NATO nations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/theaters\/europe\/loose-checklist-may-have-caused-deadly-greek-f-16-crash-in-spain-1.360515\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Stars and Stripes: Loose checklist may have caused deadly Greek F-16 crash in Spain<\/a><span>Eleven killed (two Greek aircrew, nine French airmen on the ground); cause and TLP context.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/elpais.com\/espana\/2021-11-02\/ee-uu-traslada-su-fuerza-de-reaccion-para-africa-desde-la-base-de-moron-a-italia.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">El Pa&#237;s: EE UU traslada su fuerza de reacci&#243;n para &#193;frica desde la base de Mor&#243;n a Italia (2 November 2021)<\/a><span>Headline only; the article could not be fetched (site blocked), cited via Spanish Wikipedia<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/facility\/zaragoza.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GlobalSecurity.org: Zaragoza Air Base<\/a><span>Secondary: SAC B-47 rotational alert in Spain until April 1965; large US presence ended 1994 (contrasts with 1992 elsewhere).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hispaviacion.es\/despedida-de-los-mirage-f-1-del-ala-14\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hispaviaci&#243;n: Despedida de los Mirage F-1 del Ala 14<\/a><span>Farewell 23 June 2013, 200,000 hours, 14 pilots killed in the F1, 13-aircraft flypast.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tlp-info.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tactical Leadership Programme: official website<\/a><span>12 NATO nations, 46-year history in Germany, Belgium and Spain, 10 July 2026 handover.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aeronavesmilitaresespanolas.com\/aerospatiale-as-332-super-puma-ejercito-del-aire\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aeronaves Militares Espa&#241;olas (blog): AS332 Super Puma<\/a><span>Enthusiast blog, secondary. Four HD.21 Super Pumas to 802 Escuadr&#243;n in 1983&ndash;1984, replacing AB-205s.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-28. Order of Battle pages are regenerated from a single dataset; if a number here disagrees with a Book of Beasts page, this page is the more recent of the two.<\/p>\n<p class=\"verified\">Photographs: Photo: Ej&#233;rcito del Aire Ministerio de Defensa Espa&#241;a \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Gerard van der Schaaf \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Bernardo Fernandez copado \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Javier Rodr&#237;guez from Palma de Mallorca, Espa&#241;a \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: PabtheSpanish \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Myself (Adrian Pingstone). \/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) &middot; Photo: Ken Fielding \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) &middot; Photo: Andrzej Otr&#281;bski \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Colin Cooke Photo \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Nicky Boogaard from Hardinxveld-Giessendam, Netherlands \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Contando Estrelas from Vigo, Espa&#241;a \/ Spain \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Jim van de Burgt from Wijk bij Duurstede, Netherlands \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0) &middot; Photo: Groumfy69 \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0) &middot; Photo: Curimedia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Garrapata \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0) &middot; Photo: Darz Mol \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) &middot; Photo: Magic Aviation \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Bene Riob&#243; \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Ronnie Macdonald from Chelmsford and Largs, United Kingdom \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Paul from United Kingdom \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Umeyou \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) &middot; Photo: Andr&#233; Gerwing \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Alan Wilson from Stilton, Peterborough, Cambs, UK \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Blende22 \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Smolik \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:hFGP.d741\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w4-hero-spanish-air-and-space-force.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:ouB1.d73f\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w4-es-t-01.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:sxI0.d740\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w4-es-t-02.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph4{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:sxI0.d740\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w4-es-t-03.jpg)!important}#mfam 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