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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/turkish-air-force\/\">Turkish Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Turkish Air Force has fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">The record includes the Dersim operations of 1937, for which the state apologised in 2011, and Roboski in December 2011, where two F-16s killed 34 villagers. The Aegean and Syrian border entries report each government&rsquo;s account and take neither side. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the Balkan Wars of 1912 to the air war over Syria.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Thrace and the approaches to Istanbul Ottoman Aviation Squadrons No allied air arm Bl&#233;riot and other early types\">\n<td>The Balkan Wars<span class=\"cwho\">Ottoman aviation&rsquo;s first war<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ottoman Aviation Squadrons<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1912&ndash;1913<\/td>\n<td>Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro<\/td>\n<td>Bl&#233;riot and other early types<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Flew reconnaissance for the Ottoman army.<\/p>\n<p>The Ottoman air arm was barely a year old when the First Balkan War began. Its first two pilots, Mehmet Fesa and Yusuf Kenan, had qualified at the Bl&#233;riot school in France only on 21 February 1912, and the school at Ye&#351;ilk&#246;y had opened on 3 July. Wikipedia&rsquo;s history counts about seventeen aircraft flying reconnaissance between September 1912 and October 1913. Inexperience cost aircraft and men at first, but pilots improved with every month of fighting. The war was a disaster for the empire on the ground, and it convinced Istanbul that aviation needed more money, foreign help and trained crews &mdash; lessons that shaped the German-backed air arm of 1914.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Ottoman Empire lost almost all its European territory; the air arm learnt its trade.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Aircraft types, sortie counts and losses were not confirmed on an official Turkish page.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ottoman Aviation Squadrons<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Thrace and the approaches to Istanbul<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Bl&#233;riot and other early types<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not recorded in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia records significant early losses from inexperience; figures were not confirmed.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Dardanelles, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine Ottoman Aviation Squadrons Alongside Germany and Austria-Hungary German-supplied types\">\n<td>The First World War<span class=\"cwho\">Gallipoli, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and Palestine<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Ottoman Aviation Squadrons<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1914&ndash;1918<\/td>\n<td>United Kingdom, France and Russia<\/td>\n<td>German-supplied types<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Reconnaissance, artillery spotting, fighter and bombing missions with German aircraft and many German aircrew.<\/p>\n<p>The First World War turned a handful of aircraft into a real air arm, but a largely German one. Germany sent some 460 aircraft, about 260 of which reached Ottoman units, together with pilots, observers and instructors; the ace Hans-Joachim Buddecke was among those who flew for the Ottomans. Squadrons flew over Gallipoli, the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and Palestine, and strength peaked in December 1916 at about 90 combat aircraft with 81 pilots and observers. In July 1918 the squadrons were reorganised as the General Inspectorate of Air Forces. The armistice of 30 October 1918 ended them, but the pilots and the surviving aircraft became the core of the nationalist air branch of 1920.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The armistice of Mudros on 30 October 1918 ended the Ottoman air arm.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Victory and loss totals are not given; they were not confirmed in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Ottoman Aviation Squadrons<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Dardanelles, Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany and Austria-Hungary<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United Kingdom, France and Russia<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>German-supplied types<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not recorded in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\"><\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Anatolia Air branch of the Grand National Assembly No allied air arm Surviving First World War aircraft\">\n<td>The Turkish War of Independence<span class=\"cwho\">flying for Ankara from Konya<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Air branch of the Grand National Assembly<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1919&ndash;1922<\/td>\n<td>Greece<\/td>\n<td>Surviving First World War aircraft<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Flew reconnaissance for the nationalist army with aircraft left over from the First World War.<\/p>\n<p>After the armistice and the Allied occupation, Turkish aviators formed small units at Istanbul, &#304;zmir, Konya, Elaz&#305;&#287; and Diyarbak&#305;r from whatever aircraft survived. When the Grand National Assembly met in Ankara on 23 April 1920 it created an air branch under the war office; its pilots flew from Konya, and in July 1922 the branch became the Inspectorate of Air Forces there. The numbers were tiny and the aircraft worn out, but the air force still counts this war as the start of its republican history.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The nationalists won; the Republic was proclaimed on 29 October 1923.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Sortie and loss figures were not found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Air branch of the Grand National Assembly<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Anatolia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Greece<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Surviving First World War aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not recorded in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\"><\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Eastern Anatolia Turkish air units (under the Ministry of Defence) No allied air arm Interwar bombers and reconnaissance aircraft\">\n<td>Operations against the Sheikh Said and Dersim uprisings<span class=\"cwho\">1925 and 1937&ndash;1938<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish air units (under the Ministry of Defence)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1925&ndash;1938<\/td>\n<td>Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and Dersim uprising (1937&ndash;1938)<\/td>\n<td>Interwar bombers and reconnaissance aircraft<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Bombing and reconnaissance against Kurdish uprisings.<\/p>\n<p>The young air force&rsquo;s first operations after 1923 were at home. In 1925 aircraft were used against the Sheikh Said rebellion in the east. In 1937 aircraft bombed in Dersim, today Tunceli, during the suppression of an uprising in which large numbers of civilians were killed; Sabiha G&#246;k&#231;en took part and was decorated, which is why her story is now told with this chapter attached. The Turkish General Staff described her bombing as causing serious damage. In 2011 Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdo&#287;an described the events in Dersim as among the most tragic in the country&rsquo;s recent history and apologised on behalf of the state.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Both uprisings were suppressed. In 2011 the prime minister apologised on behalf of the state for the events in Dersim.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty figures for Dersim differ widely between sources and were not verified here, so none is given.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish air units (under the Ministry of Defence)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Eastern Anatolia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Sheikh Said rebellion (1925) and Dersim uprising (1937&ndash;1938)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Interwar bombers and reconnaissance aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not recorded in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not confirmed; civilian deaths in Dersim were heavy but no figure was verified for this page.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sabiha_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Korea Turkish Air Force (one officer attached to US forces) Alongside United Nations Command B-26 Invader (US aircraft)\">\n<td>The Korean War<span class=\"cwho\">one pilot, no squadron<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force (one officer attached to US forces)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1950&ndash;1953<\/td>\n<td>North Korea and China<\/td>\n<td>B-26 Invader (US aircraft)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">No Turkish Air Force unit deployed. Turkey sent an army brigade; one Turkish pilot flew with US forces.<\/p>\n<p>Turkey&rsquo;s contribution to Korea was the Turkish Brigade, which served attached to the US 25th Infantry Division: 14,936 soldiers passed through it, and it lost 721 killed, 2,111 wounded and 168 missing. The air force sent no squadron. Its one representative in the air war was Muzaffer Erd&#246;nmez, described in the brigade&rsquo;s history as the sole Turkish pilot, who flew a US B-26 and was shot down and killed while bombing railway lines. Korea mattered to the air force in another way: the brigade&rsquo;s sacrifice helped carry Turkey into NATO in 1952, and with NATO came the jets.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Armistice of 27 July 1953; Turkey entered NATO in 1952.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The date of Erd&#246;nmez&rsquo;s loss and his unit were not confirmed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force (one officer attached to US forces)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Korea<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations Command<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>North Korea and China<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>B-26 Invader (US aircraft)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not applicable.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Muzaffer Erd&#246;nmez, the only Turkish pilot in the war, was shot down and killed in a US B-26.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Brigade\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Cyprus and the surrounding sea Turkish Air Force No allied air arm F-100C\/D F-104G RF-84F C-47 C-130 C-160\">\n<td>The Turkish intervention in Cyprus<span class=\"cwho\">Operation Attila; Greece and Cyprus call it the invasion<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>Cypriot National Guard and Greece (ELDYK)<\/td>\n<td>F-100C\/D, F-104G, RF-84F<span class=\"cwho\">and 3 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Close support, interdiction and bombing around Nicosia; transport and paratroop support for the landings.<\/p>\n<p>Turkey describes the operation of 20 July 1974 as an intervention under the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee after the Greek junta-backed coup against President Makarios; Greece and the Republic of Cyprus call it an invasion and occupation. For the air force it was the first real war since 1922. F-100 Super Sabres flew close support and bombed around Nicosia, F-104Gs and RF-84Fs flew strike and reconnaissance, and transports carried paratroops. Ground fire was heavy: by Wikipedia&rsquo;s compiled list the air force lost about ten aircraft in three days. Its worst moment came on 21 July. Turkish aircraft, mistaking their own ships for a Greek force, attacked a Turkish naval group and sank the destroyer Kocatepe, the former USS Harwood, with 54 of her crew. The Greek side&rsquo;s own worst air loss, a Noratlas shot down by Greek Cypriot gunners during Operation Niki, was also friendly fire. The political price came in 1975, when Congress&rsquo;s arms embargo shut every US base in Turkey except Incirlik and &#304;zmir.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Turkish forces took about a third of the island in two phases (20&ndash;22 July and 14&ndash;16 August 1974). The US arms embargo that followed lasted until September 1978.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Loss lists come from mixed, largely unofficial sources and are not confirmed by the Turkish government. Some accounts give a different death toll for the Kocatepe; 54 is the figure used by both Wikipedia articles checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Cyprus and the surrounding sea<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Cypriot National Guard and Greece (ELDYK)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>F-100C\/D, F-104G, RF-84F, C-47, C-130, C-160<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not found in an official source.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">About ten aircraft by the list compiled on Wikipedia for 20&ndash;22 July: seven F-100s (one in a landing accident in Turkey), an F-104G, an RF-84F and a Do 28, with three transports damaged. The destroyer Kocatepe was sunk by Turkish aircraft in error with 54 killed.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reported_military_losses_during_the_Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Harwood\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/details\/r\/C11204500\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">UK National Archives<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incirlik_Air_Base\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Aegean Sea Turkish Air Force No allied air arm F-16C\/D F-4E RF-4E\">\n<td>Aegean airspace confrontation<span class=\"cwho\">interceptions, 1996 and 2006<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1974&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, F-4E, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">RF-4E<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Flies military aircraft in what Turkey regards as international airspace over the Aegean, without filing flight plans with Athens, and is intercepted by Greek fighters.<\/p>\n<p>Turkey recognises 6 nautical miles of Greek airspace, matching Greece&rsquo;s territorial sea; its Foreign Ministry calls the Greek claim to 10 miles an arbitrary attempt to shrink international airspace and says the Athens FIR, set up under ICAO in 1952, is a technical responsibility that confers no sovereign rights and cannot require flight plans from state aircraft. Greece&rsquo;s Foreign Ministry says the 10-mile limit has applied uniformly since a decree of 6 September 1931, that Turkish warplanes violate it systematically, and that Turkey filed flight plans until 1974 and has refused since 1980, endangering civil aviation. On 8 October 1996 two Greek Mirage 2000s intercepted a Turkish F-16D near Chios; it went down, Captain Nail Erdo&#287;an was killed and Lieutenant Colonel Osman &#199;i&#231;ekli ejected. Greece denied a shootdown; in 2012 Turkish Defence Minister &#304;smet Y&#305;lmaz said a Magic II missile had downed it. On 23 May 2006 a Turkish F-16 escorting an RF-4E collided with a Greek F-16 at 27,000 feet near Karpathos. Greece said the Turkish jets were in the Athens FIR without flight plans; Defence Minister Vecdi G&#246;n&#252;l said they were in international airspace on a scheduled flight notified to NATO. The Greek pilot died; the Turkish pilot was rescued by a merchant ship.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Continuing; periods of calm follow Greek-Turkish diplomatic contacts.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The legal questions (airspace width, FIR rules) are disputed between the two governments; this entry reports each side&rsquo;s stated position and takes neither. Wikipedia&rsquo;s account of the 1996 statement says it described the F-16D as having violated Greek airspace; that wording is reported, not endorsed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Aegean Sea<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, F-4E, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">RF-4E<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Greece publishes counts of what it calls violations and infringements; Turkey does not accept the terms and publishes no equivalent series. Neither was compiled here.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>2 aircraft &middot; 1 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Turkish losses in the two best-known incidents: an F-16D and its pilot on 8 October 1996, and an F-16 on 23 May 2006 whose pilot ejected and was rescued. Greece lost an F-16 and its pilot on 23 May 2006.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/background-note-on-aegean-dispute.en.mfa\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Republic of T&#252;rkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gr\/en\/foreign-policy\/foreign-policy-issues\/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations\/national-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gr\/en\/foreign-policy\/foreign-policy-issues\/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations\/athens-fir\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996_Turkish_F-16_shootdown\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2006\/5\/23\/greek-and-turkish-fighter-jets-collide\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Al Jazeera<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd7\" data-x=\"South-eastern Turkey, northern Iraq and northern Syria Turkish Air Force No allied air arm F-16C\/D F-4E 2020 Anka Ak&#305;nc&#305;\">\n<td>The air war against the PKK<span class=\"cwho\">south-east Turkey and northern Iraq<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1984&ndash;2025<\/td>\n<td>Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party (PKK)<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a>, Anka<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd7\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd7\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Strikes on PKK camps and fighters, including cross-border operations in Iraq, flown by F-16s, F-4Es and, from the 2010s, armed drones.<\/p>\n<p>The PKK insurgency, about 40,000 dead on all sides between 1978 and 2025, became the air force&rsquo;s longest war. The Turkish armed forces reported bombing PKK positions in northern Iraq on 26 May 1994, and the air campaign widened in December 2007, when strikes on camps in Iraq opened Operation Sun; on 16 December 2007 the air force first used AGM-65 Maverick and AGM-142 Popeye missiles at night. In August 2011 it struck 132 targets in six days. The same campaign produced its gravest error. On 28 December 2011 two F-16s bombed a group of about 40 villagers crossing from Iraq near Uludere; 34 were killed, most of them young smugglers of the Enc&#252; family. The air force said it had mistaken them for PKK fighters; on 7 January 2014 military prosecutors decided not to prosecute, finding a major error made within orders. After the peace process broke down in 2015, strikes resumed with Operation Martyr Yal&#231;&#305;n on 24&ndash;25 July, and from 2019 the Claw operations relied heavily on drones. After Abdullah &#214;calan&rsquo;s call of February 2025 the PKK announced its dissolution on 12 May 2025.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The PKK announced its dissolution on 12 May 2025 and began destroying weapons on 11 July 2025.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Turkey, the EU and the United States list the PKK as a terrorist organisation. Casualty claims from both sides are generally unverifiable and are not given.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>South-eastern Turkey, northern Iraq and northern Syria<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Kurdistan Workers&rsquo; Party (PKK)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a>, Anka, Ak&#305;nc&#305;<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No official cumulative figure found. In August 2011 the air force struck 132 targets in six days.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not compiled. At Roboski on 28 December 2011 two F-16s killed 34 civilians.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party_insurgency\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roboski_airstrike\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd8\" data-x=\"Bosnia and Herzegovina, from Ghedi and Aviano, Italy Turkish Air Force Alongside NATO F-16C\/D\">\n<td>Bosnia and Herzegovina<span class=\"cwho\">Deny Flight and Deliberate Force<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1993&ndash;2001<\/td>\n<td>Bosnian Serb forces<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd8\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd8\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd8\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">F-16 squadrons flew in NATO&rsquo;s operations over Bosnia, including Deliberate Force in 1995.<\/p>\n<p>Wikipedia records that Turkey kept two F-16 squadrons in Italy for the UN and NATO operations over Bosnia, one at Ghedi and later one at Aviano, and that Turkish jets took part in Operation Deliberate Force in 1995. The detachment returned home in 2001, after the Kosovo air war. It was the air force&rsquo;s first sustained deployment abroad since 1918.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Dayton agreement ended the war in 1995; the Turkish detachment came home in 2001.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The start date of the deployment (1993 here, with Deny Flight) and sortie totals were not confirmed on an official page.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Bosnia and Herzegovina, from Ghedi and Aviano, Italy<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Bosnian Serb forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not found in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No losses recorded in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd9\" data-x=\"Serbia and Kosovo, from Aviano and Ankara Turkish Air Force Alongside NATO F-16C\/D\">\n<td>Operation Allied Force<span class=\"cwho\">Kosovo and Serbia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1999<\/td>\n<td>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd9\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd9\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd9\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Combat air patrols with laser-guided bomb capability.<\/p>\n<p>Turkey committed 18 F-16s to NATO&rsquo;s air war over Serbia: 11 at Aviano in Italy and seven held in Ankara, all TAI-built and carrying laser-guided bombs and LANTIRN pods. Wikipedia credits Turkish F-16s with a combat air patrol of 9 hours 22 minutes over the Balkans, against a usual three to four hours, which it calls a world record.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Yugoslavia accepted NATO&rsquo;s terms in June 1999.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The record claim comes from Wikipedia and was not confirmed on an official page.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Serbia and Kosovo, from Aviano and Ankara<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No losses recorded.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd10\" data-x=\"Turkish&ndash;Syrian border and the eastern Mediterranean Turkish Air Force No allied air arm RF-4E F-16C\/D\">\n<td>Syrian border shootdowns<span class=\"cwho\">the RF-4E, the MiG-23 and the Su-24<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2012&ndash;2015<\/td>\n<td>Syria and Russia (2015)<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">RF-4E<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd10\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd10\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd10\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Reconnaissance and border air defence.<\/p>\n<p>On 22 June 2012 an RF-4E of 113 Squadron from Erha&#231; was shot down off the Syrian coast; Flight Lieutenant G&#246;khan Ertan and Flying Officer Hasan H&#252;seyin Aksoy were killed, and their bodies were recovered from 1,280 metres on 4 July. Turkey said the jet had briefly entered Syrian airspace and left, and was hit by a missile in international airspace; Syria said it had violated Syrian airspace and was hit by anti-aircraft fire. On 23 March 2014 a Turkish F-16 shot down a Syrian MiG-23 near the border. On 24 November 2015 a Turkish F-16 fired an AIM-120 at a Russian Su-24M. Turkey said the bomber had crossed 2.19 km into Turkish airspace for 17 seconds after ten warnings in five minutes; Russia said it had stayed about 1,000 metres inside Syria. Lieutenant Colonel Oleg Peshkov was killed by ground fire from Syrian rebels as he descended by parachute, and a Russian marine died in the rescue; the navigator, Konstantin Murakhtin, was rescued. In June 2016 President Erdo&#287;an wrote to express condolences to the families, and later that year said the two Turkish pilots had been arrested over alleged links to the G&#252;len movement.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Russia imposed sanctions after November 2015; relations were restored after President Erdo&#287;an&rsquo;s letter of June 2016.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Each government&rsquo;s account of both shootdowns is reported as stated; the physical evidence was not independently assessed here.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish&ndash;Syrian border and the eastern Mediterranean<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Syria and Russia (2015)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">RF-4E<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not applicable.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 aircraft &middot; 2 killed<span class=\"cwho\">RF-4E 77-0314 and both crew on 22 June 2012. Turkish F-16s shot down a Syrian MiG-23 on 23 March 2014 (pilot ejected) and a Russian Su-24 on 24 November 2015.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2012_Turkish_F-4_Phantom_shootdown\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_Russian_Sukhoi_Su-24_shootdown\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II_non-U.S._operators\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd11\" data-x=\"Ankara and Istanbul Turkish Air Force (plotters and loyal units) No allied air arm F-16C\/D KC-135R F-4E 2020 Helicopters\">\n<td>The coup attempt of 15 July 2016<span class=\"cwho\">the night at Ak&#305;nc&#305;<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force (plotters and loyal units)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, KC-135R, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd11\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd11\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd11\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Plotters used F-16s, tankers and helicopters against state targets; loyal F-4Es bombed the runway at Ak&#305;nc&#305;.<\/p>\n<p>Ak&#305;nc&#305;, the 4th Main Jet Base north-west of Ankara, was the plotters&rsquo; command post. Six F-16s of the 8th Main Jet Base at Diyarbak&#305;r had been moved there the day before, and two KC-135Rs from Incirlik refuelled jets in the air. F-16s flew low over Ankara and Istanbul, and aircraft struck the Grand National Assembly several times after 03:00, the special police headquarters at G&#246;lba&#351;&#305;, where 42 were killed, and the T&#252;rksat headquarters. The Chief of the General Staff, Hulusi Akar, was held at Ak&#305;nc&#305; until special forces freed him; the air force commander, Abidin &#220;nal, was seized at a wedding in Istanbul. Loyal F-4E 2020s bombed the runway thresholds at Ak&#305;nc&#305; to stop further sorties, and power to Incirlik was cut and its Turkish commander, General Bekir Ercan Van, arrested. The government blamed the G&#252;len movement; Fethullah G&#252;len denied involvement. The former air force commander Ak&#305;n &#214;zt&#252;rk was convicted of a leading role; a UN Human Rights Council body later found he had been denied a fair trial.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The attempt failed by the morning of 16 July. Ak&#305;nc&#305; was closed and renamed M&#252;rted on 6 September 2016; a wide purge of the armed forces followed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Death tolls differ by source and by whether plotters are counted; the range is given. Figures for aircraft involved are reported as alleged.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force (plotters and loyal units)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Ankara and Istanbul<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, KC-135R, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a>, Helicopters<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia reports 35 aircraft and 37 helicopters allegedly involved.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Between about 270 and 350 people were killed that night in all, including 179 civilians, and 2,185 wounded, per the range compiled by Wikipedia.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ak%C4%B1nc%C4%B1_Air_Base\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incirlik_Air_Base\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd12\" data-x=\"Northern Syria and northern Iraq Turkish Air Force Alongside Syrian National Army F-16C\/D F-4E 2020 Anka\">\n<td>Operations in Syria and Iraq<span class=\"cwho\">ISIL strikes, Euphrates Shield, Olive Branch, Peace Spring<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2015&ndash;2019<\/td>\n<td>Islamic State and YPG\/SDF<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a>, Anka<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd12\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd12\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd12\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Strikes on Islamic State and on the YPG, which Turkey regards as the Syrian branch of the PKK, in support of Turkish and allied Syrian ground forces.<\/p>\n<p>The air force began striking Islamic State in Syria and Iraq from 2015, and in July 2015 Operation Martyr Yal&#231;&#305;n hit both ISIL and PKK targets. Euphrates Shield (2016&ndash;2017) was the first large Turkish ground operation in Syria, with Anka drones in heavy use. Olive Branch began with air strikes on 20 January 2018 against the YPG in Afrin; Turkey said the YPG and the PKK were one organisation, while the YPG and its US partners in the anti-ISIL campaign rejected that. Reports accused Turkish strikes of killing civilians and hitting hospitals; Turkey denied it and released drone video. Peace Spring followed in October 2019.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Turkish-backed forces took Jarabulus to al-Bab (2016&ndash;2017), Afrin (18 March 2018) and a strip east of the Euphrates (2019).<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty claims from all parties are contested and are not given.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern Syria and northern Iraq<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Syrian National Army<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Islamic State and YPG\/SDF<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-4-phantom-ii\/\">F-4E 2020<\/a>, Anka<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">On 20 January 2018, the opening day of Olive Branch, officials said 150 targets were hit around Afrin.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No air force jet losses recorded in the sources checked; an army T129 helicopter was shot down on 10 February 2018.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Olive_Branch\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TAI_Anka\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd13\" data-x=\"Idlib province, Syria Turkish Air Force and other Turkish drone operators Alongside Syrian National Army F-16C\/D Anka-S Bayraktar TB2\">\n<td>Operation Spring Shield<span class=\"cwho\">Idlib<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force and other Turkish drone operators<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<td>Syria (Assad government)<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, Anka-S, Bayraktar TB2<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd13\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd13\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd13\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">F-16s shot down Syrian aircraft from Turkish airspace; armed drones struck Syrian government forces and air defences.<\/p>\n<p>The operation followed the air strikes at Balyun on 27 February 2020, which killed 33 or 34 Turkish soldiers; Turkey blamed Syrian and possibly Russian aircraft, and Russia denied involvement. On 1 March Turkish F-16s, flying inside Turkish airspace, shot down two Syrian Su-24s; all four crew ejected, and both sides confirmed the loss. On 3 March an F-16 shot down a Syrian L-39 over Idlib. The drones were the story of the week: Turkish sources claimed many Syrian air defence systems and vehicles destroyed with Anka and TB2 drones supported by electronic warfare, for the loss of four drones.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ceasefire agreed by Turkey and Russia in Moscow on 5 March, in force from 6 March 2020.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Turkish claims of Syrian equipment destroyed were not independently verified.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force and other Turkish drone operators<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Idlib province, Syria<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Syrian National Army<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Syria (Assad government)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a>, Anka-S, Bayraktar TB2<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>4 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">One Anka-S (1 March) and three TB2s (2, 3 and 4 March); no manned aircraft lost.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Spring_Shield\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd14\" data-x=\"Baltic states Turkish Air Force Alongside NATO F-16C\/D\">\n<td>NATO air policing<span class=\"cwho\">Baltic states<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Turkish Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd14\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd14\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd14\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Four F-16s flew NATO&rsquo;s Baltic Air Policing rotation.<\/p>\n<p>In 2006 four Turkish F-16s deployed for NATO&rsquo;s Baltic Air Policing mission, guarding the airspace of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, which have no fighters of their own. Later Turkish air policing rotations were not confirmed for this page.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Completed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Turkish Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Baltic states<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16C\/D<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">None.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkish_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/details\/r\/C11204500\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">UK National Archives: Sinking of the Turkish destroyer KOCATEPE off Cyprus, 21 July 1974<\/a><span>Catalogue record of the British file on the sinking; confirms date.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/background-note-on-aegean-dispute.en.mfa\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Republic of T&#252;rkiye Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Background note on Aegean dispute<\/a><span>Turkish position on 6 and 10 nautical miles, the FIR and flight plans.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gr\/en\/foreign-policy\/foreign-policy-issues\/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations\/national-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs: National airspace<\/a><span>Greek position: 10 nautical miles since the decree of 6 September 1931.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mfa.gr\/en\/foreign-policy\/foreign-policy-issues\/issues-of-greek-turkish-relations\/athens-fir\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Athens FIR<\/a><span>Greek position on flight plans; NOTAM 714 of 1974; Turkish refusal since 1980.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2006\/5\/23\/greek-and-turkish-fighter-jets-collide\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Al Jazeera: Greek and Turkish fighter jets collide (23 May 2006)<\/a><span>Greek and Turkish official positions, including Defence Minister Vecdi G&#246;n&#252;l.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-29. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/turkish-air-force\/\">Back to the Turkish Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam 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el=document.getElementById(\"cmb-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Order of Battle &middot; Turkish Air Force Every war the Turkish Air Force has fought The record includes the Dersim operations of 1937, for which the state apologised in 2011, and Roboski in December 2011, where two F-16s killed 34 villagers. The Aegean and Syrian border entries report each government&rsquo;s account and take neither side. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small. From the Balkan Wars of 1912 to the air war over Syria. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":26030,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26032","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Turkish Air Force combat record | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ja\/\u7a7a\u8ecd\/\u30c8\u30eb\u30b3\u7a7a\u8ecd\/\u6226\u95d8\u8a18\u9332\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ja_JP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Turkish Air Force combat record | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Turkish Air Force Every war the Turkish Air Force has fought The record includes the Dersim operations of 1937, for which the state apologised in 2011, and Roboski in December 2011, where two F-16s killed 34 villagers. 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