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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; Nicaragua<\/div>\n<h1>Nicaraguan Air Force<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">The Nicaraguan Air Force (Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua) was founded on 31 July 1979 from the wreckage of Somoza&rsquo;s National Guard air arm, became a Soviet-equipped helicopter force in the Contra war, was cut to a fraction of its size after 1990, and is again receiving Russian helicopters and transports.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Combat aircraft<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1<\/b><span>Active air bases<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1979<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>14<\/b><span>Types retired<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Aeroprints.com \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Nicaragua<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1979<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Active<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Managua<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Commander<\/b>Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>The Nicaraguan Air Force story: the National Guard&rsquo;s air arm, Hinds against the Contras and Russian helicopters again<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1920&ndash;1979: the National Guard&rsquo;s air arm<\/h3>\n<p>Military aviation in Nicaragua grew up under American tutelage. English Wikipedia records four Curtiss JN-4s from the United States in 1920 and the first combat use of aircraft in the country on 5 July 1927, when five US Marine DH.4s attacked Augusto C. Sandino&rsquo;s forces at Ocotal. The air arm of the Somoza family&rsquo;s National Guard was formally organised in 1938 and had about 20 aircraft by 1945. A US aviation mission arrived in 1952, followed by P-38s, P-47s and P-51s; Spanish Wikipedia counts 26 Mustangs bought from Sweden in 1954 and 30 from the United States, replaced from 1964 by T-28 Trojans, and four to six AT-33As after the 1961 Bay of Pigs operation, which the CIA launched partly from Puerto Cabezas with the Somoza government&rsquo;s help. For some years, Wikipedia says, it was Central America&rsquo;s strongest air force.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1978&ndash;1979: bombing the cities<\/h3>\n<p>The Guard&rsquo;s aircraft were turned on Nicaraguan cities in the insurrection of September 1978. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which visited the country that autumn, recorded witnesses in Chinandega, Le&#243;n and Estel&#237; describing aircraft and helicopters diving to fire rockets and drop bombs on residential districts, and a helicopter attack that killed two people in a Red Cross pickup. In its report of 17 November 1978 the Commission said it was totally convinced that the Guard had used its firepower indiscriminately, causing a great number of casualties and tremendous suffering, and had ordered people to stay in their homes before the bombing. The government of Anastasio Somoza Debayle did not survive the following year: he resigned on 17 July 1979 and the Sandinistas entered Managua on 19 July. Most of the Guard&rsquo;s American-trained pilots left the country.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1979&ndash;1990: the Sandinista Air Force and the Hinds<\/h3>\n<p>The new Sandinista Air Force and Air Defence (Fuerza A&#233;rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia&#233;rea, FAS-DAA) was founded on 31 July 1979 with what the army&rsquo;s own history calls a few abandoned aircraft. Comandante Ra&#250;l Venerio Granera led it until 1984. Soviet Mi-8 helicopters arrived in 1980, first used to support the literacy campaign; Antonov An-2s, a handful of Bell UH-1Hs, SIAI-Marchetti SF-260s and Alouette IIIs followed, and Czechoslovak L-39 jet trainers from 1982. By 1984 the force flew Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-2 and Mi-25 helicopters and An-26 transports. What it never received were fighters: a long runway at Punta Huete was built for MiG-21s, but the United States warned against modern combat jets in Central America and none came.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Contra war in the air<\/h3>\n<p>The Contra war, fought from Honduran and Costa Rican territory with US backing, made the helicopter the Sandinistas&rsquo; key weapon. English Wikipedia counts 12 Mi-25 gunships delivered in the mid-1980s, with some sources claiming 18; they attacked Contra columns and were fast enough to catch the insurgents&rsquo; light supply aircraft. The Contras answered with US-supplied shoulder-fired missiles; two Mi-25s are reported shot down, a third was damaged by Honduran F-86s and A-37s near the border, and a fourth was flown to Honduras by a defecting pilot in December 1988. The most famous kill went the other way: on 5 October 1986 a Sandinista SA-7 brought down a C-123 supply aircraft whose surviving crewman, Eugene Hasenfus, exposed the covert resupply network. The war&rsquo;s human cost, and abuses by both sides, are set out below as each side and the investigators recorded them.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">After 1990: from 3,000 to 1,200<\/h3>\n<p>Peace and the 1990 election of Violeta Chamorro ended Soviet support. The air force&rsquo;s strength fell from 3,000 people in 1990 to 1,200 in 1993; combat aircraft were reduced to a single mixed squadron of Cessna 337s, L-39s and SF-260s of doubtful serviceability, and in 1992 a number of helicopters, among them four Mi-24Ds and three Mi-25Ds, and six radar units were sold to Peru. The service was renamed in the mid-1990s: Spanish Wikipedia dates the present name to June 1995, English Wikipedia to 1996. Its tasks became counter-narcotics, fisheries patrol, disaster relief and search and rescue. Reports in 2015 that it would buy MiG-29s came to nothing.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Russia returns<\/h3>\n<p>In the 2010s Russia became Nicaragua&rsquo;s main arms supplier again. The Jamestown Foundation, citing Russian media, reported a Russian training centre opened in 2013 and close to 400 Russian military personnel in the country by 2016, plus a GLONASS station; the Nicaraguan government presents its Russian ties as cooperation against drug trafficking and organised crime. On 11 February 2025 five Mi-17 helicopters and three An-26 transports were handed over at Managua, with Gen. Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo saying Russian supplies were extremely important against organised crime and drug trafficking. FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count, as tabulated by Wikipedia, gives the air force 17 aircraft, ten of them Mi-8\/Mi-17 helicopters.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">The Guard&rsquo;s aircraft were turned on Nicaraguan cities in the insurrection of September 1978.<cite>Nicaraguan Air Force &middot; verified 2026-10-01<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>The Nicaraguan Air Force in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Service<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Native name<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua<span class=\"gnote\">As spelled on the army&rsquo;s official site (ejercito.mil.ni), which also calls it simply Fuerza A&#233;rea. English Wikipedia gives Fuerza A&#233;rea Nicarag&#252;ense (FAN)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Founded<\/dt>\n<dd>31 July 1979<span class=\"gnote\">As the Fuerza A&#233;rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia&#233;rea (FAS-DAA). Predecessor: the National Guard air force, organised in 1938<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Part of<\/dt>\n<dd>Army of Nicaragua<span class=\"gnote\">The air force is a component of the army; commander-in-chief of the army Gen. Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Headquarters<\/dt>\n<dd>Managua<span class=\"gnote\">Air Force headquarters at Augusto C. Sandino International Airport, where the 2025 deliveries were handed over<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Commander<\/dt>\n<dd>Gen. de Brigada Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano<span class=\"gnote\">Named on the official air force page (October 2026); start date not found<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Strength<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Personnel<\/dt>\n<dd>About 2,000<span class=\"gnote\">Spanish Wikipedia&rsquo;s figure; not confirmed officially. The air force had 3,000 people in 1990 and 1,200 in 1993<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Total aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>17 (2026)<span class=\"gnote\">FlightGlobal World Air Forces 2026 as tabulated by English Wikipedia<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Helicopters<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Mil Mi-8 &mdash; 8<\/li>\n<li>Mil Mi-17 &mdash; 2<\/li>\n<li>Bell 206 &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<li>Robinson R44 &mdash; 1 (trainer)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Five Mi-17s were handed over by Russia on 11 February 2025; how they are split between Mi-8 and Mi-17 in FlightGlobal&rsquo;s count is not explained<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Transport<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Antonov An-26 &mdash; 4<\/li>\n<li>Beechcraft King Air 90 &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Three An-26s were handed over in February 2025<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>None<span class=\"gnote\">No fighters or armed jets in FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count. Reported MiG-29 (2015) and Yak-130 plans were not confirmed<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Infrastructure<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Main base<\/dt>\n<dd>Managua (Augusto C. Sandino International Airport)<span class=\"gnote\">Air Force headquarters<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Other airfields<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Puerto Cabezas<\/li>\n<li>Bluefields<\/li>\n<li>Montelimar<\/li>\n<li>Puerto Sandino<\/li>\n<li>Punta Huete (built for MiG-21s, never used by fighters)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Bluefields, Montelimar, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino and Managua remained operational after 1990, per Wikipedia; current military use of each was not confirmed<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"structure\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Structure<\/div>\n<h2>How the Nicaraguan Air Force is organised<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">A component of the Army of Nicaragua, under a brigadier general at Managua, with no published squadrons and no combat aircraft. <span class=\"imp\">It is a helicopter and transport force: FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count, as tabulated by Wikipedia, gives it 17 aircraft, ten of them Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters and four An-26 transports, and Russia handed over five Mi-17s and three An-26s on 11 February 2025.<\/span> Its tasks since the 1990s have been counter-narcotics, fisheries patrol, disaster relief and search and rescue.<\/p>\n<div class=\"org\">\n<div class=\"cmdcard\"><span class=\"cface mono\">EA<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmdtx\"><span class=\"crank\">Brigadier General (General de Brigada)<\/span><b>Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano<\/b><span class=\"cmeta\">Commander of the Air Force (Jefe de la Fuerza A&#233;rea)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmdorg\"><span>Nicaraguan Air Force<\/span><em>Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgrow\">\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Headquarters<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Nicaraguan Air Force<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Managua<\/div>\n<p>A component of the Army of Nicaragua, whose commander-in-chief is Gen Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo. The army&rsquo;s official air force page names Brig Gen Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano as commander; the date he took over was not found, and the same site&rsquo;s history page still lists his predecessor from 2011. Its headquarters are on the military side of Augusto C. Sandino International Airport. No squadrons are published.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Helicopters<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Mi-8 and Mi-17 helicopters<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count, as tabulated by Wikipedia, gives eight Mi-8s, two Mi-17s and a Bell 206. Russia handed over five Mi-17s at Managua on 11 February 2025, and the army commander said they were for fighting organised crime and drug trafficking; how they are split between the two designations in the count is not explained. Day-to-day basing is not published.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Transport<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>An-26 transports<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>Four An-26s and a King Air 90 in FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count, via Wikipedia; Russia handed over three An-26s at Managua on 11 February 2025. The air force has flown the An-26 since 1984, according to the army&rsquo;s history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Training<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Helicopter training<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>One Robinson R44 training helicopter in FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count. The air force has no combat aircraft: the L-39s and SF-260s of the 1980s ended in a single mixed squadron of doubtful serviceability after 1990, and reports of MiG-29s in 2015 and of Yak-130s were not confirmed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In service<\/div>\n<h2>What the Nicaraguan Air Force flies today<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type on charge, linked to its Book of Beasts page where one exists. <span class=\"imp\">Counts are aircraft on the books, not aircraft available on a given day.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-yr\">\n<col class=\"c-units\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">In service<\/th>\n<th>Since<\/th>\n<th>Units<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mil Mi-8 and Mi-17<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport helicopter<\/td>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td>1980<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>FlightGlobal 2026 (via Wikipedia): 8 Mi-8 and 2 Mi-17. Five Mi-17s were handed over by Russia on 11 February 2025; the split between the two designations is not explained.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Antonov An-26<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>1984<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Four in FlightGlobal 2026 (via Wikipedia); three handed over by Russia on 11 February 2025.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph2\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Beechcraft King Air 90<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Utility transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One (FlightGlobal 2026 via Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph3\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Bell 206<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One (FlightGlobal 2026 via Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Robinson R44<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Training helicopter<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One (FlightGlobal 2026 via Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fleetchart\">\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Mi-17<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:100%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">10<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">An-26<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:40%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">4<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">King Air<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:10%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">1<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Bell 206<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:10%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">1<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">R44<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:10%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">1<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"former\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Formerly operated<\/div>\n<h2>Every type the Nicaraguan Air Force has retired<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">14 types, from the Curtiss JN-4 to the Mil Mi-25 (Mi-24D export) Hind. <span class=\"imp\">Peak figures are airframes taken on charge over the whole service life, not fleet strength on any one date.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet former\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-srv\">\n<col class=\"c-rep\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Peak<\/th>\n<th>Served<\/th>\n<th>Replaced by<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\" class=\"was\">Mil Mi-25 (Mi-24D export) Hind<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Attack helicopter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1984&ndash;1992<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>12 according to English Wikipedia, 18 according to some sources; delivered in the mid-1980s.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph4\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter-bomber<\/td>\n<td>56<\/td>\n<td>1954&ndash;1964<\/td>\n<td>T-28<\/td>\n<td>26 from Sweden (1954) and 30 from the United States, according to Spanish Wikipedia; not corroborated elsewhere.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph5\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Mil Mi-2<\/td>\n<td>Light helicopter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/uh-1-huey\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph6\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/uh-1-huey\/\" class=\"was\">Bell UH-1H Iroquois<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1981&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>A&#233;rospatiale Alouette III<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light helicopter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1981&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" class=\"was\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1982&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/sf-260\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/sf-260\/\" class=\"was\">SIAI-Marchetti SF-260A<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf10\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Italy\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1982&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Antonov An-2<\/td>\n<td>Utility transport<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1981&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph7\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Cessna 337 Skymaster<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light attack and liaison<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\" class=\"was\">Lockheed AT-33A Shooting Star<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer and attack<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1961&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Four to six, received after the 1961 Bay of Pigs operation (Spanish Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph8\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1964&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-47-thunderbolt\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph9\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-47-thunderbolt\/\" class=\"was\">Republic P-47 Thunderbolt<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter-bomber<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1952&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-38-lightning\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph10\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-38-lightning\/\" class=\"was\">Lockheed P-38 Lightning<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1952&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Numbers not found.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Curtiss JN-4<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Trainer<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>1920&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Four received in 1920.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"bases\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Air bases<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Nicaraguan Air Force flies from<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Black pins are active bases; none of the three airfields listed has closed, though Punta Huete is a reserve field and Puerto Cabezas a civil airport. <span class=\"imp\">The air force is headquartered on the military side of Managua&rsquo;s international airport; Punta Huete, on Lake Managua, was built in the 1980s for MiG-21s that never came, and Puerto Cabezas, on the Caribbean coast, is where the CIA staged the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion with the Somoza government&rsquo;s help.<\/span> Wikipedia lists Bluefields, Montelimar, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino and Managua as bases that remained operational after 1990; current military use of each was not confirmed. Coordinates and runways are from Wikipedia, because the Nicaraguan AIP could not be reached.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><span>Click a pin to open the base page<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"basefind\" data-filter=\"#basetbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air bases\" placeholder=\"Search bases, department, units, aircrafts\" aria-label=\"Search bases, department, units, aircrafts\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"basefind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"basefind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"basetbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Runway<\/th>\n<th>Units and aircraft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr id=\"base-managua\" data-base=\"managua\" data-x=\"active active Air Force headquarters, Army of Nicaragua MGA\">\n<td>Managua<small>Augusto C. Sandino International Airport<\/small><span>Managua Department<\/span><\/td>\n<td>MNMG<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>10\/28<\/span>2,442 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Air Force headquarters (Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mil Mi-8\/Mi-17<\/a>, Antonov An-26<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"basefind\">No air base matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Order of battle<\/div>\n<h2>Who is stationed where in the Nicaraguan Air Force<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Flying units by base, current units first. <span class=\"imp\">The army publishes no squadron-by-base breakdown, so the air force is listed as one unit, its headquarters at Managua, where the Russian Mi-17s and An-26s were handed over in February 2025.<\/span> No current unit is confirmed at Punta Huete or Puerto Cabezas, and the entries do not assign one.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"unitfind\" data-filter=\"#oobwrap\" data-item=\".oob\" data-noun=\"installations\" placeholder=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" aria-label=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"unitfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"unitfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"oobwrap\" id=\"oobwrap\">\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Managua Department active Air Force headquarters, Army of Nicaragua\">\n<div><span>Managua (Augusto C. Sandino International Airport) &middot; MNMG<\/span><em>Air Force headquarters, Army of Nicaragua<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Air Force headquarters (Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua)<small>Air force headquarters with fixed- and rotary-wing units &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mil Mi-8\/Mi-17<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"unitfind\">No unit matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Nicaraguan Air Force milestones, 1914 to today<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1920<\/div>\n<p>Four Curtiss JN-4s arrive from the United States, per Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1927<\/div>\n<p>5 July: US Marine DH.4s attack Sandino&rsquo;s forces at Ocotal, the first combat use of aircraft in Nicaragua.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1938<\/div>\n<p>The National Guard air force (Fuerza A&#233;rea de la Guardia Nacional) is formed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1952<\/div>\n<p>A US aviation mission arrives; P-38s, P-47s and P-51s follow.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1961<\/div>\n<p>April: the CIA&rsquo;s Bay of Pigs force sails and flies from Puerto Cabezas, with facilities provided by the Somoza government.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1964<\/div>\n<p>T-28 Trojans begin replacing the Mustangs, per Spanish Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1978<\/div>\n<p>September: the Guard bombs insurgent cities; the IACHR&rsquo;s report of 17 November finds its firepower used indiscriminately.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1979<\/div>\n<p>19 July: the Sandinistas take Managua. 31 July: the Fuerza A&#233;rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia&#233;rea is founded under Comandante Ra&#250;l Venerio Granera.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1980<\/div>\n<p>The first Soviet Mi-8 helicopters arrive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1982<\/div>\n<p>SF-260s and L-39s begin to arrive, according to Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1984<\/div>\n<p>The force flies Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-25 and Mi-2 helicopters and An-26 and An-2 transports.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1986<\/div>\n<p>5 October: a Sandinista SA-7 shoots down the C-123 of the Contra resupply network; Eugene Hasenfus is captured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1988<\/div>\n<p>December: a Sandinista pilot defects to Honduras in a Mi-25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1990<\/div>\n<p>After the elections the force begins to shrink from 3,000 people; by 1993 it has 1,200.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1992<\/div>\n<p>Helicopters, including seven Mi-24D\/Mi-25Ds, and six radars are sold to Peru.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1995<\/div>\n<p>June: the present name, Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua, per Spanish Wikipedia (English Wikipedia gives 1996).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2025<\/div>\n<p>11 February: five Mi-17s and three An-26s from Russia are handed over at Managua.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat record<\/div>\n<h2>Every war Nicaragua&rsquo;s air force has fought<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Sorties and losses where the record gives them, and an honest blank where it does not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip dark\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>2<\/b><span>conflicts<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1978<\/b><span>First<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Aircraft lost<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Killed<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"gl cml\">\n<li><b>The Nicaraguan Revolution<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1978&ndash;1979<\/span> Bombed and rocketed insurgent-held districts of Nicaraguan cities in support of the National Guard<\/li>\n<li><b>The Contra War<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1981&ndash;1990<\/span> Helicopter assault, gunship support and transport for the Sandinista Popular Army; interception of Contra supply aircraft; ground-based air defence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a class=\"cbig\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/nicaraguan-air-force\/combat-record\/\">Open the full combat record<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Nicaraguan Air Force<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is the Nicaraguan Air Force called in Spanish?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua, as the army&rsquo;s official site spells it; it is part of the army. It was founded on 31 July 1979 as the Fuerza A&#233;rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia&#233;rea (FAS-DAA). English Wikipedia, whose article is titled Nicaraguan Air Force, also uses Fuerza A&#233;rea Nicarag&#252;ense (FAN).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft does the Nicaraguan Air Force fly?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Helicopters and transports: FlightGlobal&rsquo;s 2026 count, via Wikipedia, gives eight <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mi-8<\/a> and two Mi-17 helicopters, four An-26 transports, a King Air 90, a Bell 206 and a Robinson R44 trainer: 17 aircraft. It has no combat jets.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Nicaragua have fighter jets?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. The Sandinistas sought MiG-21s in the 1980s and built the 3,000-metre runway at Punta Huete for them, but the United States warned against modern combat jets in the region and none arrived. Reports in 2015 of MiG-29s and later reports of Yak-130s were not confirmed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Nicaragua fly Mi-24 Hind helicopters?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes, the export Mi-25. English Wikipedia counts 12 delivered in the mid-1980s (some sources say 18). They fought the Contras; two are reported shot down, and one was flown to Honduras by a defector in December 1988. Seven Mi-24D\/Mi-25Ds were sold to Peru in 1992, and one is preserved at Managua.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What new aircraft has Nicaragua received from Russia?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 11 February 2025 Russia handed over five Mi-17 helicopters and three An-26 transports at Managua, together with 18 ZU-23AE anti-aircraft guns. The army commander, Gen. Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo, said they were important for fighting organised crime and drug trafficking.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Are there Russian troops in Nicaragua?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Jamestown Foundation, citing Russian media, reported a Russian training centre opened in 2013 and close to 400 Russian military personnel in Nicaragua by 2016. The Nicaraguan government describes its cooperation with Russia as aimed at drug trafficking and organised crime, as the army commander put it when Russian helicopters were delivered in February 2025.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What did the National Guard air force do in 1978?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It bombed insurgent cities. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recorded aircraft and helicopters attacking districts of Chinandega, Le&#243;n and Estel&#237; in September 1978 and found that the Guard had used its firepower indiscriminately against civilians.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Hasenfus affair?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 5 October 1986 a Sandinista SA-7 missile shot down a C-123 cargo aircraft supplying the Contras. Two pilots and a Nicaraguan radio operator died; the American Eugene Hasenfus was captured, sentenced to 30 years and pardoned on 17 December 1986. The US government denied any connection with the flight.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who commands the Nicaraguan Air Force?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Brigadier General Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano, according to the army&rsquo;s official air force page in October 2026. The air force answers to the army commander-in-chief, Gen. Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Nicaraguan Air Force called in Spanish?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Fuerza A\\u00e9rea del Ej\\u00e9rcito de Nicaragua, as the army\\u2019s official site spells it; it is part of the army. It was founded on 31 July 1979 as the Fuerza A\\u00e9rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia\\u00e9rea (FAS-DAA). English Wikipedia, whose article is titled Nicaraguan Air Force, also uses Fuerza A\\u00e9rea Nicarag\\u00fcense (FAN).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft does the Nicaraguan Air Force fly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Helicopters and transports: FlightGlobal\\u2019s 2026 count, via Wikipedia, gives eight Mi-8 and two Mi-17 helicopters, four An-26 transports, a King Air 90, a Bell 206 and a Robinson R44 trainer: 17 aircraft. It has no combat jets.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Nicaragua have fighter jets?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The Sandinistas sought MiG-21s in the 1980s and built the 3,000-metre runway at Punta Huete for them, but the United States warned against modern combat jets in the region and none arrived. Reports in 2015 of MiG-29s and later reports of Yak-130s were not confirmed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Nicaragua fly Mi-24 Hind helicopters?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, the export Mi-25. English Wikipedia counts 12 delivered in the mid-1980s (some sources say 18). They fought the Contras; two are reported shot down, and one was flown to Honduras by a defector in December 1988. Seven Mi-24D\/Mi-25Ds were sold to Peru in 1992, and one is preserved at Managua.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What new aircraft has Nicaragua received from Russia?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"On 11 February 2025 Russia handed over five Mi-17 helicopters and three An-26 transports at Managua, together with 18 ZU-23AE anti-aircraft guns. The army commander, Gen. Julio C\\u00e9sar Avil\\u00e9s Castillo, said they were important for fighting organised crime and drug trafficking.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Are there Russian troops in Nicaragua?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Jamestown Foundation, citing Russian media, reported a Russian training centre opened in 2013 and close to 400 Russian military personnel in Nicaragua by 2016. The Nicaraguan government describes its cooperation with Russia as aimed at drug trafficking and organised crime, as the army commander put it when Russian helicopters were delivered in February 2025.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What did the National Guard air force do in 1978?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It bombed insurgent cities. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recorded aircraft and helicopters attacking districts of Chinandega, Le\\u00f3n and Estel\\u00ed in September 1978 and found that the Guard had used its firepower indiscriminately against civilians.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Hasenfus affair?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"On 5 October 1986 a Sandinista SA-7 missile shot down a C-123 cargo aircraft supplying the Contras. Two pilots and a Nicaraguan radio operator died; the American Eugene Hasenfus was captured, sentenced to 30 years and pardoned on 17 December 1986. The US government denied any connection with the flight.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who commands the Nicaraguan Air Force?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Brigadier General Efr\\u00e9n Alejandro Mar\\u00edn Serrano, according to the army\\u2019s official air force page in October 2026. The air force answers to the army commander-in-chief, Gen. Julio C\\u00e9sar Avil\\u00e9s Castillo.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Read the aircraft the Nicaraguan Air Force flew<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type with a page in the Book of Beasts, in service first, then by the year it left the fleet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mil Mi-8 and Mi-17<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/uh-1-huey\/\"><span class=\"im ph6\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Bell UH-1H Iroquois<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1981&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-39 Albatros<\/b><em>1982&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/sf-260\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>SIAI-Marchetti SF-260A<span class=\"nflag nf10\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Italy\"><\/span><\/b><em>1982&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Lockheed AT-33A Shooting Star<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1961&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\"><span class=\"im ph8\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>North American T-28 Trojan<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1964&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-47-thunderbolt\/\"><span class=\"im ph9\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Republic P-47 Thunderbolt<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1952&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-38-lightning\/\"><span class=\"im ph10\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Lockheed P-38 Lightning<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1952&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mil Mi-25 (Mi-24D export) Hind<\/b><em>1984&ndash;1992<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>North American P-51D Mustang<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/b><em>1954&ndash;1964<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejercito.mil.ni\/contenido\/unidades-militares\/fa\/fa.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua: Fuerza A&#233;rea<\/a><span>Official air force page; commander General de Brigada Efr&#233;n Alejandro Mar&#237;n Serrano (checked 1 October 2026); SICOFAA participation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejercito.mil.ni\/contenido\/unidades-militares\/fa\/fa-historia.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua: Fuerza A&#233;rea &ndash; Rese&#241;a hist&#243;rica<\/a><span>Official history: founded 31 July 1979 as Fuerza A&#233;rea Sandinista y Defensa Antia&#233;rea (FAS-DAA) with abandoned Guard aircraft; Mi-8s from 1980; An-2, UH-1H, Marchetti and Alouette 1981&ndash;1984; Mi-8, Mi-17, Mi-25, Mi-2, An-26 and An-2 by 1984; severe reduction after 1990; list of seven commanders 1979&ndash;2011.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ejercito.mil.ni\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ej&#233;rcito de Nicaragua: official website (home page)<\/a><span>Press note No. 183\/2026 on airspace control under the System of Cooperation among the American Air Forces (SICOFAA).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vpk.name\/news\/974018_vvs_nikaragua_poluchili_5_mi-17_3_an-26_i_18_zu-23ae.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VPK.name: VVS Nikaragua poluchili 5 Mi-17, 3 An-26 i 18 ZU-23AE (12 February 2025), citing TsAMTO and Infodefensa<\/a><span>Delivery on 11 February 2025 at Augusto C. Sandino International Airport of five Mi-17s, three An-26s and 18 ZU-23AE guns from Russia; statement by Gen. Julio C&#233;sar Avil&#233;s Castillo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jamestown.org\/will-nicaragua-become-russias-cuba-of-the-21st-century\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Jamestown Foundation: Will Nicaragua Become Russia&rsquo;s Cuba of the 21st Century? (Sergey Sukhankin, 7 August 2018)<\/a><span>Claims, citing Interfax and Russian media: a Russian training centre opened by Gen. Valery Gerasimov in 2013; close to 400 Russian military personnel by 2016; a GLONASS station; lists Yak-130 and Mi-17 among equipment.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.cidh.oas.org\/countryrep\/Nicaragua78eng\/chap.2.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Nicaragua (17 November 1978), chapter II<\/a><span>Finding that the National Guard used aerial bombardment and heavy artillery indiscriminately against cities in September 1978, with testimony from Chinandega, Le&#243;n and Estel&#237;.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-10-01. Order of Battle pages are regenerated from a single dataset; if a number here disagrees with a Book of Beasts page, this page is the more recent of the two.<\/p>\n<p class=\"verified\">Photographs: Photo: Aeroprints.com \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) &middot; Photo: Mfield &#8211; Matthew Field, http:\/\/www.photography.mattfield.com \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.5) &middot; Photo: Alan Wilson \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Don Ramey Logan \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Julian Herzog \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0) &middot; Photo: Balon Greyjoy \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0) &middot; Photos: US Air Force \/ Wikimedia Commons (public domain)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w17-hero-nicaraguan-air-force.jpg)!important}#mfam 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