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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; United Kingdom<\/div>\n<h1>English Electric<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">The English Electric Company Limited &middot; English Electric Aviation Ltd (1958&ndash;1960) &middot; EE<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A Lancashire maker of trams, turbines and locomotives that built thousands of other firms&rsquo; bombers, then designed just two jets of its own: the record-breaking Canberra and the Mach 2 Lightning.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1918<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/bac\/\">British Aircraft Corporation<\/a> in 1960<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>11<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>14<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1918-12<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Strand, London; operations centred on Stafford from 1930; aircraft at Preston, Samlesbury and Warton, Lancashire<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/bac\/\">British Aircraft Corporation<\/a> in 1960<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>English Electric: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Munitions, flying boats and a football team<\/h3>\n<p>On Boxing Day 1920 a crowd of 53,000 packed Goodison Park in Liverpool to watch a women&rsquo;s football match. The star side was Dick, Kerr Ladies, a works team formed in 1917 by munitions girls at a Preston engineering plant. That plant had spent the First World War making shells and aeroplanes &mdash; 62 Short Type 184 seaplanes and six Short Bombers among them, alongside Felixstowe flying boats. By the time the footballers drew their record crowd, their employer had been folded into something new. In December 1918 the owners of five wartime businesses &mdash; Dick, Kerr of Preston, Phoenix Dynamo of Bradford, Coventry Ordnance Works, United Electric Car and Willans &amp; Robinson of Rugby &mdash; merged them to <span class=\"imp\">turn munitions plants to peaceful work<\/span>. They called it The English Electric Company.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Wren, the Kingston and a closed door<\/h3>\n<p>Aircraft were not the plan. English Electric was a heavy engineering business: motors, transformers, trams, locomotives, turbines. But Phoenix brought two prototype P.5 Cork flying boats into the merger, and designer W. O. Manning stayed on. His tiny Wren of 1921 weighed just 232 lb empty and shared first prize at the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials after covering 87.5 miles on a single gallon of fuel. His M.3 Ayr flying boat refused to leave the water at all. His P.5 Kingston sank on its first take-off from the Ribble estuary in May 1924 after hitting flotsam. On the very day the last Kingston left Lytham for Felixstowe in 1926, <span class=\"imp\">the company closed its aircraft department<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The shadow factory at Samlesbury<\/h3>\n<p>The doors reopened because of rearmament. From 1935 English Electric was brought into the scheme to build airframes alongside Handley Page, and the Air Ministry told it to put up a shadow factory at Samlesbury in Lancashire. Its first Hampden flew on 22 February 1940; by 1942 the company had delivered 770, <span class=\"imp\">more than half of all the Hampdens ever built<\/span>. A second factory followed for the four-engined Halifax, and by the end of 1945 Samlesbury had produced 2,145 of them. Then came the de Havilland Vampire jet fighter, built under licence at Preston and Samlesbury from 1944 &mdash; more than 1,300 of them. In 1942 the company also bought the aero-engine maker D. Napier &amp; Son, whose Sabre powered the Typhoon and Tempest.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A designer walks in from Westland<\/h3>\n<p>Chairman Sir George Nelson did not want to stay a subcontractor. In 1944 he hired W. E. W. &ldquo;Teddy&rdquo; Petter, the brilliant and difficult technical director of Westland, and gave him a blank sheet. Petter recruited his own young team: Frederick Page from Hawker, aerodynamicists Dai Ellis and Ray Creasey, and in May 1947 a former Typhoon and Tempest pilot named Roland Beamont as chief test pilot. The design office moved to the old RAF Warton near Preston. Petter&rsquo;s style left scars &mdash; by 1950 he had walked out over a feud with the Preston works &mdash; and in January 1960 <span class=\"imp\">he quit aviation altogether<\/span> for a religious commune in Switzerland. He died in France in 1968. Novelist C. P. Snow, meanwhile, served as the company&rsquo;s director of scientific personnel from 1944.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Canberra takes the records<\/h3>\n<p>Petter&rsquo;s bomber, the A.1, first flew on 13 May 1949 with Beamont at the controls. Nelson named it Canberra in 1950 after the Australian capital, because Australia was its first export customer. It entered RAF service with No. 101 Squadron in 1951 as the service&rsquo;s first jet bomber, and it rewrote the record book. In February 1951 a Canberra made the first non-stop transatlantic crossing by a jet. In 1953 one won the London&ndash;Christchurch air race in 23 hours 51 minutes. In August 1957 another, boosted by a Napier rocket motor, climbed to 70,310 ft. <span class=\"imp\">Some 1,352 were built<\/span> in Britain, Australia and the United States, where Martin built 403 as the B-57, and the RAF flew its last in June 2006.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Mach 2 from Lancashire<\/h3>\n<p>The other design was wilder. Petter had sketched a supersonic fighter as early as 1946, with two engines stacked one above the other to keep the frontal area small. The P.1A first flew from Boscombe Down on 4 August 1954, again with Beamont, and went supersonic on its first flight without anyone noticing &mdash; the Mach meter read 0.95, and engineers spotted the truth in the data days later. On 25 November 1958 the P.1B took Beamont to Mach 2, the first British aircraft to get there. As the Lightning it joined RAF front-line service in 1960 and flew until 30 April 1988. It remains <span class=\"imp\">the only all-British Mach 2 aircraft<\/span>; 337 were built, all at Samlesbury.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Into BAC, then into GEC<\/h3>\n<p>English Electric never got to design a third. In 1958 the aircraft division became English Electric Aviation Ltd, and in 1960 the government&rsquo;s push to consolidate the industry folded it into the new British Aircraft Corporation, with English Electric holding 40 per cent alongside Vickers and Bristol. The guided-weapons division, maker of the Thunderbird missile, followed in 1963. Warton&rsquo;s team went on to the TSR-2 and, through BAC and its successors, the Jaguar, Tornado and Typhoon &mdash; and Samlesbury still builds Typhoon and F-35 parts for BAE Systems. The parent company ran on, building computers and nearly 1,000 locomotives for British Rail, until <span class=\"imp\">GEC absorbed it in 1968<\/span> and the English Electric name disappeared.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">I have finished with aviation completely. I have strong religious interests to which I am now going to give a lot of my time.<cite>W. E. W. Petter &middot; designer of the Canberra and Lightning, on leaving the aircraft industry, January 1960<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">although Petter was generally thought to be difficult I found him logical and &lsquo;ahead of the game&rsquo; and totally oriented on making an enormous success of the Canberra.<cite>Roland Beamont &middot; English Electric chief test pilot, recalling his years at Warton<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>English Electric in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1918<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Formed in December 1918 by merging five wartime businesses, including Dick, Kerr of Preston and Phoenix Dynamo of Bradford<\/li>\n<li>Heavy electrical engineering first: motors, turbines, trams, locomotives<\/li>\n<li>Aircraft department closed 1926, revived by rearmament from the late 1930s<\/li>\n<li>Aircraft division became English Electric Aviation Ltd in 1958<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Canberra and Lightning<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Only two original jet designs reached production: the Canberra bomber and the Lightning interceptor<\/li>\n<li>Canberra: about 1,352 built worldwide including licence production<\/li>\n<li>Lightning: 337 built, the only all-British Mach 2 aircraft<\/li>\n<li>Licence production: 770 Hampdens, 2,145 Halifaxes and more than 1,300 Vampires<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Merged into BAC, 1960<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Aircraft arm became 40 per cent of the British Aircraft Corporation in 1960<\/li>\n<li>Parent company absorbed by GEC in 1968<\/li>\n<li>Warton and Samlesbury now belong to BAE Systems<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The company itself survived until 1968, but its aircraft business ended with the creation of BAC in 1960.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Wartime employees (April 1945)<\/dt>\n<dd>25,000 in four main works<span class=\"gnote\">1945<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Wartime peak employment<\/dt>\n<dd>45,000 including Napier<\/dd>\n<dt>Hampdens delivered<\/dt>\n<dd>770 by 1942, more than half of all built<span class=\"gnote\">1942<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Halifaxes built at Samlesbury<\/dt>\n<dd>2,145<span class=\"gnote\">1945<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Vampires built under licence<\/dt>\n<dd>1,369 (Samlesbury figure; company history says more than 1,300)<\/dd>\n<dt>Canberras built, all producers<\/dt>\n<dd>1,352 (901 in the UK)<\/dd>\n<dt>Lightnings built<\/dt>\n<dd>337 including prototypes (Samlesbury history gives 341)<\/dd>\n<dt>Stake in BAC<\/dt>\n<dd>40 per cent<span class=\"gnote\">1960<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Employees of combined GEC&ndash;English Electric<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 250,000<span class=\"gnote\">1968<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable English Electric aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>English Electric Canberra<\/b><em>Jet bomber and reconnaissance aircraft &middot; first flight 1949 &middot; 1,352 incl. licence built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-lightning\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>English Electric Lightning<\/b><em>Supersonic interceptor &middot; first flight 1957 &middot; 337 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: UK MOD &#183; OGL v1.0; Mike McBey &#183; CC BY 2.0<\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Short Type 184 (licence, by Dick, Kerr and Phoenix)<\/td>\n<td>Torpedo and patrol seaplane<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>62<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built by the predecessor companies in the First World War, alongside six Short Bombers and Felixstowe flying boats<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phoenix P.5 Cork<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance flying boat<\/td>\n<td>1918<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Prototypes brought into English Electric by Phoenix Dynamo; redesigned as the Kingston<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>English Electric Wren<\/td>\n<td>Ultralight motor-glider<\/td>\n<td>1921<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Shared first prize at the 1923 Lympne trials; one still flies with the Shuttleworth Collection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>English Electric M.3 Ayr<\/td>\n<td>Coastal patrol flying boat<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Refused to become airborne; project abandoned<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>English Electric P.5 Kingston<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance and anti-submarine flying boat<\/td>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Prototype sank on its first take-off; the last one left Lytham the day the aircraft department closed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Handley Page Hampden (licence)<\/td>\n<td>Medium bomber<\/td>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>770<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First Samlesbury-built example flew 22 February 1940<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Handley Page Halifax (licence)<\/td>\n<td>Heavy bomber<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>2,145<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built at Samlesbury&rsquo;s second factory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>de Havilland Vampire (licence)<\/td>\n<td>Jet fighter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>more than 1,300<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Samlesbury records give 1,369<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\">English Electric Canberra<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet bomber and reconnaissance aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>1,352 incl. licence<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>RAF&rsquo;s first jet bomber; 631 built at Samlesbury; RAF service 1951 to 2006<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>English Electric P.1A<\/td>\n<td>Supersonic research aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1954<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Two flying prototypes plus a static test airframe; went supersonic on its first flight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-lightning\/\">English Electric Lightning<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Supersonic interceptor<\/td>\n<td>1957<\/td>\n<td>337<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First flight date is that of the P.1B; RAF front line 1960 to 1988; also flown by Saudi Arabia and Kuwait<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>English Electric aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">14 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew English Electric types. <span class=\"imp\">0 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"opfind\" data-filter=\"#optbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air forces\" placeholder=\"Search air forces and types\" aria-label=\"Search air forces and types\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"opfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"opfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-of-zimbabwe\/\">Air Force of Zimbabwe<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/argentine-air-force\/\">Argentine Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B.62 and T.64<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bolivarian-military-aviation-of-venezuela\/\">Bolivarian Military Aviation of Venezuela<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B.2, B(I).8\/B(I).88, PR.83, T.84<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/chilean-air-force\/\">Chilean Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra PR.9<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ecuadorian-air-force\/\">Ecuadorian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ethiopian-air-force\/\">Ethiopian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B.52<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-air-and-space-force\/\">French Air and Space Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B.6<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indian-air-force\/\">Indian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B(I).58, PR.57, T.4<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/kuwait-air-force\/\">Kuwait Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-lightning\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric (BAC) Lightning F.53K and T.55K<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/peruvian-air-force\/\">Peruvian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra (B(I).8\/68, B.72, B(I).56, B(I).78, T.74 and ex-SAAF B(I).12)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-kingdom-royal-air-force\/\">Royal Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-lightning\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Lightning<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-new-zealand-air-force\/\">Royal New Zealand Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B(I).12 and B.2<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-saudi-air-force\/\">Royal Saudi Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-lightning\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Lightning F.52, F.53, T.54 and T.55<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/south-african-air-force\/\">South African Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/english-electric-canberra\/\" class=\"was\">English Electric Canberra B(I)12 and T.4<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where English Electric built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Strand Road works<\/b> &middot; Preston, Lancashire &mdash; Former Dick, Kerr plant; trams, locomotives and wartime aircraft assembly<\/li>\n<li><b>Samlesbury Aerodrome<\/b> &middot; Balderstone, Lancashire &mdash; Shadow factory from 1939; built Hampdens, Halifaxes, Vampires, Canberras and every Lightning; now BAE Systems<\/li>\n<li><b>Warton Aerodrome<\/b> &middot; Warton, near Preston, Lancashire &mdash; Design and flight-test centre from 1947&ndash;48<\/li>\n<li><b>Stafford works<\/b> &middot; Stafford, Staffordshire &mdash; Bought from Siemens Brothers in 1919; company centre from 1931<\/li>\n<li><b>Lytham slipway<\/b> &middot; Lytham St Annes, Lancashire &mdash; Flying-boat trials in the 1920s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Sir George Nelson<\/b> &middot; managing director from 1930, chairman from 1933 &mdash; Insisted the company design its own aircraft after the war and named the Canberra<\/li>\n<li><b>W. E. W. &ldquo;Teddy&rdquo; Petter<\/b> &middot; chief designer 1944&ndash;1950 &mdash; Created the Canberra and the stacked-engine layout of the Lightning<\/li>\n<li><b>Frederick Page<\/b> &middot; Petter&rsquo;s first recruit and successor as chief engineer &mdash; Took over the Warton team in February 1950<\/li>\n<li><b>Roland Beamont<\/b> &middot; chief test pilot from 1947 &mdash; First flights of the Canberra, P.1A and P.1B; first Briton to Mach 2<\/li>\n<li><b>W. O. Manning<\/b> &middot; designer, 1920s &mdash; Designed the Wren, Ayr and Kingston<\/li>\n<li><b>C. P. Snow<\/b> &middot; director of scientific personnel from 1944 &mdash; Novelist; later physicist-director until 1964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>First non-stop transatlantic crossing by a jet, Canberra, February 1951<\/li>\n<li>First double transatlantic crossing by a jet, Canberra prototype B.5, 26 August 1952<\/li>\n<li>Winner of the 1953 London&ndash;Christchurch air race, 12,270 miles in 23 hr 51 min<\/li>\n<li>World altitude records of 63,668 ft (1953), 65,889 ft (1955) and 70,310 ft (1957), all by Canberras<\/li>\n<li>First British aircraft to reach Mach 2, Lightning P.1B, 25 November 1958<\/li>\n<li>Lightning: the only all-British Mach 2 aircraft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>English Electric, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1918<\/div>\n<p>The English Electric Company formed from five wartime businesses<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1921<\/div>\n<p>W. O. Manning&rsquo;s Wren ultralight built for the Air Ministry<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1924<\/div>\n<p>Kingston prototype sinks on its first take-off attempt in the Ribble estuary<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1926<\/div>\n<p>Aircraft department closed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>First Samlesbury-built Hampden flies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1942<\/div>\n<p>Buys aero-engine maker D. Napier &amp; Son<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1944<\/div>\n<p>Teddy Petter joins from Westland to found a design team<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1949<\/div>\n<p>Canberra prototype VN799 first flies, piloted by Roland Beamont<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1951<\/div>\n<p>Canberra enters RAF squadron service, the RAF&rsquo;s first jet bomber<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1953<\/div>\n<p>Canberra wins the London&ndash;Christchurch air race<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1954<\/div>\n<p>P.1A, forerunner of the Lightning, first flies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1957<\/div>\n<p>Canberra WK163 sets a world altitude record of 70,310 ft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1958<\/div>\n<p>P.1B reaches Mach 2, a British first<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1958<\/div>\n<p>Aircraft division becomes English Electric Aviation Ltd<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1960<\/div>\n<p>English Electric Aviation merges into the British Aircraft Corporation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1960<\/div>\n<p>Lightning enters RAF front-line service<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1968<\/div>\n<p>English Electric merged into GEC; the name is lost<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1988<\/div>\n<p>RAF retires the Lightning<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2006<\/div>\n<p>RAF retires its last Canberras, 57 years after the first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after English Electric<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/bac\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">British Aircraft Corporation<\/span><span class=\"rp\">English Electric Aviation took a 40 per cent stake at its formation in 1960<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the British Aircraft Corporation page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about English Electric<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What aircraft did English Electric design?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Only two of its own jet designs reached production: the Canberra bomber (first flight 1949) and the Lightning interceptor (P.1A first flight 1954). In the 1920s it also built small numbers of the Wren, Ayr and Kingston, and in the Second World War it mass-produced Hampdens, Halifaxes and Vampires under licence.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was the Canberra named after Australia&rsquo;s capital?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Chairman Sir George Nelson gave the A.1 the name Canberra in January 1950 because Australia had become the aircraft&rsquo;s first export customer.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How fast was the English Electric Lightning?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Later versions could reach Mach 2 at 36,000 ft. The P.1B prototype first reached Mach 2 on 25 November 1958, and the Lightning remains the only all-British Mach 2 aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to English Electric?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Its aircraft business became English Electric Aviation in 1958 and merged into the British Aircraft Corporation in 1960. The rest of the group was absorbed by GEC in 1968.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where were English Electric aircraft built?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">At Preston and Samlesbury in Lancashire, with design and flight testing at Warton. Every Lightning was built at Samlesbury, which BAE Systems still uses today.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft did English Electric design?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Only two of its own jet designs reached production: the Canberra bomber (first flight 1949) and the Lightning interceptor (P.1A first flight 1954). In the 1920s it also built small numbers of the Wren, Ayr and Kingston, and in the Second World War it mass-produced Hampdens, Halifaxes and Vampires under licence.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why was the Canberra named after Australia\\u2019s capital?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Chairman Sir George Nelson gave the A.1 the name Canberra in January 1950 because Australia had become the aircraft\\u2019s first export customer.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How fast was the English Electric Lightning?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Later versions could reach Mach 2 at 36,000 ft. The P.1B prototype first reached Mach 2 on 25 November 1958, and the Lightning remains the only all-British Mach 2 aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to English Electric?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its aircraft business became English Electric Aviation in 1958 and merged into the British Aircraft Corporation in 1960. The rest of the group was absorbed by GEC in 1968.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where were English Electric aircraft built?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"At Preston and Samlesbury in Lancashire, with design and flight testing at Warton. Every Lightning was built at Samlesbury, which BAE Systems still uses today.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around English Electric<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/de-havilland\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"rh\">de Havilland<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Hatfield firm that put Britain&rsquo;s flying clubs in Moths, built a bomber out of furniture wood, gave the world its first jet airliner &mdash; and lost it to a&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the de Havilland page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/hawker\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Hawker<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Born from the wreck of Sopwith and named after a test pilot who died within a year, Hawker built the Hurricane that carried the Battle of Britain and the Hunter that set&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Hawker page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Canberra\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric Canberra &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Lightning\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric Lightning &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/W._E._W._Petter\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">W. E. W. Petter &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samlesbury_Aerodrome\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Samlesbury Aerodrome &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Wren\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric Wren &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Kingston\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric Kingston &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dick,_Kerr_Ladies_F.C.\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C. &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Electric_Ayr\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">English Electric Ayr &ndash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/fr2-english-electric-canberra-b-6.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/english-electric-canberra-in-flight-scaled.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/english-electric-lightning-in-flight.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam 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[&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":31477,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-32215","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>English Electric | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/he\/\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9-\u05de\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd\/english-electric\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"he_IL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"English Electric | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Aircraft manufacturers &middot; United Kingdom English Electric The English Electric Company Limited &middot; English Electric Aviation Ltd (1958&ndash;1960) &middot; EE A Lancashire maker of trams, turbines and locomotives that built thousands of other firms&rsquo; bombers, then designed just two jets of its own: the record-breaking Canberra and the Mach 2 Lightning. 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