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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy 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16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; Russian Empire (Riga, now Latvia; St Petersburg)<\/div>\n<h1>Russo-Balt<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Russo-Baltic Wagon Factory (Russko-Baltiysky Vagonny Zavod, RBVZ) &middot; Russisch-Baltische Waggonfabrik &middot; Russo-Baltique<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A Riga railway-wagon works that hired a 22-year-old Igor Sikorsky and within two years flew the world&rsquo;s first four-engined aeroplane and the first airliner with a saloon and a toilet, which went to war as a bomber.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1874<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Defunct 1918<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>9<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Russian Empire (Riga, now Latvia; St Petersburg)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1874<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Van der Zypen &amp; Charlier (parent company)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Riga, with an aircraft division in St Petersburg from 1912<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Defunct 1918<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Russo-Balt: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Wagons, then motor cars<\/h3>\n<p>Russo-Balt began as a branch of the Cologne wagon builder Van der Zypen &amp; Charlier, set up in Riga in 1869 to fill a large Russian order without paying customs duty. In 1874 it became the Russo-Baltic Wagon Factory, and by 1900 it was building more than 5,500 goods wagons a year and was one of the biggest engineering works in the Russian Empire, eventually employing 3,800 people. When orders fell after the Russo-Japanese war, chairman Mikhail Shidlovsky turned to motor cars: about 625 were built between 1909 and 1915, and a Russo-Balt was <span class=\"imp\">the first car to reach the summit of Vesuvius<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A 22-year-old chief engineer<\/h3>\n<p>Aircraft followed. A workshop opened in Riga in 1910 and moved to St Petersburg in 1912, where from 1911 the company built French Nieuports, Bl&#233;riots and Farmans for the army. In April 1912 Shidlovsky hired Igor Sikorsky, then 22, as chief designer. Sikorsky&rsquo;s aircraft had just won a military competition in Moscow, and he agreed that the company would own his designs for five years. His single-engined S-6B and S-10 won the military contests of 1912 and 1913, and the S-12 monoplane and S-10 floatplane were built in small numbers.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Grand<\/h3>\n<p>Sikorsky had been thinking since 1911 about an aeroplane far larger than anything that existed, at a time when no aircraft could lift more than 600 kg. Experts predicted failure. On 10 May 1913 his Grand, later renamed Russky Vityaz, or Russian Knight, took off in St Petersburg. With four engines it was <span class=\"imp\">the first four-engined aeroplane in the world<\/span>, and it had an enclosed cabin in which passengers could walk about without upsetting the balance. On 2 August it flew for nearly two hours with eight people aboard. After 53 flights it was crushed on the ground by an engine that fell off a passing Morane.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Ilya Muromets<\/h3>\n<p>Sikorsky&rsquo;s next design, the Ilya Muromets, flew in 1913 as an airliner with an insulated saloon, wicker chairs, a bedroom, electric light, heating and the first airborne toilet. On 11 February 1914 it lifted 16 passengers, a record, and that summer it flew from St Petersburg to Kiev and back. War turned it into a bomber. In December 1914 Russia formed the Squadron of Flying Ships, <span class=\"imp\">the first unit of four-engined strategic bombers<\/span>. The Muromets flew more than 400 sorties, dropped 65 tons of bombs and, in 1916, became the first aircraft with a tail gunner. Only one was lost to enemy fighters.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Revolution and dispersal<\/h3>\n<p>In 1915 the Riga works was evacuated ahead of the German advance, to Petrograd, Moscow, Tver and Taganrog. The company built about 240 aircraft between 1912 and 1917, including its own RBVZ-6 engine and the S-16 escort fighter. Revolution ended it. The aviation department was nationalised in 1918, Sikorsky left for France, and Shidlovsky and his son were killed in 1919 trying to reach Finland. The Petrograd works became the Krasny Lyotchik aircraft factory. The new Fili works in Moscow passed to Junkers in 1923 and was later evacuated to Kazan, where it grew into today&rsquo;s Kazan aircraft plant.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">The 2,600 kilometres flight proved conclusively the value of large multi-motored airplanes. The Army placed an order for ten four-engined airplanes of the Ilia Mourometz type and the factory personnel was overjoyed by this final approval of the results of two years of hard work.<cite>Igor Sikorsky &middot; chief designer, on the St Petersburg to Kiev flight of 1914<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Russo-Balt in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Incorporated 1874<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Founded in Riga as a branch of Van der Zypen &amp; Charlier, 1869; joint-stock company 1874<\/li>\n<li>Up to 3,800 employees<\/li>\n<li>Car department from 1908; aircraft workshop from 1910<\/li>\n<li>Aviation department nationalised in 1918<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ilya Muromets<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>About 240 aircraft built 1912&ndash;1917, including licence Nieuports, Bl&#233;riots and Farmans<\/li>\n<li>Ilya Muromets: at least 60, and up to 83, built<\/li>\n<li>Russky Vityaz: world&rsquo;s first four-engined aeroplane<\/li>\n<li>About 625 Russo-Balt cars built 1909&ndash;1915<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Defunct<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Fili works became the Khrunichev space centre site; production moved to Kazan in 1941<\/li>\n<li>Petrograd works became Krasny Lyotchik<\/li>\n<li>Ilya Muromets replica at Monino, built 1970<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Employees<\/dt>\n<dd>3,800<\/dd>\n<dt>Wagons built at peak<\/dt>\n<dd>5,513 goods and 219 passenger<span class=\"gnote\">1900<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Cars built<\/dt>\n<dd>about 625<span class=\"gnote\">1909&ndash;1915<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft built<\/dt>\n<dd>about 240<span class=\"gnote\">1912&ndash;1917<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Ilya Muromets built for Russian forces<\/dt>\n<dd>83 (other figures: at least 60)<span class=\"gnote\">1913&ndash;1918<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Ilya Muromets wartime sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 400; 65 tons of bombs<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Russo-Balt aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ilya-muromets\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Sikorsky Ilya Muromets<\/b><em>Airliner and heavy bomber &middot; first flight 1913 &middot; 60&ndash;83 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: San Diego Air &amp; Space Museum Archives, public domain, via Wikimedia Commons<\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Sikorsky S-6B<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance biplane<\/td>\n<td>1912<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Won the 1912 military aircraft competition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sikorsky S-10<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance biplane and floatplane<\/td>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Won the 1913 competition; floatplane version taken by the navy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sikorsky S-12<\/td>\n<td>Monoplane trainer and scout<\/td>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built in a small series<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sikorsky Russky Vityaz (S-21, Grand)<\/td>\n<td>Four-engined experimental airliner<\/td>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First four-engined aeroplane in the world; 53 flights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ilya-muromets\/\">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Airliner and heavy bomber<\/td>\n<td>1913<\/td>\n<td>60&ndash;83<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First multi-engined aircraft in series production; first tail gunner; airliner use until 1922<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RBVZ S-16<\/td>\n<td>Two-seat escort fighter<\/td>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Synchronised machine gun; built in very small numbers<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RBVZ S-17<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance biplane<\/td>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>RBVZ S-20<\/td>\n<td>Single-seat fighter<\/td>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Alexander Nevsky<\/td>\n<td>Heavy aircraft prototype<\/td>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Russo-Balt built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Riga works<\/b> &middot; Volmar Street (Avoti), Riga &mdash; Wagons, cars and early aircraft; more than 20 hectares by 1912; evacuated 1915<\/li>\n<li><b>St Petersburg aircraft division<\/b> &middot; St Petersburg (Petrograd) &mdash; From 1912; became the Krasny Lyotchik state aircraft works<\/li>\n<li><b>Fili works<\/b> &middot; Pokrovskoye-Fili, Moscow &mdash; Bought 1916, opened July 1917; Junkers concession from 1923<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Mikhail Shidlovsky<\/b> &middot; chairman &mdash; Started car and aircraft production; killed with his son in 1919<\/li>\n<li><b>Igor Sikorsky<\/b> &middot; chief designer from April 1912 &mdash; Designed the Grand and Ilya Muromets; left for France in 1918<\/li>\n<li><b>Julian Potterat<\/b> &middot; car designer &mdash; Swiss engineer who led the car department at 26<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>First four-engined aeroplane in the world, Russky Vityaz, first flight 10 May 1913<\/li>\n<li>Ilya Muromets: first aircraft with an insulated passenger saloon and the first airborne toilet<\/li>\n<li>Passenger record of 16 aboard, Ilya Muromets, 11 February 1914<\/li>\n<li>First four-engined bomber to equip a dedicated strategic bombing unit, December 1914<\/li>\n<li>First aircraft with a tail gunner position, Ilya Muromets S-25 Geh-2, March 1916<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Russo-Balt, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1869<\/div>\n<p>Van der Zypen &amp; Charlier opens a wagon branch in Riga<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1874<\/div>\n<p>Russo-Baltic Wagon Factory joint-stock company formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1908<\/div>\n<p>Car department created<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1910<\/div>\n<p>Aviation workshop founded in Riga<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1912<\/div>\n<p>Igor Sikorsky hired as chief designer in St Petersburg<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1913<\/div>\n<p>Russky Vityaz, the first four-engined aeroplane, flies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1913<\/div>\n<p>Ilya Muromets first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1914<\/div>\n<p>Ilya Muromets carries a record 16 passengers<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1914<\/div>\n<p>Start of the St Petersburg to Kiev and back flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1914<\/div>\n<p>Squadron of Flying Ships formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1915<\/div>\n<p>Riga works evacuated; S-16 escort fighter appears<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<p>Fili works opens in Moscow<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1918<\/div>\n<p>Aviation department nationalised; Sikorsky leaves Russia<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1922<\/div>\n<p>Last airworthy Ilya Muromets crash-lands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after Russo-Balt<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/kazan\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Kazan Helicopters<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fili works evacuated to Kazan in 1941<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Kazan Helicopters page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Russo-Balt<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What was Russo-Balt?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Russo-Baltic Wagon Factory of Riga, a railway-wagon maker founded in 1874 that also built cars and, from 1910, aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Igor Sikorsky work for Russo-Balt?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. He was hired as chief designer of its aircraft division in April 1912 and designed the Russky Vityaz and Ilya Muromets there.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the first four-engined aeroplane?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Russky Vityaz (Grand), designed by Sikorsky and built by Russo-Balt, first flown on 10 May 1913.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many Ilya Muromets were built?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Sources differ: at least 60, and up to 83 for the Russian forces between 1913 and 1918.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to Russo-Balt?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Its works were evacuated in 1915 and nationalised after the revolution. The Moscow plant later moved to Kazan in 1941.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was Russo-Balt?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Russo-Baltic Wagon Factory of Riga, a railway-wagon maker founded in 1874 that also built cars and, from 1910, aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Igor Sikorsky work for Russo-Balt?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. He was hired as chief designer of its aircraft division in April 1912 and designed the Russky Vityaz and Ilya Muromets there.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the first four-engined aeroplane?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Russky Vityaz (Grand), designed by Sikorsky and built by Russo-Balt, first flown on 10 May 1913.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many Ilya Muromets were built?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Sources differ: at least 60, and up to 83 for the Russian forces between 1913 and 1918.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to Russo-Balt?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its works were evacuated in 1915 and nationalised after the revolution. The Moscow plant later moved to Kazan in 1941.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Russo-Balt<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Russia<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Mil<\/span><span class=\"rp\">A Siberian railwayman&rsquo;s son who started with autogyros built the design bureau behind the most-produced helicopter in history and the heaviest-lifting rotorcraft&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Mil page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mikoyan\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Russia<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Mikoyan<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Two engineers handed a disgraced rival&rsquo;s fighter in 1939 built the bureau whose initials became the West&rsquo;s word for any Soviet jet &mdash; more than 11,000&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Mikoyan page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russo-Balt\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Russo-Balt, Wikipedia (English)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sikorsky_Ilya_Muromets\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sikorsky Ilya Muromets, Wikipedia (English)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sikorsky_Russky_Vityaz\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sikorsky Russky Vityaz, Wikipedia (English)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Russko-Baltiysky Vagonny Zavod, Wikipedia (Russian)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w25-hero-mfr-russo-balt.jpg)!important}#mfam 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