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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/burkina-faso-air-force\/\">Burkina Faso Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Burkina Faso Air Force has fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">In the Agacher Strip war of December 1985 Mali held air superiority and the two air forces never met in the air; casualty figures differ widely, from official counts of 48 Burkinab&#233; and 11 Malian dead to estimates of about 300 in all, and each is given with its source. In the counter-insurgency, strike results come from the government and its news agency AIB on the word of security sources and have not been independently verified. Human Rights Watch documented three TB2 strikes in 2023 in which it said civilians were killed; the state broadcaster said they had hit Islamist fighters. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the Agacher Strip in 1974 to the counter-insurgency of today.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Agacher Strip, Upper Volta&ndash;Mali border Escadrille de Haute-Volta No allied air arm\">\n<td>First Agacher Strip border war<span class=\"cwho\">the 1974 border war with Mali<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Escadrille de Haute-Volta<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1974&ndash;1975<\/td>\n<td>Mali<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">No significant air operations recorded.<\/p>\n<p>The first fight over the Agacher Strip began on 25 November 1974. Cooper describes it as a few border skirmishes with hand-held weapons, with casualties on both sides and sporadic clashes continuing through 1975. Upper Volta&rsquo;s air arm was then a transport and liaison flight, and no air operations are recorded. Cooper dates the flight&rsquo;s growth into a separate air force to the aftermath of this war. The underlying border question was not settled: the two states notified the International Court of Justice of a special agreement to settle it on 14 October 1983, two years before the much bloodier second war.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Sporadic clashes continued into 1975; the dispute was left unresolved and went to the International Court of Justice by a special agreement notified in October 1983.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Air activity in 1974&ndash;1975, if any, is not documented in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Escadrille de Haute-Volta<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Agacher Strip, Upper Volta&ndash;Mali border<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Mali<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">None recorded.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Cooper writes that both sides suffered casualties in skirmishes with small arms; no figures were confirmed.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/acig.org\/artman\/publish\/article_460.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tom Cooper, ACIG<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/69\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">International Court of Justice<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Northern Burkina Faso and southern Mali Burkina Faso Air Force No allied air arm MiG-17F\">\n<td>Agacher Strip War<span class=\"cwho\">the Christmas War with Mali<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Burkina Faso Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1985<\/td>\n<td>Mali<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17F<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Its single MiG-17F flew strikes on Sikasso and Z&#233;goua and was scrambled against Malian raids; Mali held air superiority.<\/p>\n<p>Fighting began at dawn on 25 December 1985. Mali had prepared: from 20 December its MiG-21s and helicopters patrolled the border, and at about 08:45 on Christmas Day two MiG-21s bombed Djibo, Ouahigouya and Nassoumbo, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s sources. On 28 December Malian aircraft hit Djibo, Ouahigouya, Tougan and D&#233;dougou. Cooper writes that the Malian jets used Gao, Mopti and S&#233;gou to reach targets such as the market at Ouahigouya, at least 80 km inside Burkina and more than 300 km from the nearest Malian air base, and that Burkinab&#233; sources put most of their losses there. Burkina&rsquo;s reply was its one MiG-17F: on 26 December it struck Sikasso, killing four people and wounding four according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s sources, and raided Z&#233;goua, where Burkina claimed 15 Malian soldiers killed. Cooper adds that the MiG-17 was scrambled against Malian raids but never made contact; neither side fought in the air. Mediation through the West African non-aggression pact ANAD and Algeria&rsquo;s President Chadli Bendjedid produced a ceasefire on 30 December. Captain Thomas Sankara and Mali&rsquo;s President Moussa Traor&#233; met at Yamoussoukro on 17 January 1986, and a chamber of the International Court of Justice divided the area on 22 December 1986, Mali taking the more populated west and Burkina the east around the B&#233;li.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> ANAD-brokered ceasefire on 30 December 1985; the ICJ chamber ordered provisional measures on 10 January 1986 and divided the disputed area on 22 December 1986, a ruling both states accepted.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Casualty figures differ widely: official counts of 48 Burkinab&#233; and 11 Malian dead, Wikipedia&rsquo;s estimates of over 100 and about 40, and Cooper&rsquo;s total of 59&ndash;300. The Z&#233;goua figure is a Burkinab&#233; claim.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Burkina Faso Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern Burkina Faso and southern Mali<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Mali<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17F<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">No Burkinab&#233; aircraft is reported lost in combat; an Alouette III crashed at Kouni on 14 January 1986 while supervising the ceasefire. National totals: Burkina officially counted 48 dead, Mali 11; other estimates run from 59 to about 300 in all.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agacher_Strip_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/acig.org\/artman\/publish\/article_460.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tom Cooper, ACIG<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/69\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">International Court of Justice<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burkina_Faso_Armed_Forces\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Upper_Volta\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Northern, eastern and western Burkina Faso; border areas of Mali and Niger Burkina Faso Air Force Alongside France (until 2023), Mali and Niger A-29B Super Tucano Mi-35 Mi-171Sh Bayraktar TB2 Bayraktar Akinci\">\n<td>Counter-insurgency against Islamist armed groups<span class=\"cwho\">the jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Burkina Faso Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2016&ndash;present<\/td>\n<td>JNIM and Islamic State Sahel Province<\/td>\n<td>A-29B Super Tucano, Mi-35, Mi-171Sh<span class=\"cwho\">and 2 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air strikes, armed reconnaissance and close air support with Super Tucanos, Mi-35 and Mi-171Sh helicopters and, since 2022, TB2 and Akinci drones; transport and casualty evacuation.<\/p>\n<p>The insurgency spread from Mali into northern Burkina Faso in the mid-2010s; Military Africa counts more than 10,000 dead and two million displaced since 2016. For years the air force could add little: three Super Tucanos and a few helicopters, while French forces of Operation Barkhane and its Sabre special forces were also active in the country; on 12 February 2022, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s sources, a French air strike killed 40 fighters at a camp in Burkina Faso. After two coups in 2022 the government of Captain Ibrahim Traor&#233; asked the French to leave in January 2023 and turned to Turkish drones. Human Rights Watch documented three TB2 strikes in 2023 in which it said civilians were killed: at least 28 at the Bouro market on 3 August, 24 men and a boy at a funeral in Bidi on 21 September, and at least seven at a market near Boulkessi in Mali on 18 November. The state broadcaster RTB said all three had hit Islamist fighters, and the government did not acknowledge civilian casualties. AIB has since reported joint strikes with Malian aircraft along the border in December 2023 and a steady series of drone and air strikes in 2024&ndash;2026, always on the word of security sources.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ongoing.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Strike results come from the government and its news agency and have not been independently verified; HRW&rsquo;s civilian figures are HRW&rsquo;s. HRW&rsquo;s and Amnesty&rsquo;s annual reports for 2024 and 2025 did not document specific air strikes. The start year of the insurgency varies between sources.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Burkina Faso Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern, eastern and western Burkina Faso; border areas of Mali and Niger<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>France (until 2023), Mali and Niger<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>JNIM and Islamic State Sahel Province<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>A-29B Super Tucano, Mi-35, Mi-171Sh, Bayraktar TB2, Bayraktar Akinci<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">At least one TB2 lost in a crash near Tenkodogo on 21 June 2023, attributed by the armed forces to a technical failure. No other losses were confirmed.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/01\/25\/burkina-faso-drone-strikes-civilians-apparent-war-crimes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.military.africa\/2024\/04\/burkina-fasos-akinci-drone-breaks-cover\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Military Africa<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=72818\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=151926\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=62442\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2025\/country-chapters\/burkina-faso\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2026\/country-chapters\/burkina-faso\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/location\/africa\/west-and-central-africa\/burkina-faso\/report-burkina-faso\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Amnesty International<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93France_relations\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=163479\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=56145\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acig.org\/artman\/publish\/article_460.shtml\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Tom Cooper, ACIG: Burkina Faso and Mali, Agacher Strip War, 1985 (31 July 2004)<\/a><span>Escadrille de Haute-Volta 1964; early fleet; MiG-17F with two pilots; Libyan MiG-21s; SF.260WPs; 1974 and 1985 wars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/case\/69\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">International Court of Justice: Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso\/Republic of Mali)<\/a><span>Special agreement 14 October 1983; provisional measures 10 January 1986; judgment 22 December 1986.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.military.africa\/2024\/04\/burkina-fasos-akinci-drone-breaks-cover\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Military Africa: Burkina Faso&rsquo;s Akinci drones breaks cover (Ekene Lionel, 9 April 2024)<\/a><span>Two Akinci; five TB2 delivered April&ndash;May 2022; TB2 crash near Tenkodogo; munitions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/01\/25\/burkina-faso-drone-strikes-civilians-apparent-war-crimes\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch: Burkina Faso: Drone Strikes on Civilians Apparent War Crimes (25 January 2024)<\/a><span>Bouro 3 August 2023, Bidi 21 September 2023, Boulkessi (Mali) 18 November 2023; RTB response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2025\/country-chapters\/burkina-faso\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch: World Report 2025, Burkina Faso<\/a><span>Covers 2024; no specific air strikes documented.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/world-report\/2026\/country-chapters\/burkina-faso\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Human Rights Watch: World Report 2026, Burkina Faso<\/a><span>Covers 2025; military government of Ibrahim Traor&#233;; ECOWAS exit January 2025; no specific air strikes documented.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/location\/africa\/west-and-central-africa\/burkina-faso\/report-burkina-faso\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Amnesty International: Burkina Faso annual report (2025)<\/a><span>No specific air strikes documented.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=56145\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB: L&rsquo;arm&#233;e pr&#233;sente un &#233;chantillon de ses vecteurs a&#233;riens (23 March 2023)<\/a><span>Air force presents newly acquired armament.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=62442\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB: l&rsquo;arm&#233;e ouvre une enqu&#234;te apr&#232;s le crash d&rsquo;un drone de combat (22 June 2023)<\/a><span>Combat drone crash near Tenkodogo, 21 June 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=72818\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB: Vecteurs a&#233;riens burkinab&#232; et maliens prennent en sandwich des terroristes (21 December 2023)<\/a><span>Joint Burkinab&#232;&ndash;Malian air strikes on 20 December 2023, per security sources.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=151926\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB: Des manipulateurs de drones kamikaze et des chefs terroristes tu&#233;s (8 June 2026)<\/a><span>Air strikes May&ndash;June 2026 as reported by the armed forces.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aib.media\/?p=163479\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">AIB: Djibo et Kiembara, th&#233;&#226;tres de deux offensives a&#233;riennes (30 August 2026)<\/a><span>Air-ground offensives in August 2026, per security sources.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-10-01. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/burkina-faso-air-force\/\">Back to the Burkina Faso Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam .nf10{background-position:-222px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"cmb-data\" 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