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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; United Kingdom<\/div>\n<h1>Hawker Siddeley<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Company &middot; Hawker Siddeley Group &middot; Hawker Siddeley Aviation (HSA)<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Britain&rsquo;s great aviation conglomerate won the Battle of Britain with the Hurricane, absorbed Avro, Gloster and de Havilland, and built the jump jet &mdash; until the state nationalised it.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1935<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/british-aerospace\/\">British Aerospace<\/a> in 1977<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>17<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>17<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Pedro Arag&#227;o \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1935<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Thomas Sopwith<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Kingston upon Thames, Surrey (aircraft division from 1948)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/british-aerospace\/\">British Aerospace<\/a> in 1977<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Hawker Siddeley: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Hawker buys Siddeley<\/h3>\n<p>In 1935 Hawker Aircraft, the Kingston firm built on the bones of Tom Sopwith&rsquo;s First World War company, did something very bold for a fighter maker: it bought J. D. Siddeley&rsquo;s empire, including the engine builder Armstrong Siddeley and the aircraft maker Armstrong Whitworth, along with A. V. Roe (Avro) and the Gloster Aircraft Company. The result, Hawker Siddeley Aircraft, was overnight one of the biggest aviation concerns in the world. Each member kept its own name and design office while sharing work across the group, so for almost three decades <span class=\"imp\">the name Hawker Siddeley hardly ever appeared on an aircraft<\/span>.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Battle of Britain group<\/h3>\n<p>It was everywhere in the war that followed. In the Battle of Britain, Hawker Hurricanes outnumbered all other British fighters combined and were credited with 55 per cent of the enemy aircraft destroyed. Avro&rsquo;s Lancaster became the backbone of Bomber Command, Armstrong Whitworth built Whitleys and Gloster delivered the Meteor, the only Allied jet fighter to see combat in the Second World War. Thomas Sopwith, chairman of Hawker since 1920, presided over it all; he would remain associated with the group, as its founder president, until nationalisation and beyond.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Canada&rsquo;s third-largest company<\/h3>\n<p>In 1945 the group bought Victory Aircraft in Malton, Ontario, from the Canadian government and renamed it A. V. Roe Canada. Avro Canada grew at astonishing speed, into engines, steel, mining and rolling stock, and by 1958 it was Canada&rsquo;s third-largest company, employing more than 14,000 people directly and providing 45 per cent of the parent&rsquo;s revenue. Its CF-100 Canuck went into full production; its supersonic CF-105 Arrow did not. When the Arrow was cancelled in 1959, the Canadian empire began to unravel, and in 1962 A. V. Roe Canada was dissolved.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Forced together<\/h3>\n<p>By the late 1950s the British government had decided that some fifteen aircraft firms were too many, and made future contracts conditional on mergers. Hawker Siddeley swallowed Folland in 1959, then de Havilland and Blackburn in 1960, leaving it as one of just two big British airframe groups alongside the British Aircraft Corporation. In 1963 the old names were finally dropped: the de Havilland 121 became the HS.121 Trident, the DH.125 the HS.125, the Avro 748 the HS.748. The group also diversified into railways, buying the Brush locomotive business in 1957, and even ran a small nuclear reactor at Langley.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The jump jet<\/h3>\n<p>The group&rsquo;s greatest single achievement came from Sydney Camm&rsquo;s Kingston design office and Bristol Siddeley&rsquo;s vectored-thrust Pegasus engine. The P.1127 first flew in 1960, led to nine Kestrels for a tripartite British, American and West German squadron, and then to the Harrier, which entered RAF service on 1 April 1969 as <span class=\"imp\">the first operational jet with vertical and short take-off and landing<\/span>. That May two Harriers flew in the Daily Mail Transatlantic Air Race between St Pancras station in London and central Manhattan, with air-to-air refuelling. The US Marine Corps bought 110 AV-8As &mdash; built in Britain because Congress judged it cheaper than a US production line.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The Trident and the Hawk<\/h3>\n<p>Not everything flew so high. The Trident airliner was scaled down during development, flew in January 1962 and entered service in April 1964 &mdash; two months after its rival, the Boeing 727, which had been designed to the Trident&rsquo;s original, larger specification. Only 117 Tridents were built, against 1,832 727s. The Trident pioneered automatic blind landing in airline service in 1965, but the type is also remembered for the Staines disaster of 18 June 1972, when a BEA Trident entered a deep stall after take-off and all 118 people aboard were killed. The HS.125 business jet, the Nimrod maritime patrol aircraft and the Hawk trainer, first flown in August 1974 and later the mount of the Red Arrows, were longer-lived successes.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Nationalised<\/h3>\n<p>The end came by act of Parliament. Under the Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977, Hawker Siddeley Aviation and Hawker Siddeley Dynamics were nationalised on 29 April 1977 and merged with BAC and Scottish Aviation to form British Aerospace. Aviation was by then only a quarter of the group&rsquo;s business; the rest, from locomotives to switchgear, carried on as Hawker Siddeley Group plc until BTR bought it for 1.5 billion pounds in 1992. The Harrier, the Hawk and the 125 kept flying for decades under other badges, and the 125 line alone ran to 1,720 aircraft by 2013.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">Britain&rsquo;s great aviation conglomerate won the Battle of Britain with the Hurricane, absorbed Avro, Gloster and de Havilland, and built the jump jet &mdash; until the state nationalised it.<cite>Hawker Siddeley &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Hawker Siddeley in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Formed 1935<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Formed when Hawker Aircraft bought the Siddeley interests, Avro and Gloster<\/li>\n<li>Added Folland (1959), de Havilland and Blackburn (1960)<\/li>\n<li>Group name Hawker Siddeley Group from 1948; constituent names dropped in 1963<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Harrier, Hawk, Trident<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Harrier first generation: 278 built<\/li>\n<li>HS.125 family: 1,720 built to 2013 (including later BAe and Raytheon production)<\/li>\n<li>HS.748: 380 built<\/li>\n<li>Nimrod: 49 plus 2 prototypes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Part of BAE Systems<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Aviation and missile arms nationalised into British Aerospace on 29 April 1977<\/li>\n<li>Remaining industrial group sold to BTR in 1992<\/li>\n<li>The name survives on Hawker Siddeley Switchgear and Hawker Siddeley Power Transformers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The business-jet Hawker brand used by Raytheon and Hawker Beechcraft descends from the HS.125.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Hurricane share of enemy aircraft destroyed, Battle of Britain<\/dt>\n<dd>55 per cent<span class=\"gnote\">1940<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Avro Canada workforce<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 14,000, providing 45 per cent of group revenue<span class=\"gnote\">1958<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Aviation share of group business at nationalisation<\/dt>\n<dd>about 25 per cent<span class=\"gnote\">1977<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Price paid by BTR for Hawker Siddeley Group plc<\/dt>\n<dd>1.5 billion pounds<span class=\"gnote\">1992<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>First-generation Harriers built<\/dt>\n<dd>278<\/dd>\n<dt>AV-8A and TAV-8A Harriers delivered to the US Marine Corps<\/dt>\n<dd>110 (102 + 8), 1971&ndash;1976<\/dd>\n<dt>Tridents built<\/dt>\n<dd>117<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Hawker Siddeley aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Hurricane<\/b><em>Fighter &middot; first flight 1935 &middot; 14,487 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avro-lancaster\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Avro Lancaster<\/b><em>Heavy bomber &middot; first flight 1941 &middot; 7,377 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/gloster-meteor\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Gloster Meteor<\/b><em>Jet fighter &middot; first flight 1943 &middot; 3,947 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avro-vulcan\/\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Avro Vulcan<\/b><em>Strategic bomber &middot; first flight 1952 &middot; 136 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hunter\/\"><span class=\"im ph6\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Hunter<\/b><em>Fighter \/ ground attack &middot; first flight 1951 &middot; 1,972 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/blackburn-buccaneer\/\"><span class=\"im ph7\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Blackburn Buccaneer<\/b><em>Low-level strike &middot; first flight 1958 &middot; 211 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph8\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley HS.748<\/b><em>Turboprop airliner &middot; first flight 1960 &middot; 380 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph9\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley HS.125<\/b><em>Business jet \/ Dominie navigation trainer &middot; first flight 1962 &middot; 1,720 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph10\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley Andover<\/b><em>Military transport &middot; first flight 1963 &middot; 37 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-p1127-kestrel\/\"><span class=\"im ph11\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley Kestrel<\/b><em>V\/STOL evaluation aircraft &middot; first flight 1964 &middot; 9 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-siddeley-nimrod\/\"><span class=\"im ph12\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley Nimrod<\/b><em>Maritime patrol \/ signals intelligence &middot; first flight 1967 &middot; 49 plus 2 prototypes built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\"><span class=\"im ph13\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley Harrier<\/b><em>V\/STOL attack aircraft &middot; first flight 1967 &middot; 278 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph14\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Siddeley Hawk<\/b><em>Advanced jet trainer \/ light attack &middot; first flight 1974 &middot; more than 1,000 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: Royal Air Force official photographer &#183; Public domain (IWM CM131); U.S. Air Force &#183; Public domain; Adrian Pingstone &#183; Public domain; Ozzy Delaney &#183; CC BY 2.0; Ossobe &#183; CC BY-SA 4.0; Pedro Arag&#227;o &#183; CC BY-SA 3.0; Aeroprints.com \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0); Rob Schleiffert from Holland \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0); Andrew Thomas from Shrewsbury, UK \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0); NASA &#183; Public domain; Royal Air Force Nimrod. Les Chatfield from Brighton, England \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0); D. Miller &#183; CC BY 2.0; Royal Air Force Harrier GR1\/GR3. Steve Lynes from Sandhurst, United Kingdom \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"acfind\" data-filter=\"#mfrtbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"aircraft\" placeholder=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" aria-label=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"acfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"acfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\">Hawker Hurricane<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>14,487<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built under the Hawker name; mainstay of the Battle of Britain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avro-lancaster\/\">Avro Lancaster<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Heavy bomber<\/td>\n<td>1941<\/td>\n<td>7,377<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built under the Avro name within the group<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/gloster-meteor\/\">Gloster Meteor<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet fighter<\/td>\n<td>1943<\/td>\n<td>3,947<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Only Allied jet fighter in combat in WWII; Gloster name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avro-vulcan\/\">Avro Vulcan<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Strategic bomber<\/td>\n<td>1952<\/td>\n<td>136<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Avro design; last delivered by Hawker Siddeley in 1965<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hunter\/\">Hawker Hunter<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Fighter \/ ground attack<\/td>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>1,972<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Hawker design; final Hunter built 1966<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/blackburn-buccaneer\/\">Blackburn Buccaneer<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Low-level strike<\/td>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>211<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Blackburn design built on by Hawker Siddeley<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Armstrong Whitworth Argosy<\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>74<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS.748<\/td>\n<td>Turboprop airliner<\/td>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>380<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Avro 748 renamed in 1963; includes Andover<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley P.1127<\/td>\n<td>V\/STOL research aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1960<\/td>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS.121 Trident<\/td>\n<td>Trijet airliner<\/td>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>117<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First airliner to make a blind landing in revenue service, 1965<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS.125<\/td>\n<td>Business jet \/ Dominie navigation trainer<\/td>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>1,720<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Total includes BAe 125 and Hawker 800 series production<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley Andover<\/td>\n<td>Military transport<\/td>\n<td>1963<\/td>\n<td>37<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-p1127-kestrel\/\">Hawker Siddeley Kestrel<\/a><\/td>\n<td>V\/STOL evaluation aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Flown by a joint British, US and West German squadron<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-siddeley-nimrod\/\">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Maritime patrol \/ signals intelligence<\/td>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>49 plus 2 prototypes<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Developed from the de Havilland Comet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\">Hawker Siddeley Harrier<\/a><\/td>\n<td>V\/STOL attack aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1967<\/td>\n<td>278<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First operational V\/STOL jet; AV-8A for the US Marine Corps<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley Hawk<\/td>\n<td>Advanced jet trainer \/ light attack<\/td>\n<td>1974<\/td>\n<td>more than 1,000<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In production<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built by BAe and BAE Systems since 1977; Red Arrows aircraft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS.146<\/td>\n<td>Regional airliner<\/td>\n<td>1981<\/td>\n<td>394<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>HS project relaunched by British Aerospace in 1978 as the BAe 146<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>Hawker Siddeley aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">17 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew Hawker Siddeley types. <span class=\"imp\">2 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"opfind\" data-filter=\"#optbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air forces\" placeholder=\"Search air forces and types\" aria-label=\"Search air forces and types\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"opfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"opfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/benin-air-force\/\">Benin Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748 \/ BAe 748<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indian-air-force\/\">Indian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>HAL\/Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (Avro)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-of-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo\/\">Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley Andover<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/burkina-faso-air-force\/\">Burkina Faso Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/cameroon-air-force\/\">Cameroon Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ecuadorian-air-force\/\">Ecuadorian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/fleet-air-arm-ran\/\">Fleet Air Arm (Royal Australian Navy)<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748 Series 2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/irish-air-corps\/\">Irish Air Corps<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS.125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/nepalese-army-air-service\/\">Nepalese Army Air Service<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-kingdom-royal-air-force\/\">Royal Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR1\/GR3<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-siddeley-nimrod\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod MR1\/MR2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-siddeley-nimrod\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod R1<\/a>, Hawker Siddeley Dominie T1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-brunei-air-force\/\">Royal Brunei Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-new-zealand-air-force\/\">Royal New Zealand Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley Andover C.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-thai-naval-air-division\/\">Royal Thai Naval Air Division<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley AV-8S \/ TAV-8S Matador (Harrier)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/south-african-air-force\/\">South African Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/blackburn-buccaneer\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer S.Mk 50<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/spanish-naval-air-arm\/\">Spanish Naval Air Arm<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley AV-8S and TAV-8S Matador (VA.1)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/sri-lanka-air-force\/\">Sri Lanka Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Hawker Siddeley HS 748<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-marine-corps-aviation\/\">United States Marine Corps Aviation<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/harrier-jump-jet\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Siddeley AV-8A Harrier<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Hawker Siddeley built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Kingston upon Thames<\/b> &middot; Richmond Road, Kingston, Surrey &mdash; Main aircraft factory and headquarters from 1948; Hurricane, Hunter and Harrier lineage<\/li>\n<li><b>Dunsfold<\/b> &middot; Dunsfold, Surrey &mdash; Flight test airfield for the Kingston types; P.1127 and Kestrel trials<\/li>\n<li><b>Malton (Avro Canada)<\/b> &middot; Malton, Ontario &mdash; Ex-Victory Aircraft, bought 1945; home of the CF-100 and CF-105<\/li>\n<li><b>Brush works<\/b> &middot; Loughborough &mdash; Locomotive and electrical business bought in 1957<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Thomas Sopwith<\/b> &middot; chairman, founder president &mdash; Chaired Hawker from 1920; consultant to the nationalised business until 1980<\/li>\n<li><b>Sydney Camm<\/b> &middot; chief designer &mdash; Hurricane, Hunter and the P.1127 that led to the Harrier<\/li>\n<li><b>Roy Dobson<\/b> &middot; managing director and chairman &mdash; Listed among the group&rsquo;s managing directors and chairmen<\/li>\n<li><b>Arnold Hall<\/b> &middot; managing director and chairman &mdash; Listed among the group&rsquo;s managing directors and chairmen<\/li>\n<li><b>Bill Bedford<\/b> &middot; chief test pilot &mdash; Flew the P.1127&rsquo;s first conventional flight in 1961 and the first Kestrel in 1964<\/li>\n<li><b>John Fozard<\/b> &middot; engineer &mdash; Listed among the group&rsquo;s key designers; associated with the Harrier<\/li>\n<li><b>Ralph Hooper<\/b> &middot; engineer &mdash; Drew the initial P.1127 layout around the Pegasus engine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Hurricanes credited with 55 per cent of enemy aircraft destroyed in the Battle of Britain (h1)<\/li>\n<li>Harrier: first operational V\/STOL combat jet, RAF service from 1 April 1969 (h2)<\/li>\n<li>Trident: first airliner to make a blind landing in revenue service, 1965 (h3)<\/li>\n<li>Avro Canada was Canada&rsquo;s third-largest company by 1958 (h1)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Hawker Siddeley, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1935<\/div>\n<p>Hawker Aircraft buys the Siddeley interests, Avro and Gloster: Hawker Siddeley Aircraft is formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>Hurricanes bear the brunt of the Battle of Britain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1945<\/div>\n<p>Victory Aircraft bought and renamed A. V. Roe Canada<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1948<\/div>\n<p>Renamed Hawker Siddeley Group; Kingston factory acquired<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1957<\/div>\n<p>Buys the Brush group, entering railway engineering<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1959<\/div>\n<p>Armstrong Siddeley engines merged into Bristol Siddeley; Folland acquired<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1960<\/div>\n<p>De Havilland and Blackburn acquired<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1960<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the P.1127<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1962<\/div>\n<p>A. V. Roe Canada dissolved<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1963<\/div>\n<p>Constituent names dropped; aircraft rebranded Hawker Siddeley<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1964<\/div>\n<p>Trident enters service with BEA<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1967<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the production Harrier GR.1<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<p>Harrier enters RAF service<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1972<\/div>\n<p>Staines Trident crash kills all 118 aboard<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1974<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the Hawk<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1977<\/div>\n<p>HSA and HSD nationalised into British Aerospace<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1992<\/div>\n<p>Hawker Siddeley Group plc bought by BTR for 1.5 billion pounds<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after Hawker Siddeley<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/hawker\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Hawker<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Bought the Siddeley interests in 1935 and formed the group<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Hawker page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/armstrong-whitworth\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Armstrong Whitworth<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Joined 1935 with the Siddeley purchase<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Armstrong Whitworth page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/avro\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Avro<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Joined 1935<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Avro page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/gloster\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Gloster<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Joined 1935<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Gloster page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/folland\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Folland<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Acquired 1959<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Folland page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/de-havilland\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">de Havilland<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Acquired 1960<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the de Havilland page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/blackburn\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came before<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Blackburn<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Acquired 1960<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Blackburn page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/british-aerospace\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">British Aerospace<\/span><span class=\"rp\">HSA and HSD nationalised into BAe on 29 April 1977<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the British Aerospace page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/avro-canada\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Avro Canada<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Canadian subsidiary formed 1945, dissolved 1962<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Avro Canada page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/hawker-beechcraft\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Hawker Beechcraft<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Inherited the HS.125 line via BAe and Raytheon<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Hawker Beechcraft page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Hawker Siddeley<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What happened to Hawker Siddeley?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Its aircraft and missile businesses were nationalised on 29 April 1977 and merged into British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. The remaining industrial group was bought by BTR in 1992.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Hawker Siddeley build the Harrier?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. The Harrier grew out of the Hawker P.1127 and Kestrel and entered RAF service in 1969 as the first operational jet with vertical and short take-off capability; 278 first-generation Harriers were built.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which companies made up Hawker Siddeley?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Hawker, Armstrong Siddeley, Armstrong Whitworth, Avro and Gloster from 1935, then Folland, de Havilland and Blackburn from 1959&ndash;1960, plus Avro Canada from 1945.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why do Hurricanes and Lancasters not carry the Hawker Siddeley name?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Until 1963 the group&rsquo;s members kept their own brand names, so its aircraft were sold as Hawkers, Avros, Glosters and de Havillands.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is the Hawker business jet a Hawker Siddeley design?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. The Hawker 800 series descends from the de Havilland DH.125, which became the HS.125 in 1963; the line ran to 1,720 aircraft by 2013.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to Hawker Siddeley?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its aircraft and missile businesses were nationalised on 29 April 1977 and merged into British Aerospace, now BAE Systems. The remaining industrial group was bought by BTR in 1992.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Hawker Siddeley build the Harrier?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The Harrier grew out of the Hawker P.1127 and Kestrel and entered RAF service in 1969 as the first operational jet with vertical and short take-off capability; 278 first-generation Harriers were built.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which companies made up Hawker Siddeley?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Hawker, Armstrong Siddeley, Armstrong Whitworth, Avro and Gloster from 1935, then Folland, de Havilland and Blackburn from 1959\\u20131960, plus Avro Canada from 1945.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why do Hurricanes and Lancasters not carry the Hawker Siddeley name?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Until 1963 the group\\u2019s members kept their own brand names, so its aircraft were sold as Hawkers, Avros, Glosters and de Havillands.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is the Hawker business jet a Hawker Siddeley design?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. The Hawker 800 series descends from the de Havilland DH.125, which became the HS.125 in 1963; the line ran to 1,720 aircraft by 2013.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Hawker Siddeley<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/de-havilland\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"rh\">de Havilland<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Hatfield firm that put Britain&rsquo;s flying clubs in Moths, built a bomber out of furniture wood, gave the world its first jet airliner &mdash; and lost it to a&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the de Havilland page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/hawker\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United Kingdom<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Hawker<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Born from the wreck of Sopwith and named after a test pilot who died within a year, Hawker built the Hurricane that carried the Battle of Britain and the Hunter that set&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Hawker page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_Harrier\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley Harrier (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley Trident (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Hunter\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Hunter (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blackburn_Buccaneer\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Blackburn Buccaneer (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armstrong_Whitworth_AW.660_Argosy\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_HS_748\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley HS 748 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_P.1127\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley P.1127 and Kestrel (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Aerospace_125\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">British Aerospace 125 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_Andover\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley Andover (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Siddeley Nimrod (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BAE_Systems_Hawk\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">BAE Systems Hawk (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Aerospace_146\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">British Aerospace 146 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Hurricane\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Hawker Hurricane (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avro_Lancaster\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Avro Lancaster (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gloster_Meteor\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Gloster Meteor (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Sopwith\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Thomas Sopwith (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_European_Airways_Flight_548\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">British European Airways Flight 548 (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Aerospace\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">British Aerospace (Wikipedia)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w11-np-t-150.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hawker-hurricane-mk-i-egypt-1940.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/avro-lancaster-pa474-bbmf-in-flight-scaled.jpg)!important}#mfam 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