{"id":4530943,"date":"2026-07-08T14:15:00","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T12:15:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/?p=4530943"},"modified":"2026-07-10T19:26:00","modified_gmt":"2026-07-10T17:26:00","slug":"etops-explained-engines-turn-or-passengers-swim","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/fr\/etops-explained-engines-turn-or-passengers-swim\/","title":{"rendered":"Engines Turn or Passengers Swim"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>.et_pb_title_container h1.entry-title { padding-top: 40px !important; }<\/style>\n<p>On the evening of 1 February 1985, a Trans World Airlines Boeing 767 pushed back at Boston's Logan Airport, bound for Paris. To the passengers it was an ordinary red-eye. It was anything but. Sixteen TWA pilots had been through special training for this route, including simulator sessions for an emergency landing at Sondrestromfjord, a lonely strip in Greenland. Eleven observers from the Federal Aviation Administration were sitting in the cabin, watching everything. And somewhere past the Canadian coast, TWA Flight 810 did something no American twin-engine airliner had ever legally done: it kept flying east until the nearest usable runway was far beyond the old limit.<\/p>\n<p>Every twinjet ocean crossing you have ever taken &mdash; and today that is nearly all of them &mdash; descends from that one flight. The rulebook that made it possible goes by five letters: ETOPS. Officially, Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards. Unofficially, as generations of pilots will tell you with a grin: Engines Turn Or Passengers Swim.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f5f5f5;padding:20px 24px;border-radius:8px;margin:8px 0 28px\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 10px;font-weight:700;font-size:17px\">Quick Facts<\/p><ul style=\"margin:0;padding-left:20px;line-height:1.8\"><li>1953: the FAA's \"60-minute rule\" confines twin-engine airliners to within one hour of a diversion airport<\/li><li>1 February 1985: a TWA Boeing 767-200 flies Boston to Paris, the first FAA-approved ETOPS revenue crossing<\/li><li>1988: ETOPS extends to 180 minutes &mdash; covering roughly 95% of the planet<\/li><li>Engine shutdown limits: better than 1 in-flight shutdown per 50,000 engine-hours for ETOPS-180, 1 per 100,000 beyond<\/li><li>December 2011: the Boeing 777 is approved for ETOPS-330; the 787 follows in May 2014<\/li><li>October 2014: EASA certifies the A350-900 for up to ETOPS-370 &mdash; about 2,500 nautical miles from the nearest runway<\/li><li>Since 2017 ICAO formally calls it EDTO (Extended Diversion Time Operations) &mdash; but everyone still says ETOPS<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">The Sixty-Minute Straitjacket<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px\"><img data-opt-id=455707056  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:0e0_.b970\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:mauto\/ig:avif\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/07\/etops-rating-flight-path-diagram.png\" alt=\"ETOPS routing diagram\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">The difference ETOPS makes: a non-ETOPS twin must hug its diversion airports; an ETOPS-approved one flies the direct track. Diagram: Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>To understand why that Boston-Paris flight was radical, you have to go back to the age of pistons. Aero engines of the 1930s and 40s were magnificent, temperamental machines that quit with depressing regularity. In 1936 US regulators ruled that airliners had to stay within 100 miles of an adequate airport. By 1953 this had evolved into the famous 60-minute rule: a twin-engine airliner could never be more than one hour, at single-engine speed, from a place to land. Aircraft with three or four engines got a longer leash, on the sensible logic that they carried more spares.<\/p>\n<p>The rule drew an invisible fence across the map. The North Atlantic, the Pacific, the polar wastes &mdash; all effectively off-limits to twins. That is why the golden age of long-haul belonged to machines with engines to spare: the Boeing 707 and 747, the DC-8, and later the three-engined DC-10 and L-1011, for which the 60-minute rule was waived in 1964. Twins flew the short stuff. Oceans were for quads and trijets.<\/p>\n<p>By the late 1970s, though, the logic was crumbling. The new generation of high-bypass turbofans was proving vastly more reliable than the piston engines the rule had been written for. Airbus was already flying its twin-engine A300 across stretches of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans under a more lenient 90-minute ICAO recommendation. And at Boeing, an engineer-executive named Dick Taylor &mdash; later nicknamed the father of ETOPS &mdash; began asking the FAA an awkward question: if the engines almost never fail, why are we still planning as if they always do?<\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0 8px\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HSxSgbNQi-g\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 24px\">Wendover Productions explains how ETOPS lets small planes cross big oceans.<\/p>\n<p>The FAA's first answer was not subtle. When Taylor approached Administrator J. Lynn Helms in 1980 about an exemption for the new 767, Helms produced one of the great lines in aviation regulatory history.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;It'll be a cold day in hell before I let twins fly long haul, overwater routes.&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>J. Lynn Helms<\/strong> &mdash; FAA Administrator, 1980, rejecting Boeing's first ETOPS pitch<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>Hell, as it turned out, froze over in about five years. Boeing and the engine makers buried the regulator in reliability data. The statistics were hard to argue with: engine shutdowns had become so rare that a twin was overwhelmingly likely to complete any crossing without drama, and if one engine did quit, the other &mdash; an entirely independent machine &mdash; had no reason to follow it. In 1985 the FAA issued Advisory Circular 120-42, allowing suitably prepared twins to fly 120 minutes from an alternate. TWA's 767s were first through the door, and the economics were immediate: the 767 burned about 7,000 pounds less fuel per hour than the three-engined L-1011 it replaced on the Paris run.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Earning the Right to Be Alone<\/h2>\n<p>What made ETOPS work was that it was never a simple permission slip. It is a certification regime with teeth, and it bites in two places. First, the aircraft-and-engine combination must earn type approval: demonstrated redundancy in electrics, hydraulics and communications, and an in-flight shutdown rate better than roughly 1 per 20,000 engine-hours for ETOPS-120, 1 per 50,000 for ETOPS-180, and 1 per 100,000 beyond that. Second, each individual airline must earn operational approval &mdash; special maintenance programmes, trained crews and dispatchers, validation flights on the actual routes.<\/p>\n<p>The details verge on the obsessive, which is precisely the point. Time-limited systems have to outlast the worst case: the cargo-hold fire suppression, for instance, must keep working for the full length of the longest possible diversion, with a margin on top. Airlines typically arrange maintenance so that the same technician does not perform the same task on both engines before an ETOPS departure &mdash; because the nightmare scenario is not two random failures, it is one human error faithfully duplicated on the left and right side of the wing.<\/p>\n<p>The system proved itself quickly. In 1988 the FAA extended the limit to 180 minutes, and ETOPS-180 opened about 95 percent of the earth's surface to twins. The Boeing 777 was designed for this world from the outset and, in a first, entered service in 1995 already ETOPS-180 approved. The trijets never recovered. Within two decades the 747 and A380 were on their way out too, elbowed aside by twins that could fly anywhere the giants could, on far less fuel.<\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" style=\"margin:0 0 24px\"><img data-opt-id=830897867  fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:0e0_.b970\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:mauto\/ig:avif\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/07\/twa-boeing-767-200-etops-pioneer.jpg\" alt=\"TWA Boeing 767-200\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:6px\"><figcaption style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;margin-top:6px;font-style:italic\">A TWA Boeing 767-200 &mdash; the type and airline that flew the first ETOPS revenue crossing in February 1985. Photo: Wikimedia Commons<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">When It Actually Happens<\/h2>\n<p>So what does an ETOPS diversion look like in practice? Long before departure, dispatchers select alternates along the route &mdash; windswept names like Keflavik, Gander, Halifax and Cold Bay &mdash; and calculate equal-time points, the spots where it becomes quicker to press on to the next haven than to turn back to the last one. If an engine fails mid-ocean, the crew flies a rehearsed script: secure the engine, drift down to single-engine altitude, turn for the alternate the plan has already chosen. The remaining engine is certified, quite literally, to run alone for the entire distance &mdash; five and a half hours or more on the newest jets.<\/p>\n<p>And because a diversion does not end at touchdown, the rules even require a passenger recovery plan: proof that an airline can shelter, feed and move several hundred people who have just landed unexpectedly on a sub-Arctic island, and get them onward within about 48 hours. A little airstrip with a windsock will not do.<\/p>\n<p>The record shows both how well this works and why the paranoia stays justified. In 2001, Air Transat Flight 236 &mdash; an A330, its fuel bleeding away through a fractured line &mdash; ran both engines dry over the Atlantic and glided 65 nautical miles to a dead-stick landing at Lajes in the Azores, saving all 306 aboard. It was a fuel-system failure rather than the independent double engine failure ETOPS guards against, but it is the reason diversion airports exist where they do.<\/p>\n<div style=\"display:flex;justify-content:center;margin:2em 0\"><blockquote class=\"reddit-embed-bq\" data-embed-height=\"500\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/CatastrophicFailure\/comments\/105xltc\/2001_the_near_crash_of_air_transat_flight_236_an\/\">(2001) The near crash of Air Transat flight 236 &mdash; an A330 runs out of fuel over the Atlantic<\/a><\/blockquote><script async src=\"https:\/\/embed.reddit.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/div>\n<h2 style=\"padding-top:22px\">Engines Turn or Passengers Swim?<\/h2>\n<p>Which brings us back to the joke. The backronym has been around almost as long as the rules, and pilots have heard it more times than they can count. Ken Hoke, a retired 757 and 767 captain who spent years crossing the Pacific under ETOPS rules, offers the standard flight-deck verdict.<\/p>\n<div style=\"background:#f8f9fa;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:20px 22px;margin:18px 0 24px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;font-size:16px;line-height:1.7;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:flex-start\"><div><em>&ldquo;An old airline joke is that ETOPS stands for &lsquo;Engines Turn Or Passengers Swim.&rsquo; It's sort of funny (until you've heard it a few dozen times), but also misleading. ETOPS rules have nothing to do with flying over water!&rdquo;<\/em><div style=\"margin-top:10px;font-size:14px;color:#555\"><strong>Ken Hoke<\/strong> &mdash; retired Boeing 757\/767 captain, AeroSavvy<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<p>He is right about the water, and it is the detail most people miss. ETOPS is not an over-water rule; it is a distance-from-runways rule. There are overland routes across Siberia, the Sahara and the Australian outback that demand ETOPS planning, and bits of ocean that need none at all. The sea is incidental. The loneliness is the point.<\/p>\n<p>How lonely are we allowed to get? In 2007 the FAA scrapped the hard 180-minute ceiling and allowed approvals out to an aircraft's design limit. The Airbus A330 got ETOPS-240 in 2009. In December 2011 the Boeing 777 was cleared for ETOPS-330, and the first revenue flight under that authority &mdash; Air New Zealand, Auckland to Buenos Aires &mdash; followed in December 2015. The 787 received its own ETOPS-330 ticket in May 2014. And the current benchmark belongs to the Airbus A350, certified by EASA in October 2014 &mdash; before it had even entered service &mdash; for up to 370 minutes: more than six hours, or some 2,500 nautical miles, from the nearest runway on one engine. That covers virtually the entire planet, the South Pole excepted.<\/p>\n<div style=\"position:relative;padding-bottom:56.25%;height:0;overflow:hidden;margin:24px 0 8px\"><iframe class=\"skip-lazy\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" loading=\"eager\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/lapFQl6RezA\" style=\"position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;border-radius:8px\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><p style=\"font-size:13px;color:#777;text-align:center;font-style:italic;margin:0 0 24px\">Real Engineering on the Boeing 787 &mdash; the jet built from the outset for a 330-minute leash.<\/p>\n<p>Somewhere, one suspects, it is a very cold day indeed. The twins fly everywhere now. The passengers, forty-one years on, have yet to swim.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-style:italic\">Sources: Wikipedia, FAA Advisory Circular 120-42B, EASA, Boeing, AeroSavvy, Admiral Cloudberg<\/p><!-- mf-faq -->\n\n<div class=\"mf-faq-block\"><style>.mf-faq-block{margin:34px 0}.mf-faq-item:not([open]) .mf-faq-answer{display:none !important}.mf-faq-block h2.mf-faq-h{padding-top:22px;margin-bottom:14px}.mf-faq-item{border:1px solid #e2e8f5;border-radius:8px;margin:0 0 10px;background:#fff}.mf-faq-item summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;padding:15px 50px 15px 18px;font-weight:600;color:#1a1a1a;position:relative;line-height:1.45;user-select:none}.mf-faq-item summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none}.mf-faq-item summary::after{content:\"+\";position:absolute;right:18px;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:1.5em;font-weight:400;color:#5C91FF;line-height:1}.mf-faq-item[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"}.mf-faq-item[open] summary{border-bottom:1px solid #eef1f8}.mf-faq-item summary:hover{background:#f5f8ff}.mf-faq-answer{padding:14px 18px;color:#333;line-height:1.6}.mf-faq-answer p{margin:0}.mf-faq-answer a{color:#5C91FF}<\/style><h2 class=\"mf-faq-h\">Related Questions<\/h2><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What does ETOPS stand for?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>ETOPS stands for Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards. It is the set of safety rules that lets twin-engine airliners fly long routes far from the nearest airport, including ocean crossings. Pilots also jokingly expand it as \u201cEngines Turn Or Passengers Swim.\u201d An ETOPS rating specifies how many minutes a twinjet may fly from a diversion airport on a single engine.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What is the 60-minute rule in aviation?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>The 60-minute rule, introduced in 1953, required a twin-engine airliner to stay within one hour\u2019s flying time \u2014 at single-engine speed \u2014 of a suitable airport. It replaced an earlier 1936 rule that limited airliners to 100 miles from an airport. Because it effectively barred twins from ocean crossings, long-haul flying belonged to three- and four-engine aircraft until ETOPS relaxed the limit in the 1980s.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>Why can twin-engine jets cross oceans today?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Modern high-bypass turbofan engines are far more reliable than the piston engines the old rules were written for, so regulators created ETOPS to let twins fly extended routes once that reliability was proven. Today\u2019s ocean crossings are dominated by twinjets like the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 rather than four-engine jumbos \u2014 <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/boeing-airbus-2026-delivery-race-comeback\/\">Boeing and Airbus<\/a> now build their long-haul fleets almost entirely around efficient twins.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>Who is considered the father of ETOPS?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Boeing engineer-executive Dick Taylor is widely credited as the father of ETOPS. In 1980 he began pressing the FAA to let the new twin-engine Boeing 767 fly extended overwater routes, arguing that if modern engines almost never fail, airlines should not have to plan as though they always will. FAA Administrator J. Lynn Helms initially resisted, quipping it would be \u201ca cold day in hell\u201d before he approved it.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>What was the first airliner to fly under ETOPS?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>The Boeing 767 was the first airliner to fly under ETOPS rules. On 1 February 1985 a Trans World Airlines 767 crossed the North Atlantic from Boston to Paris under the new standard \u2014 the first time a US twin-engine airliner legally flew beyond the old distance limit. Approval was soon widened, opening the world\u2019s oceans to twin-engine jets.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>Why did early long-haul flights use four-engine aircraft?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Before ETOPS, regulators reasoned that three- and four-engine aircraft carried \u201cspare\u201d engines and could safely fly farther from a diversion airport than twins. So the golden age of long-haul belonged to jets like the Boeing 707 and 747, the DC-8, and the trijet DC-10 and L-1011, while twins were limited to shorter routes. Even earlier <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/kalinin-k-7-soviet-seven-engine-giant\/\">multi-engine giants<\/a> reflected the belief that more engines meant more safety.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>How far from an airport can a twinjet fly under ETOPS?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>ETOPS ratings are measured in minutes of single-engine flying time to the nearest suitable airport. Early approvals allowed 120 minutes, later extended to 180 minutes, and modern types have been certified well beyond that. A higher ETOPS number lets an airline plan more direct routes across oceans and remote regions instead of hugging coastlines to stay near diversion airports.<\/p><\/div><\/details><details class=\"mf-faq-item\"><summary>Is it safe for a two-engine plane to fly over the ocean?<\/summary><div class=\"mf-faq-answer\"><p>Yes. Twin-engine airliners cross oceans routinely under ETOPS, which certifies both the aircraft and the operator to strict engine-reliability and maintenance standards before extended overwater flying is allowed. Jet-engine failures are extremely rare, and an ETOPS-rated twin is designed and dispatched so it can still reach a diversion airport safely if one engine shuts down.<\/p><\/div><\/details><\/div>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What does ETOPS stand for?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ETOPS stands for Extended-range Twin-engine Operations Performance Standards. It is the set of safety rules that lets twin-engine airliners fly long routes far from the nearest airport, including ocean crossings. Pilots also jokingly expand it as \u201cEngines Turn Or Passengers Swim.\u201d An ETOPS rating specifies how many minutes a twinjet may fly from a diversion airport on a single engine.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the 60-minute rule in aviation?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"The 60-minute rule, introduced in 1953, required a twin-engine airliner to stay within one hour\u2019s flying time \u2014 at single-engine speed \u2014 of a suitable airport. It replaced an earlier 1936 rule that limited airliners to 100 miles from an airport. 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Today\u2019s ocean crossings are dominated by twinjets like the Boeing 787 and Airbus A350 rather than four-engine jumbos \u2014 <a href=\\\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/boeing-airbus-2026-delivery-race-comeback\/\\\">Boeing and Airbus<\/a> now build their long-haul fleets almost entirely around efficient twins.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Who is considered the father of ETOPS?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"Boeing engineer-executive Dick Taylor is widely credited as the father of ETOPS. In 1980 he began pressing the FAA to let the new twin-engine Boeing 767 fly extended overwater routes, arguing that if modern engines almost never fail, airlines should not have to plan as though they always will. FAA Administrator J. 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So the golden age of long-haul belonged to jets like the Boeing 707 and 747, the DC-8, and the trijet DC-10 and L-1011, while twins were limited to shorter routes. Even earlier <a href=\\\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/kalinin-k-7-soviet-seven-engine-giant\/\\\">multi-engine giants<\/a> reflected the belief that more engines meant more safety.\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How far from an airport can a twinjet fly under ETOPS?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"ETOPS ratings are measured in minutes of single-engine flying time to the nearest suitable airport. Early approvals allowed 120 minutes, later extended to 180 minutes, and modern types have been certified well beyond that. 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Jet-engine failures are extremely rare, and an ETOPS-rated twin is designed and dispatched so it can still reach a diversion airport safely if one engine shuts down.\"}}]}<\/script><!-- \/mf-faq -->\n\n<div style=\"background:#f0f4ff;border-left:4px solid #5C91FF;padding:16px 20px;margin:32px 0 8px;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0\"><p style=\"margin:0 0 8px;font-weight:600;color:#333\">Related Posts<\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/why-airliners-dont-fly-over-tibet\/\">Why Airliners Don't Fly Over Tibet<\/a><\/p><p style=\"margin:4px 0\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/jetflights\/qantas-32-a380-engine-explosion-singapore\/\">The A380 That Refused to Die<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>From the 60-minute rule to ETOPS 370: how twin-engine airliners earned the right to cross oceans and what happens when an engine quits mid-Pacific.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":4530520,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[665],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4530943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aviation-world"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>ETOPS Explained: How Twin Jets Conquered the Oceans<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"From the 60-minute rule to ETOPS 370: how twin-engine airliners earned the right to cross oceans and what happens when an engine quits mid-Pacific.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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