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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; Germany<\/div>\n<p><span class=\"mlogo\"><span class=\"li ph2\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Junkers logo\" style=\"width:52px;height:46px\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h1>Junkers<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Junkers &amp; Co. &middot; Junkers-Fokker-Werke AG &middot; Junkers Flugzeugwerk AG<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A boiler maker built the first all-metal aeroplane and the first all-metal airliner &mdash; then the Nazis took the company from its pacifist founder and made it build the Stuka.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1895<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mbb\/\">Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB)<\/a> in 1969<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>22<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>15<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Clemens Vasters from Viersen, Germany, Germany \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Germany<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1895<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Hugo Junkers<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mbb\/\">Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB)<\/a> in 1969<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Junkers: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The boiler man of Dessau<\/h3>\n<p>Hugo Junkers did not set out to fly. Born in Rheydt in 1859, the son of a cotton-weaving industrialist, he made his first fortune measuring heat. His calorimeter won a gold medal at the 1893 Chicago World&rsquo;s Fair, and in 1895 he founded Junkers &amp; Co. in Dessau to build gas water heaters &mdash; the boxy wall boilers that still carry the Junkers name in German kitchens today. He became a professor of thermodynamics at Aachen, invented an opposed-piston engine, and was past fifty before aircraft took hold of him. When they did, he brought a boilermaker&rsquo;s conviction to them: <span class=\"imp\">aeroplanes should be made of metal<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The tin donkey<\/h3>\n<p>In 1910 Junkers patented the thick, unbraced cantilever wing &mdash; an idea that would eventually reshape every aircraft in the sky. In December 1915 his firm flew the J 1, the world&rsquo;s first practical all-metal aeroplane, built of heavy sheet iron and promptly nicknamed the Blechesel, the tin donkey. It was slow to climb and nobody ordered it, but it worked. Its successors switched to corrugated duralumin, and in 1917 the armoured J.I ground-attack biplane gave front-line infantry crews an aircraft that could shrug off rifle fire. The war ministry, wanting production rather than invention, forced Junkers into an uneasy partnership with Anthony Fokker that lasted until 1919.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The first all-metal airliner<\/h3>\n<p>Days before the Treaty of Versailles was signed, on 25 June 1919, the F 13 made its first flight: a four-passenger cabin monoplane, all metal, with a heated cabin and seat belts. It was the <span class=\"imp\">world&rsquo;s first all-metal airliner<\/span>, and 322 were built. Junkers did not just sell aircraft; he founded and backed airlines to fly them, from Junkers Luftverkehr to Lloyd A&#233;reo Boliviano. When the Allies banned aircraft production in Germany, he set up a factory at Fili outside Moscow. The corrugated-skin method spread around the world &mdash; Andrei Tupolev and William Stout, father of the Ford Trimotor, both built on it. The price was personal: his son Werner died in an F 13 crash in Brazil in 1923.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Bremen and the Bauhaus<\/h3>\n<p>The late 1920s were Junkers at full stretch. In April 1928 a W 33 named Bremen made the first successful east-to-west aeroplane crossing of the Atlantic, flown by Hermann K&#246;hl, Baron von H&#252;nefeld and the Irish navigator James Fitzmaurice. In May 1929 a W 34 took the world altitude record to 12,739 metres. That November the four-engined G 38 flew, the largest landplane in the world, with passengers seated inside its enormous wing. On the ground, Junkers helped bring the Bauhaus school of design from Weimar to Dessau in 1925, and his workshops and its architects fed each other ideas.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Expropriated<\/h3>\n<p>The Depression broke the empire. In March 1932 the group filed for insolvency, and the boiler business was sold to Robert Bosch to keep the aircraft works alive. Then came 1933. Hermann G&#246;ring, whom Junkers had once declined to employ, wanted the Dessau works for rearmament, and an official assessment branded Junkers a pacifist and a democrat. He was forced to hand over his patents and a majority of his shares, banned from his own factories and from Dessau itself, and placed under house arrest in Bavaria. He died on 3 February 1935 &mdash; his 76th birthday. His widow sold the remaining shares to the air ministry.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Stuka and the Ju 88<\/h3>\n<p>Under state control the company merged its airframe and engine arms in July 1936 as Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke, and became one of the pillars of the Luftwaffe. The Ju 87 Stuka, with its gull wings and propeller-driven sirens, became the emblem of Blitzkrieg; around 6,000 were built. The Ju 88 was even more important: 15,183 were produced as bomber, night fighter and reconnaissance aircraft. Junkers also built the Jumo 004, the first jet engine to enter series production, which powered the Messerschmitt Me 262. The home plant at Dessau employed up to about 40,000 people at its peak, and the group&rsquo;s war output relied heavily on forced labourers and concentration-camp prisoners.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">After the fall<\/h3>\n<p>Defeat scattered what was left. Dessau fell into the Soviet zone, and Junkers engineers and unfinished jet bomber designs were taken east. In the West a rump company survived, did space research &mdash; employing the Austrian rocket theorist Eugen S&#228;nger &mdash; and was drawn into Messerschmitt, which took control in 1965. By 1969 the Junkers name had disappeared inside Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm. Yet Tante Ju refused to die: Ju 52s still fly pleasure flights in Switzerland, and in 2015 a new Junkers Flugzeugwerke was founded in D&#252;bendorf, with the founder&rsquo;s heirs&rsquo; blessing, to build new F 13s and A 50s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">A boiler maker built the first all-metal aeroplane and the first all-metal airliner &mdash; then the Nazis took the company from its pacifist founder and made it build the Stuka.<cite>Junkers &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Junkers in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1895<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Junkers &amp; Co. founded in Dessau on 2 July 1895 by Hugo Junkers to make calorimeters and gas water heaters<\/li>\n<li>Junkers Flugzeugwerk AG founded 1919; merged with Junkers Motorenbau as JFM in July 1936<\/li>\n<li>Hugo Junkers expropriated by the Nazi regime in 1933; died 1935<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ju 52, Ju 87, Ju 88<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Ju 88: 15,183 built<\/li>\n<li>Ju 52: 4,845 built including post-war French and Spanish production<\/li>\n<li>F 13 of 1919: the world&rsquo;s first all-metal airliner<\/li>\n<li>J 1 of 1915: the world&rsquo;s first practical all-metal aircraft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Absorbed into MBB, 1969<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Name vanished inside Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm in 1969<\/li>\n<li>Junkers boilers continue under Bosch, which bought Junkers &amp; Co. in 1932<\/li>\n<li>A new Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG, founded in Switzerland in 2015, builds new F 13 and A 50 aircraft<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The modern Swiss firm is a licensed revival, not a continuation of the Dessau company.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Ju 88 built<\/dt>\n<dd>15,183<\/dd>\n<dt>Ju 52 built<\/dt>\n<dd>4,845 (including French AAC.1 and Spanish CASA 352 production)<\/dd>\n<dt>Ju 87 built<\/dt>\n<dd>about 6,000 (figures debated; Griehl cites 5,930)<\/dd>\n<dt>F 13 built<\/dt>\n<dd>322<\/dd>\n<dt>Peak workforce, Dessau main plant<\/dt>\n<dd>up to about 40,000<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft built in the First World War<\/dt>\n<dd>323 in total<\/dd>\n<dt>Altitude record, W 34<\/dt>\n<dd>12,739 m<span class=\"gnote\">1929<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Price paid by Bosch for Junkers &amp; Co.<\/dt>\n<dd>2.6 million Reichsmark<span class=\"gnote\">1932<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Junkers aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/b><em>Airliner \/ transport \/ bomber &middot; first flight 1932 &middot; 4,845 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Junkers Ju 86<\/b><em>Bomber \/ airliner \/ high-altitude reconnaissance &middot; first flight 1934 &middot; about 900 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Junkers Ju 87 Stuka<\/b><em>Dive-bomber &middot; first flight 1935 &middot; about 6,000 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-88\/\"><span class=\"im ph6\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Junkers Ju 88<\/b><em>Bomber \/ night fighter \/ reconnaissance &middot; first flight 1936 &middot; 15,183 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: Julian Herzog (CC BY 4.0); Wikimedia Commons (Public domain); Bundesarchiv (Opitz) &#183; CC BY-SA 3.0 de; U.S. Navy &#183; Public domain<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"acfind\" data-filter=\"#mfrtbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"aircraft\" placeholder=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" aria-label=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"acfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"acfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers J 1<\/td>\n<td>All-metal monoplane demonstrator<\/td>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>World&rsquo;s first practical all-metal aircraft; the Blechesel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers J.I (J 4)<\/td>\n<td>Armoured ground-attack sesquiplane<\/td>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>227<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Armoured all-metal infantry support aircraft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers D.I (J 9)<\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>41<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First production all-metal low-wing monoplane fighter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers CL.I (J 10)<\/td>\n<td>Two-seat ground-attack monoplane<\/td>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td>51<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers F 13<\/td>\n<td>Airliner<\/td>\n<td>1919<\/td>\n<td>322<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>World&rsquo;s first all-metal airliner<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers G 24<\/td>\n<td>Trimotor airliner<\/td>\n<td>1924<\/td>\n<td>about 72 in Germany, plus 20 in Sweden<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers W 33<\/td>\n<td>Light transport<\/td>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>199<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Bremen made the first east-to-west Atlantic aeroplane crossing, 1928<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers W 34<\/td>\n<td>Light transport<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Set a world altitude record of 12,739 m in 1929<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers G 31<\/td>\n<td>Trimotor airliner<\/td>\n<td>1926<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers K 47<\/td>\n<td>Two-seat fighter \/ dive-bomber testbed<\/td>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>23<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers A 50 Junior<\/td>\n<td>Light sport aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>69<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>69 original; new-build production revived in Switzerland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers G 38<\/td>\n<td>Four-engined airliner<\/td>\n<td>1929<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Largest landplane in the world when built; passengers sat in the wing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Airliner \/ transport \/ bomber<\/td>\n<td>1932<\/td>\n<td>4,845<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Tante Ju; a few still fly pleasure flights<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 86<\/td>\n<td>Bomber \/ airliner \/ high-altitude reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1934<\/td>\n<td>about 900<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\">Junkers Ju 87 Stuka<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Dive-bomber<\/td>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>about 6,000<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Emblem of Blitzkrieg; production totals are debated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-88\/\">Junkers Ju 88<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Bomber \/ night fighter \/ reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1936<\/td>\n<td>15,183<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Most-produced Junkers type<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 90<\/td>\n<td>Four-engined airliner \/ transport<\/td>\n<td>1937<\/td>\n<td>18<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 188<\/td>\n<td>Bomber \/ reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>more than 1,000<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 290<\/td>\n<td>Long-range transport \/ maritime patrol<\/td>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>65<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 352 Herkules<\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>50<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>43 by Junkers, seven in Czechoslovakia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 388<\/td>\n<td>High-altitude bomber \/ night fighter \/ reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>about 100<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Junkers Ju 287<\/td>\n<td>Jet bomber prototype<\/td>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Forward-swept-wing jet bomber; V1 flew, V2 nearly complete at war&rsquo;s end<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>Junkers aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">15 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew Junkers types. <span class=\"imp\">0 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"opfind\" data-filter=\"#optbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air forces\" placeholder=\"Search air forces and types\" aria-label=\"Search air forces and types\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"opfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"opfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bolivian-air-force\/\">Bolivian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52<\/a>, Junkers W 34, A 50 and F 13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bulgarian-air-force\/\">Bulgarian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 87 R-2 and D-5<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/chilean-air-force\/\">Chilean Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers Ju 86, Junkers R-42, Curtiss Falcon, Vickers Vixen and Vickers-Wibault<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/colombian-aerospace-force\/\">Colombian Aerospace Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/a>, Junkers F 13, W 34 and K 43; Dornier Wal and Merkur<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ethiopian-air-force\/\">Ethiopian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers W 33c<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/finnish-air-force\/\">Finnish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-88\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 88A-4<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/german-air-force\/\">German Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 87 Stuka<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/a>, Junkers Ju 88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/hungarian-air-force\/\">Hungarian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers Ju 86K-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/mongolian-air-force\/\">Mongolian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers F 13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/portuguese-air-force\/\">Portuguese Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/a>, Junkers Ju 86K-7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/slovak-air-force\/\">Slovak Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ju-87-stuka\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 87D-3<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/south-african-air-force\/\">South African Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers Ju 86 K-3\/Z, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/swedish-air-force\/\">Swedish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52 (Tp 5)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/swiss-air-force\/\">Swiss Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/junkers-ju-52\/\" class=\"was\">Junkers Ju 52\/3m g4e<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/yemeni-air-force\/\">Yemeni Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Junkers A 35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Junkers built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Dessau main works<\/b> &middot; Dessau, Saxony-Anhalt &mdash; Home plant from 1895; up to about 40,000 employees in the Second World War<\/li>\n<li><b>Fili plant<\/b> &middot; Fili, Moscow, Soviet Union &mdash; Opened in the early 1920s to build aircraft beyond the reach of Versailles restrictions<\/li>\n<li><b>Bernburg works<\/b> &middot; Bernburg-Strenzfeld &mdash; Opened October 1937; one of many JFM branch plants<\/li>\n<li><b>Engine plants<\/b> &middot; Magdeburg, K&#246;then, Kassel &mdash; Jumo engine branch works opened 1935&ndash;1940<\/li>\n<li><b>Underground sites<\/b> &middot; Heimkehle cave and Mittelbau-Dora &mdash; Wartime dispersal sites worked by concentration-camp prisoners<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Hugo Junkers<\/b> &middot; founder, engineer &mdash; Patented the cantilever thick wing in 1910; expropriated 1933, died 1935<\/li>\n<li><b>Hans Reissner<\/b> &middot; engineer &mdash; Collaborated with Junkers at Aachen from 1908; his metal-winged aircraft first drew Junkers into aviation<\/li>\n<li><b>Otto Reuter<\/b> &middot; designer &mdash; Designer of the F 13<\/li>\n<li><b>Hermann Pohlmann<\/b> &middot; designer &mdash; Designed the W 33, A 50 and Ju 87<\/li>\n<li><b>Ernst Zindel<\/b> &middot; designer &mdash; Led design of the Ju 52 and Ju 86 and co-designed the Ju 88<\/li>\n<li><b>Heinrich Koppenberg<\/b> &middot; general director &mdash; State-installed head who merged the firms into JFM in 1936<\/li>\n<li><b>Hermann K&#246;hl<\/b> &middot; pilot &mdash; Flew the W 33 Bremen across the Atlantic east to west in 1928<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>World&rsquo;s first practical all-metal aircraft, the J 1, 1915 (j11)<\/li>\n<li>World&rsquo;s first all-metal airliner, the F 13, 1919 (j4)<\/li>\n<li>First east-to-west transatlantic aeroplane crossing, W 33 Bremen, 12&ndash;13 April 1928 (j26)<\/li>\n<li>World altitude record of 12,739 m in a W 34, 26 May 1929 (j6)<\/li>\n<li>G 38: the largest landplane in the world when it flew in 1929 (j1)<\/li>\n<li>Jumo 004: the first jet engine in series production, powering the Me 262 (j3)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Junkers, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1895<\/div>\n<p>Hugo Junkers founds Junkers &amp; Co. in Dessau to make gas appliances<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1910<\/div>\n<p>Junkers patents the thick, unbraced cantilever wing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1915<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the J 1, the first practical all-metal aircraft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<p>Forced merger with Fokker as Junkers-Fokker-Werke AG<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1919<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the F 13, the first all-metal airliner; Junkers Flugzeugwerk AG formed that year<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1922<\/div>\n<p>Production begins at Fili near Moscow<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1925<\/div>\n<p>Junkers helps the Bauhaus move from Weimar to Dessau<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1928<\/div>\n<p>W 33 Bremen completes the first east-to-west Atlantic aeroplane crossing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1929<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the G 38, the world&rsquo;s largest landplane<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1932<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the three-engined Ju 52\/3m<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1932<\/div>\n<p>Junkers group files for insolvency; Junkers &amp; Co. sold to Bosch in November<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1933<\/div>\n<p>Nazi regime forces Hugo Junkers to surrender his patents and majority holding<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1935<\/div>\n<p>Hugo Junkers dies under house arrest on his 76th birthday<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1935<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the Ju 87<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1936<\/div>\n<p>Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1936<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the Ju 88<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1965<\/div>\n<p>Messerschmitt takes control of JFM<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<p>Junkers name disappears within MBB<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2015<\/div>\n<p>Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG refounded in D&#252;bendorf, Switzerland, to build new historic types<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after Junkers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mbb\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB)<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Messerschmitt took control in 1965; the Junkers name vanished inside MBB in 1969<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB) page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Junkers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Is Junkers still making aircraft?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The original Dessau company was absorbed by Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm and the name disappeared in 1969. A separate Swiss company, Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG, was founded in 2015 with the family&rsquo;s permission and builds new F 13 and A 50 aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was Junkers&rsquo; most produced aircraft?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Ju 88, with 15,183 built during the Second World War, followed by the Ju 87 Stuka at around 6,000 and the Ju 52 at 4,845.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Was Hugo Junkers a Nazi?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. Nazi officials considered him a pacifist and a democrat. In 1933 he was forced to give up his patents and his majority holding, banned from Dessau and placed under house arrest; he died in 1935. The company built Luftwaffe aircraft under state control after he had been removed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the Junkers boiler company the same as the aircraft maker?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">They share a founder. Junkers &amp; Co., the gas-appliance firm Hugo Junkers founded in 1895, was sold to Robert Bosch in 1932, and Bosch still uses the Junkers brand for heating products.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the first all-metal aircraft?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Junkers J 1, first flown on 12 December 1915, is generally regarded as the world&rsquo;s first practical all-metal aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can you still fly in a Ju 52?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Ju-Air in Switzerland has operated restored Ju 52s for sightseeing flights.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Junkers still making aircraft?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The original Dessau company was absorbed by Messerschmitt-B\\u00f6lkow-Blohm and the name disappeared in 1969. A separate Swiss company, Junkers Flugzeugwerke AG, was founded in 2015 with the family\\u2019s permission and builds new F 13 and A 50 aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was Junkers\\u2019 most produced aircraft?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Ju 88, with 15,183 built during the Second World War, followed by the Ju 87 Stuka at around 6,000 and the Ju 52 at 4,845.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was Hugo Junkers a Nazi?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Nazi officials considered him a pacifist and a democrat. In 1933 he was forced to give up his patents and his majority holding, banned from Dessau and placed under house arrest; he died in 1935. The company built Luftwaffe aircraft under state control after he had been removed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the Junkers boiler company the same as the aircraft maker?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"They share a founder. Junkers \\u0026 Co., the gas-appliance firm Hugo Junkers founded in 1895, was sold to Robert Bosch in 1932, and Bosch still uses the Junkers brand for heating products.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the first all-metal aircraft?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Junkers J 1, first flown on 12 December 1915, is generally regarded as the world\\u2019s first practical all-metal aircraft.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you still fly in a Ju 52?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Ju-Air in Switzerland has operated restored Ju 52s for sightseeing flights.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Junkers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/dornier\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Germany<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Dornier<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Lake Constance firm that built a 12-engine flying boat for 169 people, dodged Versailles by building in Italy and Switzerland, and went bankrupt twelve days after&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Dornier page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mbb\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Germany<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB)<\/span><span class=\"rp\">West Germany&rsquo;s postwar aerospace champion fused Messerschmitt, Bolkow and the Hamburg shipbuilders&rsquo; aircraft arm, built the helicopter that could loop, and&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB) page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_Junkers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hugo Junkers (German Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Flugzeug-_und_Motorenwerke\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke (German Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_F_13\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers F 13 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_W_33\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers W 33 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_W_34\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers W 34 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_G_38\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers G 38 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_52\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 52 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_88\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 88 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_87\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 87 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_J_1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers J 1 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_J.I\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers J.I (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_D.I\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers D.I (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_CL.I\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers CL.I (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_G_24\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers G 24 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_G_31\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers G 31 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_K_47\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers K 47 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_A50\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers A50 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_86\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 86 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_90\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 90 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_188\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 188 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_290\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 290 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_352\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 352 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_388\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 388 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Junkers_Ju_287\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Junkers Ju 287 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bremen_(aircraft)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bremen (aircraft) (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hugo_Junkers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hugo Junkers (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/de-t-junkers-ju-52-3m-c.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/junkers-logo.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/08\/junkers-ju-52-tante-ju-ju-air-hb-hos-switzerland-scaled.jpg)!important}#mfam 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