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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/vietnam-air-defence-air-force\/\">Vietnam Air Defence &ndash; Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Vietnam Air Defence &ndash; Air Force has fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">The claims of the air war over the North have never been reconciled: the United States says it shot down 196 MiGs, while the service admits 154 lost to all causes and claims 266 US aircraft in air-to-air fighting, and each figure is given with the side that makes it. China and Vietnam both claimed victory in 1979. The 1988 clash at Johnson South Reef, in the Spratly Islands claimed in whole or in part by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei, is included although no air role is recorded. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the guns of &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911; in 1954 to Johnson South Reef in 1988.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Northern Vietnam; &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911; Vi&#7879;t Minh anti-aircraft artillery (predecessor) No allied air arm\">\n<td>First Indochina War<span class=\"cwho\">the anti-aircraft war at &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911;<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vi&#7879;t Minh anti-aircraft artillery (predecessor)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1946&ndash;1954<\/td>\n<td>France<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">No aircraft flew in combat; the predecessor units were anti-aircraft gunners, notably Regiment 367 (formed 1 April 1953).<\/p>\n<p>The service counts its lineage from before it had any aircraft. An air research bureau was set up on 9 March 1949, but in the war against France the fight in the air was waged from the ground. Anti-aircraft Regiment 367, founded on 1 April 1953, is the oldest unit the service names in its own history. At &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911; in 1954 the Vi&#7879;t Minh brought up anti-aircraft guns, mainly of Soviet origin, which cut the valley off from French air supply. The standard account of the battle puts French losses at 62 aircraft destroyed and 167 damaged. That experience &mdash; of an air defence built from guns before the country had an air force &mdash; shaped the combined service created in 1963.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The French garrison surrendered on 7 May 1954; the Geneva agreements followed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The 62\/167 figures are from Wikipedia&rsquo;s account of the battle; the service&rsquo;s own 2025 article does not give numbers for the war against France.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vi&#7879;t Minh anti-aircraft artillery (predecessor)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern Vietnam; &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911;<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">The Vi&#7879;t Minh had no combat aircraft.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">At &#272;i&#7879;n Bi&#234;n Ph&#7911; (13 March &ndash; 7 May 1954) the French lost 62 aircraft and had 167 damaged, according to the standard account of the battle; Vietnamese losses to air attack were not broken down in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/29250\/quan-chung-phong-khong-khong-quan-25-nam-hop-nhat-phat-trien.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o Ph&#242;ng kh&#244;ng &#8211; Kh&#244;ng qu&#226;n<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/211159\/quan-chung-phong-khong-khong-quan-to-chuc-le-don-nhan-danh-hieu-anh-hung-luc-luong-vu-trang-nhan-dan-va-ky-niem-62-nam-ngay-truyen-thong.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"North Vietnam Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force and Air Defence Service (combined service) Alongside Soviet Union (equipment, training) and China (equipment, training) MiG-17 MiG-21 MiG-15UTI\">\n<td>Operation Rolling Thunder<span class=\"cwho\">the air war over North Vietnam, 1965&ndash;1968<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force and Air Defence Service (combined service)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1965&ndash;1968<\/td>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-15-fagot\/\">MiG-15UTI<\/a><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>85<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Intercepted US strike packages with MiG-17s and, from 1966, MiG-21s, alongside the guns and SA-2 missiles of the air defence divisions.<\/p>\n<p>The air force went to war with a few dozen MiG-17s. On 3 April 1965, over the Thanh H&#243;a bridge, Ph&#7841;m Ng&#7885;c Lan and Phan V&#259;n T&#250;c claimed two F-8 Crusaders; the US Navy says all returned, though Lt Cdr Spence Thomas&rsquo;s aircraft was written off after diverting to &#272;&#224; N&#7861;ng. On 4 April MiG-17s shot down two F-105s, but the defenders lost three pilots. MiG-21s followed in April 1966. The Americans fought back with tactics as much as numbers: on 2 January 1967 Colonel Robin Olds&rsquo;s Operation Bolo sent F-4s disguised as F-105s; the US claims seven MiG-21s, Vietnamese sources admit five, and there were no US losses. Hanoi&rsquo;s pilots learned to strike fast from below and behind and leave; the leading ace, Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n C&#7889;c, scored his first claim on 30 April 1967 and ended with nine aircraft and two drones claimed, seven aircraft and two drones acknowledged by the USAF. Wikipedia records that from May to December 1966 the US lost 47 aircraft in air battles while destroying 12 fighters, a figure that shows how contested the middle years were.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The bombing ended on 1&ndash;2 November 1968 without forcing Hanoi to negotiate on US terms.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Kill ratios are disputed. The US claims an overall 3.7:1 advantage in the war and about 2:1 for the Air Force; Vietnam claims 244 for 85 in this period. Neither side&rsquo;s totals match the other&rsquo;s loss records.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force and Air Defence Service (combined service)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>North Vietnam<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet Union (equipment, training) and China (equipment, training)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-15-fagot\/\">MiG-15UTI<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">Vietnamese figures: 268 air battles between April 1965 and November 1968 (Wikipedia).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>85 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">Vietnam&rsquo;s own figure, as given by Wikipedia: 85 MiGs lost in April 1965 &ndash; November 1968, against 244 US and RVNAF aircraft claimed. The US lost 506 USAF, 397 Navy and 19 Marine aircraft over the North to all causes in Rolling Thunder; Vietnamese sources attribute 9 per cent of US losses to MiGs, 31 per cent to SA-2s and 60 per cent to guns.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Rolling_Thunder\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Bolo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguyen_Van_Coc\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Ph&#249; Pha Thi, north-eastern Laos Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force No allied air arm An-2\">\n<td>Raid on Lima Site 85<span class=\"cwho\">An-2 biplanes against a US radar in Laos<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1968<\/td>\n<td>United States and Kingdom of Laos<\/td>\n<td>An-2<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Attacked the US TSQ-81 radar site with An-2 biplanes dropping mortar shells and firing rockets.<\/p>\n<p>On 12 January 1968 the air force tried something no other jet-age air arm has done: it sent Antonov An-2 biplanes to bomb a mountain-top radar. Lima Site 85, on Ph&#249; Pha Thi in Laos, guided US bombers onto the North. According to the US accounts summarised by Wikipedia, four An-2s were seen and two attacked, dropping 120 mm mortar shells through holes in the floor and firing 57 mm rockets. One was brought down by ground fire; an Air America UH-1 flown by Captain Ted Moore chased the other, and flight mechanic Glenn Woods fired an AK-47 at it until it hit a ridge. The radar was not hit. Two months later North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao ground troops took the site, in the USAF&rsquo;s largest single ground combat loss of the war.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The radar survived the air raid; the site fell to a ground assault on 10&ndash;11 March 1968, with 12 Americans killed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The account of the air raid is the US one; the Vietnamese account was not checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Ph&#249; Pha Thi, north-eastern Laos<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States and Kingdom of Laos<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>An-2<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>2<span class=\"cwho\">Four An-2s were seen; two pressed the attack (US account).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>2 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">US account: both attacking An-2s were lost, one to ground fire and one after an Air America UH-1 crew fired on it with an AK-47. Four Hmong were killed or wounded; the radar was not damaged.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Lima_Site_85\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"North Vietnam Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force No allied air arm MiG-21 J-6 (MiG-19) MiG-17\">\n<td>Operation Linebacker<span class=\"cwho\">the 1972 air war and the battle of 10 May<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, J-6 (MiG-19), <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>47<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Intercepted the renewed US bombing campaign with MiG-21s, MiG-19s and MiG-17s.<\/p>\n<p>Linebacker, from 9 May to 23 October 1972, brought the heaviest air fighting of the war. On 10 May the US flew 414 sorties; the VPAF claims seven F-4s, the US confirms five losses and claims 11 MiGs. That day the US Navy&rsquo;s Randy Cunningham and William Driscoll became the first American aces of the war; the USAF&rsquo;s Steve Ritchie followed on 28 August, and Charles DeBellevue and Jeffrey Feinstein in October. Two days earlier, on 8 May, Regiment 925&rsquo;s MiG-19s from Y&#234;n B&#225;i had fought their first battle; the service&rsquo;s newspaper says two flights of four claimed two F-4s in about eight minutes and all returned. Sixteen Vietnamese pilots are counted as aces, 13 of them on MiG-21s, but many of their claims have no match in US loss records.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Linebacker ended on 23 October 1972 as the peace talks advanced; they broke down again in December.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">In Afterburner<\/span> <a class=\"clink\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/operation-linebacker-ii-b52s-hanoi-1972\/\">Eleven Days of Christmas Over Hanoi<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Claims do not match. The service claims 90 aircraft for 47 MiGs over the period; US records show fewer air-to-air losses. The claim of two F-4s on 8 May 1972 is the Vietnamese account and was not checked against US records.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>North Vietnam<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, J-6 (MiG-19), <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">The US flew 414 sorties on 10 May 1972 alone.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>47 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia&rsquo;s figures: the VPAF lost 47 MiGs in air combat (26 MiG-21, 5 MiG-19, 16 MiG-17) and claimed 90 US aircraft. The US lost 134 aircraft in Linebacker, 104 in combat. On 10 May the VPAF claimed seven F-4s and the US confirmed five lost; the US claimed 11 MiGs that day.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Linebacker\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/212560\/mig-19-chu-dong-xuat-kich-ban-roi-2-may-bay-my.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shenyang_J-6\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"http:\/\/acepilots.com\/vietnam\/viet_aces.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Acepilots.com<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Hanoi and H&#7843;i Ph&#242;ng Air Defence - Air Force Service No allied air arm MiG-21 SA-2 (S-75)\">\n<td>Operation Linebacker II<span class=\"cwho\">the December 1972 bombing of Hanoi<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Air Defence &#8211; Air Force Service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1972<\/td>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, SA-2 (S-75)<\/td>\n<td>31<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Defended Hanoi and H&#7843;i Ph&#242;ng against B-52 night raids with SA-2 missiles, guns and a small number of MiG-21 night sorties.<\/p>\n<p>From 18 to 29 December 1972 the US sent B-52s against Hanoi and H&#7843;i Ph&#242;ng night after night &mdash; 741 dispatched, 729 completing their missions &mdash; with 1,274 tactical sorties in support. The air defence divisions fired 266 SA-2s, according to Wikipedia. The service claims 81 aircraft for the campaign, including 34 B-52s and five F-111s, and in October 2025 credited itself with 53 of them, 32 B-52s. US figures are 15 B-52s shot down and 24 aircraft of all types lost. Vietnam credits two B-52s to MiG-21 pilots: Ph&#7841;m Tu&#226;n on the night of 27 December and V&#361; Xu&#226;n Thi&#7873;u, who was killed, on 28 December, flying from the newly repaired strip at C&#7849;m Thu&#7927;. US records attribute both losses to missiles. Hanoi reported 1,624 civilians killed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Paris Peace Accords were signed on 27 January 1973.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Every loss figure for Linebacker II is contested; the 81\/34 figures are Vietnam&rsquo;s, the 15 B-52s the US&rsquo;s. The two MiG B-52 claims are Vietnamese; the US attributes those losses to SAMs.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Air Defence &#8211; Air Force Service<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Hanoi and H&#7843;i Ph&#242;ng<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, SA-2 (S-75)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>31<span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia counts 31 VPAF sorties in the 12 days.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>3 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia gives three MiG-21s lost; US B-52 gunners claimed two MiG-21s, which Vietnam does not confirm. US figures: 15 B-52s shot down and 24 aircraft lost in all; Hanoi claims 81 aircraft including 34 B-52s and 5 F-111s, 53 of them (32 B-52s) by the service itself.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Linebacker_II\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/211159\/quan-chung-phong-khong-khong-quan-to-chuc-le-don-nhan-danh-hieu-anh-hung-luc-luong-vu-trang-nhan-dan-va-ky-niem-62-nam-ngay-truyen-thong.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/212690\/dai-doi-ra-da-22-bao-dam-cho-khong-quan-ban-roi-b-52.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Tu%C3%A2n\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"South Vietnam; Saigon Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force No allied air arm A-37 (captured)\">\n<td>1975 Spring Offensive<span class=\"cwho\">the bombing of T&#226;n S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1975<\/td>\n<td>Republic of Vietnam<\/td>\n<td>A-37 (captured)<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Captured and pressed into service RVNAF aircraft; five captured A-37s bombed T&#226;n S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t air base on 28 April 1975.<\/p>\n<p>The Republic of Vietnam Air Force had 2,075 aircraft and 61,417 personnel at the January 1973 ceasefire and was has been called the fourth-largest air force in the world. In spring 1975 it collapsed with the army: 130 aircraft were flown out of &#272;&#224; N&#7861;ng on 27 March and about 180 abandoned. The northern air force took over what it could. On 28 April five captured A-37s took off from Phan Rang, led according to Wikipedia by Nguy&#7877;n Th&#224;nh Trung, the South Vietnamese pilot who had defected after bombing the Presidential Palace on 8 April. They struck T&#226;n S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t late in the afternoon, closing the airport and ending the fixed-wing evacuation; Operation Frequent Wind followed. About 877 aircraft were captured in all, including 95 A-37s and, per Wikipedia, 87 F-5As and 27 F-5Es.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Saigon fell on 30 April 1975. About 877 RVNAF aircraft were captured.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Damage claims for the T&#226;n S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t raid differ widely between the Vietnamese and US accounts.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>South Vietnam; Saigon<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Republic of Vietnam<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>A-37 (captured)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>5<span class=\"cwho\">Five A-37s in the 28 April raid, taking off from Phan Rang.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Vietnamese claim: 24 aircraft destroyed and about 200 South Vietnamese personnel killed at T&#226;n S&#417;n Nh&#7845;t. US sources: three AC-119s and several C-47s destroyed, casualties not stated.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northrop_F-5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Cambodia and the border provinces Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force Alongside People&rsquo;s Republic of Kampuchea (from 1979) A-37 (captured) F-5 (captured) MiG-21 UH-1 (captured)\">\n<td>Cambodian-Vietnamese War<span class=\"cwho\">the war against the Khmer Rouge<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1978&ndash;1989<\/td>\n<td>Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)<\/td>\n<td>A-37 (captured), F-5 (captured), <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Bombed Khmer Rouge positions from June 1978, then supported the invasion from 25 December 1978 and the ten-year occupation with ground attack, transport and reconnaissance.<\/p>\n<p>In 1977 Vietnam was estimated to have an air force of 12,000 people and about 300 combat aircraft, including a squadron of light bombers. From June 1978 it bombed Khmer Rouge positions along the border at about 30 sorties a day, and on 25 December 1978 Vietnam invaded with an estimated 150,000 troops. The ground-attack work fell mostly to the former RVNAF A-37s and F-5s, which were better suited to it than the MiGs; Wikipedia says the VPAF used 41 F-5s operationally. The war dragged on as a counter-insurgency against the Khmer Rouge until Vietnam withdrew in September 1989. The A-37s wore out for lack of spare parts and, according to Wikipedia, were phased out by the early 1980s.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Vietnam completed its withdrawal between 21 and 26 September 1989.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">No reliable figure for Vietnamese aircraft losses in Cambodia was found.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Cambodia and the border provinces<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>People&rsquo;s Republic of Kampuchea (from 1979)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>A-37 (captured), F-5 (captured), <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, UH-1 (captured)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">About 30 bombing sorties a day from June 1978 (Wikipedia).<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Aircraft losses not found in the sources checked. Vietnam gives 15,000 soldiers killed and 30,000 wounded over the whole occupation.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northrop_F-5\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd7\" data-x=\"Northern border provinces Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force No allied air arm MiG-21 MiG-17 F-5 (captured) A-37 (captured) UH-1 (captured)\">\n<td>Sino-Vietnamese War<span class=\"cwho\">the 1979 border war<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1979<\/td>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a>, F-5 (captured)<span class=\"cwho\">and 2 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd7\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd7\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Did not fly direct combat; supported ground troops, flew troops from Cambodia to the north and flew reconnaissance.<\/p>\n<p>China attacked across the northern border on 17 February 1979. According to Wikipedia, Deng Xiaoping kept the navy and air force out of the fighting, partly because Vietnam&rsquo;s air defences were among the strongest in the world and partly to reassure Moscow that the war was limited. The Vietnamese air force likewise stayed out of direct combat: it supported the ground troops, carried units back from Cambodia to the north and flew reconnaissance. The captured A-37s were used in the conflict. The fighting ended with China&rsquo;s withdrawal in March.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> China withdrew by 16 March 1979; both sides claimed victory.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty figures are each side&rsquo;s own and differ widely; they concern the ground war.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern border provinces<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>China<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a>, F-5 (captured), A-37 (captured), UH-1 (captured)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No sortie figures found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No air-to-air combat recorded. Ground losses are disputed: Chinese figures give 6,954&ndash;8,531 Chinese dead, Western estimates up to 26,000; China estimated 57,000 Vietnamese soldiers and 70,000 militia killed; Vietnam reported more than 10,000 civilian deaths.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Vietnamese_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cessna_A-37_Dragonfly\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd8\" data-x=\"Johnson South Reef, Spratly Islands Vietnam People&rsquo;s Navy (no air force role recorded) No allied air arm\">\n<td>Johnson South Reef skirmish<span class=\"cwho\">the Spratly clash of 1988<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Vietnam People&rsquo;s Navy (no air force role recorded)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1988<\/td>\n<td>China<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd8\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd8\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd8\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">No air role recorded in the sources checked; the clash was fought between ships and landing parties.<\/p>\n<p>On 14 March 1988 Chinese and Vietnamese forces clashed at Johnson South Reef. The accounts differ: China says Vietnamese troops ignored warnings and opened fire; Vietnam says Chinese ships opened fire on its ships while its men were unloading building materials. Vietnam lost 64 men and two transports. The clash is included here because it shaped Vietnam&rsquo;s later air and maritime priorities, but the sources checked record no part for the air force in it. The Spratly Islands are claimed in whole or in part by China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> China took the reef; both countries, and other claimants, still claim the Spratlys.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Each side says the other fired first; this page takes no position on the sovereignty dispute.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Vietnam People&rsquo;s Navy (no air force role recorded)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Johnson South Reef, Spratly Islands<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>China<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No air sorties recorded.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>64 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Vietnam: 64 killed, 11 wounded, 9 captured; transports HQ-604 and HQ-605 sunk and HQ-505 beached. China reports one wounded.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Johnson_South_Reef_skirmish\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/29250\/quan-chung-phong-khong-khong-quan-25-nam-hop-nhat-phat-trien.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o Ph&#242;ng kh&#244;ng &#8211; Kh&#244;ng qu&#226;n: Qu&#226;n ch&#7911;ng Ph&#242;ng kh&#244;ng &#8211; Kh&#244;ng qu&#226;n 25 n&#259;m h&#7907;p nh&#7845;t, ph&#225;t tri&#7875;n (Lt Gen Nguy&#7877;n V&#259;n Hi&#7873;n, 24 July 2024)<\/a><span>Lineage dates: air research bureau 9 March 1949, AA Regiment 367 1 April 1953, radar 15 June 1956, Air Force Department 24 January 1959, service founded 22 October 1963, split 1977, re-merged 3 March 1999 by decree 03\/L-CTN.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/212560\/mig-19-chu-dong-xuat-kich-ban-roi-2-may-bay-my.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ: MiG-19 ch&#7911; &#273;&#7897;ng xu&#7845;t k&#237;ch b&#7855;n r&#417;i 2 m&#225;y bay M&#7929; (17 August 2026)<\/a><span>Vietnamese account of Regiment 925 MiG-19s from Y&#234;n B&#225;i on 8 May 1972, claiming two F-4s in about eight minutes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/212690\/dai-doi-ra-da-22-bao-dam-cho-khong-quan-ban-roi-b-52.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ: &#272;&#7841;i &#273;&#7897;i ra &#273;a 22 b&#7843;o &#273;&#7843;m cho kh&#244;ng qu&#226;n b&#7855;n r&#417;i B-52 (4 September 2026)<\/a><span>Vietnamese account of the B-52 claims by Ph&#7841;m Tu&#226;n (27 December 1972) and V&#361; Xu&#226;n Thi&#7873;u (28 December 1972, killed).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phongkhongkhongquan.vn\/211159\/quan-chung-phong-khong-khong-quan-to-chuc-le-don-nhan-danh-hieu-anh-hung-luc-luong-vu-trang-nhan-dan-va-ky-niem-62-nam-ngay-truyen-thong.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">B&#225;o PK-KQ: Hero of the People&rsquo;s Armed Forces title and 62nd anniversary ceremony (21 October 2025)<\/a><span>Title awarded 3 October 2025; Prime Minister Ph&#7841;m Minh Ch&#237;nh attended; Vietnamese claims of 2,635 US aircraft downed by the service (of 4,181 downed by &quot;army and people&quot;), 64 B-52s and 13 F-111s, and 81 aircraft including 34 B-52s in December 1972; lists Maj Gen V&#361; H&#7891;ng S&#417;n as commander.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/acepilots.com\/vietnam\/viet_aces.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Acepilots.com: Vietnamese aces (Diego Zampini, 2002, updated 2012)<\/a><span>Sixteen VPAF aces (13 MiG-21, 3 MiG-17), with each pilot&rsquo;s claims set against US records.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-30. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/vietnam-air-defence-air-force\/\">Back to the Vietnam Air Defence &ndash; Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam 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