{"id":23352,"date":"2026-09-09T23:19:57","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T21:19:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/"},"modified":"2026-09-25T10:24:05","modified_gmt":"2026-09-25T08:24:05","slug":"ramstein","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/air-bases\/ramstein\/","title":{"rendered":"Base A\u00e9rea de Ramstein"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>body.page-id-23352 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-23352 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-23352 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} body.page-id-23352{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-23352 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-23352 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} body.page-id-23352 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} html{overflow-x:hidden} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);background:#fff;color:#14181f;line-height:1.7;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;overflow:hidden;--bg2:#f6f8fb;--line:#e2e7ee;--txt:#14181f;--txt2:#454e5e;--txt3:#8b94a5;--blue:#5C91FF;--blue-ink:#3568e0;--blue-dim:rgba(92,145,255,.10)} #mfam *{box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:0} #mfam h1,#mfam h2,#mfam h3,#mfam h4,#mfam h5,#mfam b,#mfam strong,#mfam summary,#mfam .stat b,#mfam dt{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam dd{font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} #mfam a{color:var(--blue-ink);text-decoration:none} #mfam .wrap{max-width:1120px;margin:0 auto;padding:0 24px} #mfam section{padding:64px 0} #mfam hr.divider{border:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam h2{font-size:clamp(26px,3.4vw,36px);letter-spacing:-.5px;margin:0 0 8px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.15} #mfam h3{font-size:20px;margin:36px 0 12px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .sh{font-size:15px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--blue);margin:30px 0 8px;line-height:1.4} #mfam .cols>div:first-child>.sh:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .kicker{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);margin-bottom:14px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam p{color:var(--txt2);font-size:17px;max-width:70ch;margin:0} #mfam p+p{margin-top:1em} #mfam p strong{color:var(--txt)} #mfam .imp{color:#8a93a3;font-weight:400} #mfam .spx-lede{font-size:17px;line-height:1.7;color:#3d4654;max-width:760px;margin:0 0 28px} #mfam .spx-note{font-size:13px;line-height:1.6;color:#697386;margin-top:18px;max-width:860px} #mfam .hero{position:relative;background:#10141d;padding:96px 0 0;overflow:hidden} #mfam .hero::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;inset:0;background:radial-gradient(ellipse at 20% 10%,rgba(92,145,255,.22),transparent 55%),radial-gradient(ellipse at 90% 90%,rgba(92,145,255,.10),transparent 50%)} #mfam .hero-in{position:relative;width:100%;padding-bottom:52px} #mfam .crumb{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.7);text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:18px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .crumb a{color:rgba(255,255,255,.7)} #mfam .hero h1{font-size:clamp(40px,6.5vw,80px);letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:1.04;color:#fff;margin:0} #mfam .hero h1 em{font-style:normal;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .hero .native{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:1px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);margin-top:10px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .hero .sub{font-size:clamp(16px,2vw,20px);color:rgba(255,255,255,.9);margin-top:14px;max-width:56ch} #mfam .statstrip{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:1px;background:rgba(255,255,255,.25);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);margin-top:36px} #mfam .stat{background:rgba(255,255,255,.95);padding:18px 22px} #mfam .stat b{display:block;font-size:clamp(20px,2.4vw,28px);color:#0d1117;letter-spacing:-.5px} #mfam .stat span{font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .chips{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;padding:26px 0;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .chip{font-size:13.5px;padding:8px 16px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .chip b{color:var(--txt3);margin-right:6px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px} #mfam .chip:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .chip.fly{background:var(--blue-dim);border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .cols{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:56px;align-items:start} #mfam .pull{font-family:Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;font-style:italic;font-size:24px;line-height:1.5;color:#0d1117;border-left:3px solid var(--blue);padding:6px 0 6px 26px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .pull cite{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:16px} #mfam .specgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:20px;margin-top:36px} #mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr 1fr;align-items:start} #mfam .spectable{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .spectable h4{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:18px 24px;margin:0} #mfam .spectable dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(0,150px) minmax(0,1fr);margin:0} #mfam .spectable dt,#mfam .spectable dd{padding:12px 20px;font-size:15px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:0} #mfam .spectable dt{color:#4a5566;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .spectable dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:left;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-break:break-word;min-width:0} #mfam ul.gl,#mfam #basetbl td>ul{list-style:none!important;margin:2px 0 0!important;padding:0!important;border:0!important} #mfam ul.gl li{position:relative;padding-left:14px!important;line-height:1.55;margin:0!important} #mfam ul.gl li+li{margin-top:3px!important} #mfam .gl.tl li{padding-left:12px} #mfam .gl.tl li::before{width:4px;height:4px;top:.66em} #mfam .gl li::before{content:'';position:absolute;left:0;top:.6em;width:5px;height:5px;background:var(--blue)} #mfam .gnote{display:block;font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:7px} #mfam .spectable dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .spectable dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam table.oobt{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:15px;margin-top:22px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt th{text-align:left;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#0d1117;padding:13px 16px;font-weight:normal;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam table.oobt td{padding:11px 16px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);color:#0d1117;vertical-align:top;text-align:left;line-height:1.5} #mfam table.oobt tr:nth-child(odd) td{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(4),#mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(5),#mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord td:nth-child(3),#mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord td:nth-child(4),#mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #nearbytbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(2),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(5),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(6){text-align:left;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;white-space:nowrap} #mfam table.oobt th{text-align:left!important} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4){font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span{display:block;white-space:nowrap} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span+span{margin-top:7px} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span>span+span{display:block;margin-left:62px;margin-top:1px;color:var(--txt3);font-size:11.5px;line-height:1.35;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(4)>span>span:first-child{display:inline-block;min-width:62px} #mfam .cname{white-space:nowrap} #mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(3),#mfam table.oobt.fleet:not(.ord) td:nth-child(6),#mfam #basetbl td:nth-child(5),#mfam #nearbytbl td:nth-child(4),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(3),#mfam #combattbl td:nth-child(4){color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt td a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam table.oobt td a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam table.oobt.former td{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt.former td a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam table.oobt tr.hot td{background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.mapjump{cursor:pointer} #mfam table.oobt td small{display:block;color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.45} #mfam .tscroll{overflow-x:auto} #mfam .pill{display:inline-block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:3px 9px;border:1px solid #0d1117;color:#0d1117;white-space:nowrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .pill.was{border-color:#c3cddb;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .pill.mig{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)}#mfam #basetbl td:first-child>span{display:block;margin-top:4px;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt2)}#mfam #basetbl td>ul{margin:0!important}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li{margin:0 0 6px!important;padding:0!important;font-size:14px;line-height:1.45;color:#0d1117}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li:last-child{margin-bottom:0!important}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span:first-child{color:inherit}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span+span,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li>span+span a{color:var(--txt2)}#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was a,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was>span+span,#mfam #basetbl td>ul li.was>span+span a{color:var(--txt3)}#mfam .migbtn{display:block;width:fit-content;margin-top:8px;max-width:13em;padding:5px 9px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);line-height:1.4;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;text-decoration:none}#mfam .migbtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .fleetchart{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px 28px;margin-top:22px} #mfam .frow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:150px 1fr 64px;align-items:center;gap:16px;height:38px} #mfam .fname{font-size:14px;color:#0d1117;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis} #mfam .fbar{display:block;background:#eef1f6;height:16px} #mfam .fbar i{display:block;height:16px;background:#5C91FF} #mfam .fnum{font-size:14px;text-align:right;color:#3d4654;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .mapframe{border:1px solid var(--blue);margin-top:22px;position:relative} #mfam .oobmap{height:560px;width:100%;background:#f4f6f9} #mfam .oobmap.home{height:520px} #mfam .mapsub{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:-.2px;margin:34px 0 4px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.2} #mfam .mapnote{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 4px;line-height:1.55;max-width:62em} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group,#mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group button{border-radius:0!important} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group{box-shadow:none!important;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-group button+button{border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-attrib{font-size:10px;color:var(--txt3);background:rgba(255,255,255,.85)!important;font-family:inherit} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-ctrl-attrib a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-content{border-radius:0;box-shadow:0 6px 22px rgba(13,17,23,.14);border:1px solid var(--line);padding:0;background:#fff} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-anchor-bottom .maplibregl-popup-tip{border-top-color:#fff} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup-anchor-top .maplibregl-popup-tip{border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .oobmap .maplibregl-popup{max-width:300px!important;pointer-events:auto} #mfam .mf-pin{width:14px;height:14px;background:#0d1117;border:2px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #0d1117;transition:transform .15s ease;cursor:pointer} #mfam .mf-pin.was{background:#fff;border:2px solid #8b94a5;box-shadow:none} #mfam .mf-pin.mig{background:#5C91FF;border:2px solid #fff;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #5C91FF;width:16px;height:16px} #mfam .mf-pin.hot,#mfam .mf-pin:hover{transform:scale(1.35)} #mfam .bp{width:270px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.5} #mfam .bp-head{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:10px;background:#0d1117;color:#fff;padding:9px 14px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp.was .bp-head{background:#8b94a5} #mfam .bp.mig .bp-head{background:#5C91FF} #mfam .bp-name{font-size:16px;padding:12px 14px 2px;line-height:1.25;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp-sub{font-size:12px;color:#8b94a5;padding:0 14px 10px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .bp dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr auto;margin:0;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .bp dt,#mfam .bp dd{margin:0;padding:7px 14px;font-size:12.5px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);line-height:1.45} #mfam .bp dt{color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif} #mfam .bp dt small{display:block;color:#8b94a5;font-size:11px} #mfam .bp dd{text-align:right} #mfam .bp dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .bp dd a.was,#mfam .bp.was dd a{color:#8b94a5} #mfam .bp dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .bp dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .bp-link{display:block;padding:10px 14px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .bp-link:hover{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .bp-fly{display:block;padding:10px 14px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#fff;background:#5C91FF;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .legend{display:flex;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:11px 14px;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:0;background:#fff;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .legend span{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px} #mfam .dot{width:11px;height:11px;display:inline-block;background:#0d1117} #mfam .dot.was{background:#fff;border:1.5px solid #8b94a5} #mfam .dot.mig{background:#5C91FF} #mfam .oob{border:1px solid var(--line);margin-top:22px;background:#fff} #mfam .oob>div{background:#0d1117;color:#fff;padding:12px 18px;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:14px;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .oob>div a{color:#fff} #mfam .oob>div em{font-style:normal;opacity:.6} #mfam .oob dl{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;margin:0} #mfam .oob dt,#mfam .oob dd{padding:11px 18px;border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);margin:0;font-size:14.5px;line-height:1.5} #mfam .oob dt{color:#0d1117} #mfam .oob dt small{display:block;color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .oob dd{color:#0d1117;text-align:left} #mfam .oob dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .oob dt.was,#mfam .oob dd.was,#mfam .oob dd.was a{color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .oob dt:nth-of-type(odd),#mfam .oob dd:nth-of-type(odd){background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .tl{margin-top:40px;position:relative;padding-left:34px} #mfam .tl::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:8px;top:6px;bottom:6px;width:2px;background:var(--line)} #mfam .tl-item{position:relative;padding-bottom:34px} #mfam .tl-item::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:-32px;top:7px;width:14px;height:14px;background:#fff;border:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tl-item .yr{font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);letter-spacing:1.5px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .tl-item p{font-size:15.5px;margin-top:4px} #mfam .qa{margin-top:30px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:12px} #mfam .qa details{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .qa details[open]{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qa summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 26px;font-size:18px;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;gap:16px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .qa summary::after{content:\"+\";font-size:24px;color:var(--blue-ink);flex:none;font-family:Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qa details[open] summary::after{content:\"\\2013\"} #mfam summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 26px 24px;font-size:16px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:78ch} #mfam .ad{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 40px} #mfam .ad .adin{max-width:900px;margin:0 auto;text-align:center} #mfam .ad .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ad h2{margin-bottom:12px;color:#fff} #mfam .ad .adp{margin:0 auto 26px;color:#9aa3b8} #mfam .ad .btn{display:inline-block;background:var(--blue);color:#fff;padding:14px 26px;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .ad .btn:hover{background:#fff;color:#0d1117} #mfam .relgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:34px} #mfam .rel{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:26px;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(13,17,23,.05)} #mfam .rel:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .rel .rk{display:block;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rh{display:block;font-size:20px;margin:8px 0 6px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .rel .rp{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .rel .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .relgrid>p,#mfam .track>p{display:contents} #mfam .srclist{margin-top:26px;columns:2;column-gap:48px;list-style:none;font-size:15px;padding:0} #mfam .srclist li{margin-bottom:10px;break-inside:avoid;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .srclist li span{color:var(--txt3);font-size:13.5px;display:block} #mfam .verified{font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:18px} #mfam{--red:#d8232a;--green:#1f9d63;--amber:#c9821a} #mfam .hero.photo{padding:0;background:#0b0f16} #mfam .heroimg{position:absolute;inset:0;background-size:cover;background-position:center 45%;z-index:0} #mfam .hero.photo::before{z-index:1;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(8,11,17,.80) 0%,rgba(8,11,17,.42) 40%,rgba(8,11,17,.90) 100%),linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(8,11,17,.72),rgba(8,11,17,.06) 62%)} #mfam .hero.photo .hero-in{padding-top:92px;padding-bottom:56px;z-index:2} #mfam .hero .accent{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;height:4px;z-index:4;background:linear-gradient(90deg,var(--red) 0 22%,var(--blue) 22% 100%)} #mfam .photocred{position:absolute;right:16px;bottom:14px;z-index:3;font-size:10.5px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.48);letter-spacing:.3px;max-width:52ch;text-align:right;line-height:1.4} #mfam .marks{display:flex;gap:30px;align-items:center;margin-top:32px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mark{display:flex;gap:13px;align-items:center} #mfam .rondel,#mfam .finflash{display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .rondel{width:58px;height:58px} #mfam .finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam .pq{margin:0;max-width:900px} #mfam .pq blockquote{margin:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;font-size:clamp(21px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.42;color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:before{content:'\\201C';color:var(--blue);margin-right:2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:after{content:'\\201D';color:var(--blue);margin-left:2px} #mfam .pq figcaption{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6} #mfam .pq figcaption b{color:#fff;font-size:14px} #mfam .pq figcaption span{display:block;color:#7c8697;font-size:13px} #mfam .pq figcaption a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .pqrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;max-width:1120px} #mfam .pqrow .pq blockquote{font-size:clamp(18px,2vw,21px)} #mfam .galgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .galgrid figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .galgrid .gim{display:block;height:210px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .galgrid figcaption{padding:14px 16px 16px;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .galgrid figcaption b{display:block;color:#0d1117;font-size:14.5px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .galgrid figcaption span{display:block;margin-top:7px;font-size:11.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.5} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:span 2} #mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:300px} #mfam .vidwrap{max-width:900px;margin-top:8px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidfr{position:relative;width:100%;padding-top:56.25%;height:0;display:block} #mfam .vidfr iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;border:0;display:block} #mfam .vidcap{padding:16px 20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6;background:#0d1117} #mfam .vidcap b{display:block;color:#fff;font-size:15px;margin-bottom:4px} #mfam .vidcap a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .reads{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .read{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);padding:22px 22px 24px} #mfam .read:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .read .rk{display:block;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:2px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);margin-bottom:9px} #mfam .read .rh{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.35;color:#0d1117} #mfam .read:hover .rh{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .read .rp{display:block;font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);line-height:1.6;margin-top:9px} #mfam .read .go{display:block;margin-top:14px;font-size:13px;color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .galgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .reads{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .galgrid,#mfam .reads,#mfam .pqrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide{grid-column:auto}#mfam .galgrid figure.wide .gim{height:210px}} #mfam .kfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .kf{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;padding:24px 24px 26px} #mfam .kf .kfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .kf h3{font-size:19px;line-height:1.25;margin:8px 0 10px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .kf p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .kf .kff{display:block;margin-top:12px;padding-top:12px;border-top:1px solid var(--line);font-size:14px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .deep{margin-top:8px;border-top:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep details{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .deep summary{cursor:pointer;list-style:none;padding:22px 0;display:flex;gap:20px;align-items:baseline;font-size:20px;line-height:1.3;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .deep summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .deep summary .dn{flex:0 0 34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc .incd{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .inc h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;margin:7px 0 9px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .inc p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .inc .incs{display:block;margin-top:11px;font-size:13px} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .kfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .kfgrid,#mfam .inc{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .deep .dbody{padding-left:0}#mfam .deep summary{font-size:18px}} #mfam .satfig{border:1px solid var(--line);background:#eef1f6;overflow:hidden;line-height:0} #mfam .satimg{display:block;width:100%;height:520px;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat} #mfam .satfig{cursor:zoom-in;position:relative}#mfam .satzoom{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:2;background:rgba(8,11,17,.72);color:#fff;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:9px 14px;line-height:1}#mfam .satlb{position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:99999;background:rgba(6,9,14,.95);display:none;align-items:center;justify-content:center;cursor:zoom-out;padding:24px}#mfam .satlb.on{display:flex}#mfam .satbig{width:96vw;height:90vh;background-position:center;background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}#mfam .satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-air-force\/\">United States Air Force<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>Ramstein Air Base<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Flugplatz Ramstein<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub)<\/p>\n<div class=\"marks\">\n<div class=\"mark\"><img data-opt-id=139307311  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png\"  decoding=\"async\" class=\"mjc\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"NATO flag emblem\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"96\" height=\"96\"><span class=\"mk\">Also based here<b>NATO Allied Air Command<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><img data-opt-id=1683109678  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-symbol-white.png\"  decoding=\"async\" class=\"badge big\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"United States Air Force badge\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"144\" height=\"112\"><span class=\"mk\">Service badge<b>United States Air Force<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><img data-opt-id=973601320  data-opt-src=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-majcom-usafe.png\"  decoding=\"async\" class=\"mjc\" src=\"data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20viewBox%3D%220%200%20100%%20100%%22%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg%22%3E%3Crect%20width%3D%22100%%22%20height%3D%22100%%22%20fill%3D%22transparent%22%2F%3E%3C%2Fsvg%3E\" alt=\"US Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa emblem\" loading=\"lazy\" width=\"96\" height=\"96\"><span class=\"mk\">Major command<b>US Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mark\"><svg class=\"finflash tall\" viewBox=\"0 0 40 48\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"United States Air Force fin marking: a wing colour band above the tail code RS\"><path d=\"M4 46 L15 6 H34 V46 Z\" fill=\"#39424f\"\/><path d=\"M15 6 H34 V15 H12.53 Z\" fill=\"#f2c200\"\/><rect x=\"15\" y=\"15.4\" width=\"19\" height=\"1.5\" fill=\"#12161c\"\/><text x=\"24.5\" y=\"32.5\" text-anchor=\"middle\" font-family=\"Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif\" font-size=\"12.5\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#ffffff\">RS<\/text><\/svg><span class=\"mk\">Tail code<b>RS &mdash; the 86th Airlift Wing<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>ETAR<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>3,200 m<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1953<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Active<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>United States Air Force<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>State<\/b>Germany<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>238 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>49.4369 N, 7.6000 E<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein Air Base: what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Ramstein is the centre of gravity of American air power in Europe. Built by French engineers in the early 1950s on farmland in the Palatinate and opened as Ramstein Air Station on 1 June 1953, it was merged with the neighbouring Landstuhl Air Base in 1957 to form a single installation. It has been the headquarters of United States Air Forces in Europe since 1973 and of NATO&rsquo;s Allied Air Command since 2013, which makes it simultaneously an American major command headquarters, a NATO command node and the busiest US military passenger terminal outside the United States.<\/p>\n<p>The flying is deliberately unglamorous: the 86th Airlift Wing&rsquo;s C-130J Super Hercules, C-21A and C-37 executive transports, plus a permanent flow of strategic airlifters and tankers passing through on their way to Africa, the Middle East and, since 2022, the eastern flank. Ramstein is the aerial port for the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center and was the funnel for the 2021 Kabul evacuation, when tens of thousands of Afghan evacuees passed across its ramp in a matter of weeks. Sources list two parallel runways; the 3,200 m 08\/26 opened in the mid-2000s and carries the traffic, with the older 09\/27 strip retained alongside it.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Ramstein Air Base seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>2 runways, the longest 3,200 m.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Ramstein Air Base seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=7.54525,49.42037,7.65475,49.45343\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=7.54853,49.41459,7.65147,49.45921\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=7.57458,49.42037,7.62542,49.45343\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><section class=\"pqband\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"pqrow\">\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>On behalf of all Italian Airmen, I do express the deepest sympathy to all those who have lost a loved one and to all those whose body and soul had to suffer from horrible and painful wounds.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Major General Claudio Gabellini<\/b><span>Senior Italian Officer and Chief of Staff, Headquarters Allied Air Command, speaking at the 30th anniversary commemoration of the 1988 disaster<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/archive\/2018\/ramstein-air-base-commemorates-victims-of-airshow-tragedy.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO Allied Air Command<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure class=\"pq\">\n<blockquote><p>Ukraine clearly believes that it can win. And so does everyone here.<\/blockquote><figcaption><b>Lloyd J. Austin III<\/b><span>U.S. Secretary of Defense, opening the first Ukraine Defense Contact Group at Ramstein on 26 April 2022<\/span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.war.gov\/News\/Speeches\/Speech\/Article\/3010300\/secretary-austins-opening-remarks-at-the-ukraine-defense-consultative-group-ram\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">U.S. Department of Defense<\/a><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein Air Base in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>ICAO<\/dt>\n<dd>ETAR<\/dd>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>State<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>49.4369 N, 7.6000 E<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>238 m <span class=\"imp\">(781 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Military<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Runways<\/dt>\n<dd>2<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator<\/dt>\n<dd>08\/26<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>3,200 m <span class=\"imp\">(10,499 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Asphalt<\/dd>\n<dt>Designator 2<\/dt>\n<dd>09\/27<\/dd>\n<dt>Length<\/dt>\n<dd>3,000 m <span class=\"imp\">(9,843 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Surface<\/dt>\n<dd>Asphalt<\/dd>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>None<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Active<span class=\"gnote\">USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>United States Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1953<\/dd>\n<dt>Military use ended<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>86th Airlift Wing<\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>5 current, 0 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>4<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from Ramstein Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div><span>Current<\/span><em>5 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>86th Airlift Wing<small>Theatre airlift wing &middot; active &middot; from 1994<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\">C-130J Super Hercules<\/a>, C-21A, C-37A\/B<\/dd>\n<dt>435th Air Ground Operations Wing<small>Air ground operations wing &middot; active &middot; from 2009<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>No assigned aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>521st Air Mobility Operations Wing<small>Air mobility operations wing &middot; active &middot; from 2008<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>No assigned aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa<small>Major command headquarters &middot; active &middot; from 1973<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>No assigned aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>NATO Allied Air Command<small>NATO command headquarters &middot; active &middot; from 2013<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>No assigned aircraft<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\">C-130J Super Hercules<\/a>, C-21A, C-37A\/B, No assigned aircraft<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What Ramstein is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>Two headquarters, one airfield<\/h3>\n<p>Ramstein is the only place in Europe where an American numbered air component and a NATO air command sit on the same ramp. Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa runs the American air war across two combatant commands, while Headquarters Allied Air Command answers to the Alliance for every air and missile defence matter over NATO territory.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">USAFE-AFAFRICA directs air operations across a theatre of more than 15 million square miles containing 104 independent states, according to its own fact sheet.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>The Global Gateway<\/h3>\n<p>Almost every American military passenger, pallet and patient moving between the United States and Europe, Africa or the Middle East passes through Ramstein. The 86th Airlift Wing calls itself the Department of Defense&rsquo;s premier power projection platform and the Air Force&rsquo;s largest mobility hub, and the base answers to four combatant commands at once.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The 86th Airlift Wing supports U.S. European Command, U.S. Africa Command, U.S. Central Command and U.S. Transportation Command from one airfield.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>The C-130J Super Hercules<\/h3>\n<p>Ramstein flies the theatre&rsquo;s tactical airlift. The 37th Airlift Squadron received the first C-130J Super Hercules in April 2009, the first active-duty overseas unit to get the J model, replacing tired C-130E Hercules that had flown the European circuit for decades.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The 37th Airlift Squadron operates 14 C-130J Super Hercules; the 76th Airlift Squadron adds five C-21A Learjets and three C-37A Gulfstreams.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>The 1988 air show disaster<\/h3>\n<p>On 28 August 1988 three Italian Frecce Tricolori jets collided in front of roughly 300,000 spectators at Flugtag &rsquo;88 and one burning aircraft cartwheeled into the crowd. It was, at the time, the deadliest air show accident in history. The base has not hosted a public air show since.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations records 70 deaths and 346 spectators seriously injured; the whole sequence lasted under seven seconds.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>The road home for the wounded<\/h3>\n<p>Ramstein and neighbouring Landstuhl Regional Medical Center formed the single medical gateway out of Iraq and Afghanistan. Casualties flown from theatre landed at Ramstein, were stabilised at Landstuhl and then staged back onto aircraft for the United States, often within days of being hit.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Landstuhl Regional Medical Center reports having treated more than 97,000 wounded, injured and ill personnel from 56 countries, with a 99 per cent survival rate.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">06<\/div>\n<h3>The Ramstein format<\/h3>\n<p>Since April 2022 the base has given its name to the coalition arming Ukraine. The first Ukraine Defense Contact Group convened at Ramstein with more than 40 countries in the room, and although the group now meets in Brussels, London and Berlin, the shorthand has stuck.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Ukraine&rsquo;s Ministry of Defence states the group was named after Ramstein Air Base because the first meeting was held there, and by its 30th meeting in September 2025 counted over 50 participating nations.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>USAFE-AFAFRICA and NATO Allied Air Command: two headquarters sharing one runway<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The oddity of Ramstein is that two separate chains of command begin there. Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa is the air component for two American unified commands at once, U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command. Its fact sheet describes a theatre spanning three continents, more than 15 million square miles and 104 independent states, with over 35,000 active-duty, Reserve, Air National Guard and civilian personnel, roughly 217 aircraft and seven main operating bases from Britain to Turkey. The command took its present double-hatted name on 20 April 2012.<\/p>\n<p>A few hundred metres away sits something quite different. Headquarters Allied Air Command is NATO&rsquo;s, not America&rsquo;s. Ramstein has hosted a NATO air headquarters since 1974; after successive reorganisations it became Allied Air Command in 2010 and, from 2012, the Alliance&rsquo;s single air headquarters for all NATO territory. It plans and executes integrated air and missile defence and runs the operations centre for air policing and ballistic missile defence, with Combined Air Operations Centres at Uedem and Torrejon beneath it. More than 500 staff from 25 NATO nations serve there under an American four-star commander.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>The 86th Airlift Wing, the C-130J and the gateway that moves everything<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The host unit is the 86th Airlift Wing, and its self-description is not modest: the Department of Defense&rsquo;s premier power projection platform and the U.S. Air Force&rsquo;s largest mobility hub. Seven groups and, by its fact sheet, 29 squadrons are spread across Belgium, Germany, Portugal and Spain, with more than 9,000 military members and civilians assigned and the wing answering to four combatant commands at once. The flying is done by two squadrons: the 37th Airlift Squadron with 14 C-130J Super Hercules, and the 76th Airlift Squadron with five C-21A Learjets and three C-37A Gulfstreams. The first C-130J landed on 8 April 2009, making the 37th the first active-duty overseas squadron on the type, in place of sixteen weary C-130E Hercules.<\/p>\n<p>The wing is only part of the machine. The 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing runs the en route structure that keeps transient aircraft moving &mdash; over 2,700 people at 18 sites in 13 countries, handling command and control, maintenance recovery and terminal operations. The 435th Air Ground Operations Wing adds the expeditionary edge: a contingency response group that opens airfields, the Air Force&rsquo;s only forward communications group, and air support operations squadrons embedded with the Army. The passenger terminal, run by the 721st Aerial Port Squadron, moves roughly 13,000 travellers a month in quiet periods and above 20,000 at peak. That is what Global Gateway means in practice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>Ramstein&rsquo;s Cold War: two French-built bases, a merger, and the drawdown it survived<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Ramstein began as a French project. In April 1951 the French laid out two air bases of some 3,000 acres each near Kaiserslautern, and around 8,000 German and eastern European labourers built them. The southern field, Landstuhl Air Base, came alive on 17 February 1952 when Detachment 1 of Headquarters 86th Fighter-Bomber Wing arrived; it opened formally that August and received Republic F-84 Thunderjets. The northern field, Ramstein Air Base, took the support functions and opened on 1 June 1953, the same day Headquarters Twelfth Air Force was activated there. On 1 December 1957 the two merged. Because the land fell inside the Ramstein district boundary, local leaders insisted on billing order, so the installation became Ramstein-Landstuhl Air Base before the name was shortened in late 1958. The Landstuhl name went to the hospital on the hill.<\/p>\n<p>For four decades Ramstein was a fighter base with a headquarters attached. That ended with the Cold War. USAFE cut its main operating bases by 67 per cent after the Soviet collapse and rebuilt itself as an expeditionary rather than fight-in-place force. Hahn, Zweibruecken, Sembach and Bitburg went; Ramstein did not. On 21 July 1994 the last F-16 left the 86th Fighter Wing for Aviano, ending USAFE fighter operations at the base.<\/p>\n<p>Consolidation then worked in Ramstein&rsquo;s favour. Rhein-Main Air Base, the Frankfurt gateway that had flown the Berlin Airlift, was handed back so the civil airport could expand. Under a 465 million dollar transition programme &mdash; 305 million of it from the states of Rheinland-Pfalz and Hessen and the Frankfurt airport authority &mdash; Ramstein absorbed 65 per cent of the work and Spangdahlem the rest, with Ramstein&rsquo;s runway extended to 10,560 feet plus two 660-foot overruns. Ramstein formally took the Gateway to Europe role on 1 October 2005; Rhein-Main closed on 31 December.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>Flugtag &rsquo;88: the disaster of 28 August 1988 and what followed<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The Flugtag &rsquo;88 open house drew roughly 300,000 people. At 3.44 in the afternoon the Italian Air Force display team, the Frecce Tricolori, were flying the crossing manoeuvre known as the pierced heart when one aircraft struck another at about 150 feet. A third was hit. Two damaged jets went down onto an adjacent taxiway, one striking a parked U.S. Army UH-60 Black Hawk. The aircraft that had begun the collision caught fire, cartwheeled across the runway, through a perimeter fence and into the crowd. The Air Force Office of Special Investigations account puts the whole sequence at less than seven seconds.<\/p>\n<p>The figures, as recorded by OSI, are these: three Italian pilots killed, 66 spectators killed on the ground, and one American Army helicopter pilot who died three weeks later of burns &mdash; 70 dead in all, of whom 61 were German, four American, three Italian, one French and one Dutch. Three hundred and forty-six spectators were seriously injured and hundreds more less gravely; NATO Allied Air Command has put the total injured at over a thousand. Twelve OSI agents happened to be near the crash site and stayed to help, later setting up a temporary morgue and fielding more than 3,000 enquiries about missing people in the days that followed.<\/p>\n<p>The consequences outlasted the wreckage. NATO Allied Air Command states that the disaster prompted stricter air show safety regulations in German airspace and that the U.S. Air Force stopped hosting air shows at the base. Two memorials stand today, one inside the perimeter and one open to the public, and the anniversary is still marked.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">05<\/span><span>Landstuhl and the aeromedical chain out of Iraq and Afghanistan<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Landstuhl Regional Medical Center opened on 7 April 1953 as the 320th General Hospital with 1,000 beds and took its present name in 1994. It is the only American medical centre outside the United States and the military&rsquo;s medical evacuation hub for Europe, Africa and the Middle East, running 65 beds and 53 clinical specialities with more than 2,000 staff. Its own accounting is that it has treated over 97,000 wounded, injured and ill personnel from 56 countries, with a 99 per cent survival rate.<\/p>\n<p>The chain ran through Ramstein. A casualty stabilised at a forward surgical facility in Iraq or Afghanistan was flown to Ramstein, moved the short distance up to Landstuhl for surgery, then brought back down to the Contingency Aeromedical Staging Facility to wait for a strategic flight home. The 435th Contingency Aeromedical Staging Facility began in a base gymnasium in March 2003 and grew into a purpose-built ward of around 100 beds; by March 2008 it had passed 50,000 patients, roughly 44,000 from Iraq and nearly 7,000 from Afghanistan, of whom about 11,000 had battle injuries.<\/p>\n<p>The arrangement is being rebuilt. A replacement hospital at Weilerbach, beside the airfield, is a roughly 970 million dollar project with 68 beds and surge capacity for 25 more, Germany contributing over 165 million dollars. Officials say the move next to the runway will cut transport for critical patients arriving by air from more than twenty minutes to about five.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">06<\/span><span>The relay station, the German courts, and the base that named a coalition<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The most contested thing at Ramstein is a satellite relay station. In April 2015 The Intercept, working from a classified 2012 American intelligence slide deck, reported that the station carries control signals and video between drone crews in the United States and armed aircraft over Yemen, Somalia and elsewhere, routed by transatlantic fibre to satellites above the target regions. A 2010 Air Force budget request had stated that without it drone weapon strikes could not be supported. The relay was completed in late 2013, and German ministers had repeatedly told parliament they had no reliable information on the matter.<\/p>\n<p>That position did not survive litigation. In 2014 Yemeni relatives of two men killed in an American drone strike at Khashamir on 29 August 2012, supported by the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights and Reprieve, sued the Federal Republic. In March 2019 the Higher Administrative Court in Muenster held that Germany had to satisfy itself that the United States was complying with international law in its use of Ramstein; in November 2020 the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig overturned that, finding Berlin&rsquo;s diplomatic assurances sufficient. The case reached the Federal Constitutional Court, which heard argument in December 2024 and ruled on 15 July 2025 in case 2 BvR 508\/21.<\/p>\n<p>The judgment matters beyond Ramstein. The court accepted that the relay station plays a central role in American drone operations and that the defence ministry had been told, in 2010 and 2011, of plans to build it for weapons-capable drones and had not objected. It held that Germany carries a general mandate of protection for fundamental rights and international humanitarian law that can extend to foreigners abroad, but that a concrete duty arises only where there is a sufficient link to German sovereign power and a serious danger of systematic violations. The complaint failed on that second limb.<\/p>\n<p>Ramstein&rsquo;s other claim on the headlines is different in character. On 26 April 2022 U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III convened more than 40 countries at the base to coordinate military aid to Ukraine. The Ukraine Defense Contact Group has met regularly ever since, in Brussels, London, Berlin and online, and is now co-chaired by Germany and the United Kingdom. Everyone still calls it Ramstein.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1951<\/div>\n<p>France lays out two adjoining air bases of about 3,000 acres each near Kaiserslautern, built by some 8,000 German and eastern European workers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1952<\/div>\n<p>Landstuhl Air Base, the southern field, becomes operational on 17 February and formally opens on 5 August, receiving Republic F-84 Thunderjets.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1953<\/div>\n<p>Ramstein Air Base opens on 1 June and Headquarters Twelfth Air Force is activated there; on 7 April the 320th General Hospital, ancestor of Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, stands up with 1,000 beds.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1957<\/div>\n<p>The two fields merge on 1 December as Ramstein-Landstuhl Air Base; the name is shortened to Ramstein Air Base in late 1958.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1974<\/div>\n<p>A NATO air headquarters is established at Ramstein, beginning an unbroken Alliance presence on the base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1981<\/div>\n<p>A bomb explodes on 31 August in a car park outside the USAFE headquarters building, wounding fifteen people by the Air Force Medical Service account.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1988<\/div>\n<p>On 28 August three Frecce Tricolori jets collide over the Flugtag &rsquo;88 crowd; 70 people die and 346 spectators are seriously injured.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1990<\/div>\n<p>A C-5A Galaxy bound for the Gulf crashes shortly after take-off on 29 August, killing thirteen of the seventeen people on board.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1994<\/div>\n<p>The last F-16 leaves for Aviano on 21 July, ending USAFE fighter operations at Ramstein; the 86th becomes an airlift wing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2003<\/div>\n<p>The 435th Contingency Aeromedical Staging Facility begins receiving casualties from Iraq in March, initially in a base gymnasium.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2005<\/div>\n<p>Ramstein assumes the Gateway to Europe role on 1 October ahead of Rhein-Main Air Base closing on 31 December.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2009<\/div>\n<p>The first C-130J Super Hercules arrives for the 37th Airlift Squadron on 8 April; the Kaiserslautern Military Community Center opens the same year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2012<\/div>\n<p>USAFE becomes U.S. Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa on 20 April, taking on the air component role for U.S. Africa Command.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2013<\/div>\n<p>The satellite relay station later shown to carry American drone control signals is completed at Ramstein.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2015<\/div>\n<p>On 17 April The Intercept publishes classified material describing Ramstein&rsquo;s role in the American drone programme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2021<\/div>\n<p>Ramstein processes nearly 35,000 Afghan evacuees during Operation Allies Refuge between 20 August and 30 October.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2022<\/div>\n<p>The first Ukraine Defense Contact Group meets at Ramstein on 26 April with more than 40 countries represented.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2025<\/div>\n<p>The Federal Constitutional Court rejects the Yemeni complainants&rsquo; case over Ramstein and US drone strikes on 15 July.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In pictures<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein, photographed<\/h2>\n<div class=\"galgrid\">\n<figure class=\"wide\"><span class=\"gim ph2\"><\/span><figcaption><b>A 37th Airlift Squadron C-130J<\/b>Fourteen Super Hercules carry the tactical airlift mission for the whole European theatre.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph3\"><\/span><figcaption><b>The airlift mission, practised<\/b>Formation airdrop is the skill the wing keeps sharp between real-world operations.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph4\"><\/span><figcaption><b>A pair of Super Hercules over Germany<\/b>Ramstein sits in the Kaiserslautern basin, the largest American community outside the United States.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph5\"><\/span><figcaption><b>Turning for the field<\/b>The 86th Airlift Wing spans seven groups and 29 squadrons across four countries.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure><span class=\"gim ph6\"><\/span><figcaption><b>On the ramp at the Air Force&rsquo;s largest mobility hub<\/b>In 2021 nearly 35,000 Afghan evacuees passed through this ramp in 71 days.<span>Photo: US Air Force (public domain)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"video\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">On film<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein on film<\/h2>\n<div class=\"vidwrap\">\n<div class=\"vidfr\"><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/kaSuvYwPqE4\" title=\"86th Airlift Wing mission video\" loading=\"lazy\" allow=\"accelerometer; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<div class=\"vidcap\"><b>86th Airlift Wing mission video<\/b> Ramstein Air Base, via YouTube.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">31 August 1981<\/div>\n<h3>Bomb attack on the USAFE headquarters<\/h3>\n<p>A bomb detonated in the car park outside the U.S. Air Forces in Europe headquarters building at Ramstein, in an attack the Air Force Medical Service history attributes to the anti-American terrorist group known as the Red Army. Fifteen people were wounded. The blasts blew out windows, started fires and wrecked interior walls, equipment and furniture; one explosion threw a car bonnet over a five-storey building. Two dental officers and four enlisted staff from the clinic across the street reached the scene within seconds, entered the burning building to pull people out and turned their waiting room into a triage station.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.airforcemedicine.af.mil\/News\/Display\/Article\/1616389\/this-month-in-afms-history-air-force-dentists-responded-to-1981-explosion-at-ra\/\">Air Force Medical Service<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">28 August 1988<\/div>\n<h3>The Frecce Tricolori collision at Flugtag &rsquo;88<\/h3>\n<p>At 3.44pm, before a crowd of roughly 300,000, Italian Air Force display jets collided at about 150 feet while flying the crossing manoeuvre known as the pierced heart. Two damaged aircraft came down on an adjacent taxiway, one striking a parked U.S. Army UH-60 Black Hawk; the third, burning, cartwheeled across the runway and into the spectators. Seventy people died: three Italian pilots, 66 spectators and an American Army helicopter pilot who succumbed to burns three weeks later. Three hundred and forty-six spectators were seriously injured. It was then the deadliest air show accident in the world.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.osi.af.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/3129659\/looking-back-ramstein-air-show-crash\/\">U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">29 August 1990<\/div>\n<h3>C-5A Galaxy crash during Operation Desert Shield<\/h3>\n<p>A C-5 Galaxy transport crashed into woodland around half past midnight shortly after taking off from Ramstein, killing thirteen of the seventeen people aboard. The aircraft belonged to the 60th Military Airlift Wing from Travis Air Force Base with a crew drawn from the 433rd Military Airlift Wing at Kelly Air Force Base, and was carrying food, medical supplies and maintenance equipment towards the Persian Gulf. Nine of the dead were Texas reservists who had volunteered rather than wait to be called up. Dense fog slowed the recovery, and the cause was not immediately established.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1990\/08\/29\/US-troops-killed-in-crash-of-gulf-bound-plane\/6957651902400\/\">UPI<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">17 April 2015<\/div>\n<h3>Reporting exposes the drone relay station<\/h3>\n<p>The Intercept published an account, based on a classified American intelligence slide deck from July 2012, describing a satellite relay station at Ramstein that carries control signals and video between drone crews in the United States and armed aircraft over Yemen, Somalia, Afghanistan and elsewhere. Commands travel by transatlantic fibre-optic cable to Ramstein and then to satellites over the target regions, with the feed returning by the same path. A 2010 Air Force budget request had stated that without the facility drone weapon strikes could not be supported. German ministers had told parliament in 2013 that the government had no reliable information on the question.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2015\/04\/17\/ramstein\/\">The Intercept<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">20 August to 30 October 2021<\/div>\n<h3>Operation Allies Refuge<\/h3>\n<p>Ramstein became the largest waypoint of the Afghanistan evacuation, processing nearly 35,000 evacuees over 71 days. Most arrived aboard C-17 Globemaster III aircraft landing minutes apart; at the peak around 21,000 people were on the base awaiting onward travel, housed in a tent city on the flight line. Some 6,500 American airmen and soldiers and NATO allies worked the operation alongside more than 2,500 local and host-nation volunteers, serving 1.5 million meals and handling over 110 tons of donations. Thirty-nine babies were born during the operation, and the last evacuee flight left on 30 October.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eucom.mil\/article\/41739\/ramstein-completes-role-in-historic-humanitarian-airlift\">U.S. European Command<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">26 April 2022<\/div>\n<h3>The first Ukraine Defense Contact Group<\/h3>\n<p>Two months into Russia&rsquo;s full-scale invasion, U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd J. Austin III gathered representatives of more than 40 nations at Ramstein to coordinate arms deliveries to Ukraine. NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, Ukrainian Defence Minister Oleksii Reznikov, German Defence Minister Christine Lambrecht and Canadian Defence Minister Anita Anand were among those present. Germany announced it would release Gepard anti-aircraft vehicles; Canada offered armoured vehicles and equipment. The participants agreed to meet monthly, and the mechanism has carried the base&rsquo;s name ever since.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/theaters\/europe\/2022-04-26\/austin-ukraine-ramstein-air-base-russia-5804405.html\">Stars and Stripes<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">29 to 30 June 2024<\/div>\n<h3>Force protection raised across US bases in Europe<\/h3>\n<p>U.S. European Command raised the force protection condition to Charlie at installations across Europe, Ramstein among them, alongside Spangdahlem, Aviano, the Rheinland-Pfalz garrison and bases in Italy, Romania and Bulgaria. Personnel at some installations were barred from wearing uniform off base, gate screening was tightened and on-post services were reduced. The command linked the decision to a heightened terrorism threat picture in Europe following the 7 October 2023 Hamas attack on Israel and the war in Gaza, and to a summer of large public events. The levels were eased over the following weeks.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/theaters\/europe\/2024-06-30\/us-military-bases-germany-terrorism-threat-14342506.html\">Stars and Stripes<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">15 July 2025<\/div>\n<h3>Federal Constitutional Court rules on Ramstein and the drone war<\/h3>\n<p>In case 2 BvR 508\/21 the Second Senate rejected a constitutional complaint brought by two Yemeni nationals who argued that Germany had failed to protect them from American drone strikes flown through Ramstein. The court accepted that a satellite relay station had been built at the base for armed drone operations and that the defence ministry had known of the plans, but held that a concrete extraterritorial duty of protection arises only where there is a sufficient link to German sovereign power and a serious danger of systematic violations of international law. The evidence for systematic breaches was not made out, and the court treated the technical data link as of subordinate significance.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Pressemitteilungen\/DE\/2025\/bvg25-059.html\">Bundesverfassungsgericht<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>Ramstein Air Base and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"nearbytbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"spangdahlem\">\n<td>Spangdahlem Air Base<\/td>\n<td>ETAD<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>F-16CM\/DM Block 50 Fighting Falcon, No assigned aircraft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"geilenkirchen\">\n<td>NATO Air Base Geilenkirchen<\/td>\n<td>ETNG<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>E-3A Sentry, No assigned aircraft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"bitburg\" class=\"was\">\n<td>Bitburg Air Base<\/td>\n<td>EDRB<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed 1994<\/span><\/td>\n<td>F-86 Sabre, F-100 Super Sabre, F-4 Phantom II, F-15C\/D Eagle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Ramstein Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Why are there two headquarters at Ramstein?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">One is American and one is NATO. Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa is the air component for U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command, running American air operations from Britain to Turkey and across Africa. Headquarters Allied Air Command is the Alliance&rsquo;s single air headquarters, responsible for integrated air and missile defence and air policing over NATO territory, with subordinate Combined Air Operations Centres at Uedem and Torrejon.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft are based at Ramstein?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The flying units are the 37th Airlift Squadron with 14 C-130J Super Hercules and the 76th Airlift Squadron with five C-21A Learjets and three C-37A Gulfstreams. Ramstein has not been a fighter base since 21 July 1994, when the last F-16 left for Aviano. Far larger numbers of transient aircraft, particularly C-17s and contracted airliners, pass through the field every week.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many people died in the 1988 Ramstein air show disaster?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Seventy. The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations records three Italian pilots, 66 spectators killed on the ground and one American Army helicopter pilot who died of burns three weeks afterwards, with 346 spectators seriously injured. The dead included 61 Germans, four Americans, three Italians, one French and one Dutch national.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Ramstein still hold air shows?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. NATO Allied Air Command states that after the 1988 disaster the U.S. Air Force stopped hosting air shows at Ramstein and that German air display safety regulations were tightened. Two memorials to the victims stand today, one inside the base and one accessible to the public, and anniversaries are still marked.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is Ramstein&rsquo;s connection to Landstuhl hospital?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Landstuhl Regional Medical Center sits a few kilometres from the runway and is the only American medical centre outside the United States. Casualties evacuated from Iraq, Afghanistan, Africa and the Middle East land at Ramstein, are treated at Landstuhl and are then staged back through Ramstein for onward flights to the United States. A replacement hospital at Weilerbach, closer to the airfield, is expected to cut transfer times for critical patients from over twenty minutes to about five.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Ramstein used for American drone strikes?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It hosts a satellite relay station that carries control signals and video between drone crews in the United States and aircraft flying over other regions. Germany&rsquo;s Federal Constitutional Court accepted in July 2025 that this station plays a central role in American drone operations, while rejecting the argument that Germany was constitutionally obliged to stop the practice. No armed drones are flown from Ramstein itself.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why is the Ukraine aid group called the Ramstein format?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because the first meeting was held there. Ukraine&rsquo;s Ministry of Defence states explicitly that the Ukraine Defense Contact Group was named after Ramstein Air Base, where U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin convened more than 40 countries on 26 April 2022. Subsequent meetings have taken place in Brussels, London, Berlin and online, but the name has stayed.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How big is the American community around Ramstein?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Kaiserslautern Military Community is described by the Air Force as the largest American military community outside the continental United States, taking in Ramstein, Vogelweh, Kapaun, Einsiedlerhof, Landstuhl and several Army kasernes. The 86th Airlift Wing fact sheet puts the community at roughly 56,000 Americans; Stars and Stripes reported in 2025 that it holds over 50,000 service members, civilians and families. The American presence is one of the region&rsquo;s largest employers.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Ramstein Air Base still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub). The United States Air Force operates it as 86th Airlift Wing.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of Ramstein Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of Ramstein Air Base is ETAR. The airfield sits at 238 m above sea level in Germany, at 49.4369 N, 7.6000 E.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at Ramstein Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Ramstein Air Base has 2 runways: 08\/26, 3,200 m (10,499 ft), asphalt; 09\/27, 3,000 m (9,843 ft), asphalt.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which squadrons are based at Ramstein Air Base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Ramstein Air Base currently hosts 86th Airlift Wing flying the C-130J Super Hercules, C-21A, C-37A\/B; 435th Air Ground Operations Wing flying the No assigned aircraft; 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing flying the No assigned aircraft; Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa flying the No assigned aircraft; NATO Allied Air Command flying the No assigned aircraft.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why are there two headquarters at Ramstein?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"One is American and one is NATO. Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe \\u2013 Air Forces Africa is the air component for U.S. European Command and U.S. Africa Command, running American air operations from Britain to Turkey and across Africa. Headquarters Allied Air Command is the Alliance\\u2019s single air headquarters, responsible for integrated air and missile defence and air policing over NATO territory, with subordinate Combined Air Operations Centres at Uedem and Torrejon.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft are based at Ramstein?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The flying units are the 37th Airlift Squadron with 14 C-130J Super Hercules and the 76th Airlift Squadron with five C-21A Learjets and three C-37A Gulfstreams. Ramstein has not been a fighter base since 21 July 1994, when the last F-16 left for Aviano. Far larger numbers of transient aircraft, particularly C-17s and contracted airliners, pass through the field every week.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many people died in the 1988 Ramstein air show disaster?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Seventy. The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations records three Italian pilots, 66 spectators killed on the ground and one American Army helicopter pilot who died of burns three weeks afterwards, with 346 spectators seriously injured. The dead included 61 Germans, four Americans, three Italians, one French and one Dutch national.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Ramstein still hold air shows?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. NATO Allied Air Command states that after the 1988 disaster the U.S. Air Force stopped hosting air shows at Ramstein and that German air display safety regulations were tightened. Two memorials to the victims stand today, one inside the base and one accessible to the public, and anniversaries are still marked.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is Ramstein\\u2019s connection to Landstuhl hospital?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Landstuhl Regional Medical Center sits a few kilometres from the runway and is the only American medical centre outside the United States. Casualties evacuated from Iraq, Afghanistan, Africa and the Middle East land at Ramstein, are treated at Landstuhl and are then staged back through Ramstein for onward flights to the United States. A replacement hospital at Weilerbach, closer to the airfield, is expected to cut transfer times for critical patients from over twenty minutes to about five.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Ramstein used for American drone strikes?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It hosts a satellite relay station that carries control signals and video between drone crews in the United States and aircraft flying over other regions. Germany\\u2019s Federal Constitutional Court accepted in July 2025 that this station plays a central role in American drone operations, while rejecting the argument that Germany was constitutionally obliged to stop the practice. No armed drones are flown from Ramstein itself.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why is the Ukraine aid group called the Ramstein format?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the first meeting was held there. Ukraine\\u2019s Ministry of Defence states explicitly that the Ukraine Defense Contact Group was named after Ramstein Air Base, where U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin convened more than 40 countries on 26 April 2022. Subsequent meetings have taken place in Brussels, London, Berlin and online, but the name has stayed.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How big is the American community around Ramstein?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Kaiserslautern Military Community is described by the Air Force as the largest American military community outside the continental United States, taking in Ramstein, Vogelweh, Kapaun, Einsiedlerhof, Landstuhl and several Army kasernes. The 86th Airlift Wing fact sheet puts the community at roughly 56,000 Americans; Stars and Stripes reported in 2025 that it holds over 50,000 service members, civilians and families. The American presence is one of the region\\u2019s largest employers.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Ramstein Air Base still an active military air base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub). The United States Air Force operates it as 86th Airlift Wing.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code of Ramstein Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ICAO code of Ramstein Air Base is ETAR. The airfield sits at 238 m above sea level in Germany, at 49.4369 N, 7.6000 E.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at Ramstein Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Ramstein Air Base has 2 runways: 08\/26, 3,200 m (10,499 ft), asphalt; 09\/27, 3,000 m (9,843 ft), asphalt.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which squadrons are based at Ramstein Air Base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Ramstein Air Base currently hosts 86th Airlift Wing flying the C-130J Super Hercules, C-21A, C-37A\/B; 435th Air Ground Operations Wing flying the No assigned aircraft; 521st Air Mobility Operations Wing flying the No assigned aircraft; Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe \\u2013 Air Forces Africa flying the No assigned aircraft; NATO Allied Air Command flying the No assigned aircraft.\"}}]}<\/script><section id=\"fly\">\n<div class=\"ad\">\n<div class=\"adin\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The part of the collection you can touch<\/div>\n<h2>You cannot fly from this base. You can fly the jet.<\/h2>\n<p class=\"adp\">MiGFlug flies the L-39 Albatros out of Florida &mdash; the same jet trainer that taught most of the air forces on the other side of the Cold War, in a real second seat with aerobatics and time on the controls.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"btn\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/flights-prices\/l-39-albatros-florida\/\">Fly the L-39 Albatros in Florida<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Ramstein Air Base<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-air-force\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">United States Air Force<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the United States Air Force page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/c-130-hercules\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">C-130J Super Hercules<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the C-130J Super Hercules story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ramstein.af.mil\/About\/Fact-Sheets\/Article\/303604\/86th-airlift-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">86th Airlift Wing fact sheet<\/a><span>Official fact sheet for the Air Force&rsquo;s largest mobility hub.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usafe.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/609838\/us-air-forces-in-europe-air-forces-africa\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa fact sheet<\/a><span>The theatre Ramstein commands: three continents, 104 states, some 217 aircraft.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dvidshub.net\/news\/408391\/ramstein-completes-role-historic-humanitarian-airlift\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ramstein completes role in historic humanitarian airlift<\/a><span>DVIDS, 1 November 2021. Operation Allies Refuge at Ramstein, in the words of the wing commander.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/archive\/2018\/ramstein-air-base-commemorates-victims-of-airshow-tragedy\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ramstein Air Base commemorates victims of airshow tragedy<\/a><span>NATO Allied Air Command, on the thirtieth anniversary of the 1988 disaster.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/agency\/usaf\/tailmark.htm\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">GlobalSecurity.org: Air Force Aircraft Tail Markings<\/a><span>two-letter tail codes by wing and base<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ramstein.af.mil\/About\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/303604\/86th-airlift-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">86th Airlift Wing fact sheet<\/a><span>Wing structure, 29 squadrons in four countries, 14 C-130J and the C-21A and C-37A fleet, personnel numbers, four supported combatant commands, KMC population.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.usafe.af.mil\/About-Us\/Fact-Sheets\/Display\/Article\/252923\/fact-sheet-usafe-afafrica\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">FACT SHEET: USAFE-AFAFRICA<\/a><span>Dual air component role, 15 million square miles and 104 states, 35,000 personnel, 217 aircraft, seven main operating bases, 20 April 2012 redesignation, headquarters at Ramstein.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/archive\/2018\/ramstein-air-base-commemorates-victims-of-airshow-tragedy.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ramstein Air Base commemorates victims of airshow tragedy<\/a><span>Thirtieth anniversary ceremony, Gabellini quote, statement that German air show regulations were tightened and that the USAF stopped hosting air shows at the base.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.osi.af.mil\/News\/Features\/Display\/Article\/3129659\/looking-back-ramstein-air-show-crash\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Looking Back: Ramstein air show crash<\/a><span>Official USAF account: time, altitude, sequence under seven seconds, 70 dead broken down by nationality and role, 346 seriously injured, OSI response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaiserslauternamerican.com\/a-tale-of-two-bases\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">A tale of two bases<\/a><span>1951 French design, 8,000 workers, Landstuhl AB 17 February and 5 August 1952, Ramstein AB 1 June 1953, merger on 1 December 1957, renaming in late 1958.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.army.mil\/article\/265460\/sole_american_medical_center_in_europe_to_celebrate_70_years\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Sole American medical center in Europe to celebrate 70 years<\/a><span>Founded 7 April 1953 as the 320th General Hospital, renamed 1994, 65 beds and 53 specialities, 2,000-plus staff, more than 97,000 patients from 56 countries, 99 per cent survival rate.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/theintercept.com\/2015\/04\/17\/ramstein\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Germany is the Tell-Tale Heart of America&rsquo;s Drone War<\/a><span>17 April 2015 reporting on the satellite relay station, the 2012 slide deck, the 2010 budget request language, completion of the relay in late 2013, German parliamentary answers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Pressemitteilungen\/DE\/2025\/bvg25-059.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Erfolglose Verfassungsbeschwerde zu Drohneneinsaetzen unter Nutzung der Air Base Ramstein<\/a><span>Court press release for case 2 BvR 508\/21, 15 July 2025: complaint rejected, two conditions for an extraterritorial duty of protection, technical data link treated as of subordinate significance.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de\/SharedDocs\/Entscheidungen\/EN\/2025\/07\/rs20250715_2bvr050821en.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Judgment of 15 July 2025 &mdash; 2 BvR 508\/21<\/a><span>English text of the judgment: findings on the relay station&rsquo;s central role, the fibre-optic link, the general mandate of protection and why the complaint failed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.war.gov\/News\/Speeches\/Speech\/Article\/3010300\/secretary-austins-opening-remarks-at-the-ukraine-defense-consultative-group-ram\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Secretary Austin&rsquo;s opening remarks at the Ukraine Defense Consultative Group, Ramstein Air Base, Germany<\/a><span>Official text of the 26 April 2022 remarks, including the verbatim quotation used here and the figure of more than 40 countries.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/theaters\/europe\/2022-04-26\/austin-ukraine-ramstein-air-base-russia-5804405.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US and allies gather at Ramstein to discuss how to help Ukraine defeat Russia&rsquo;s unjust invasion<\/a><span>Attendance at the first contact group, named ministers present, German Gepard and Canadian commitments, agreement to meet monthly.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eucom.mil\/article\/41739\/ramstein-completes-role-in-historic-humanitarian-airlift\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ramstein completes role in historic humanitarian airlift<\/a><span>Operation Allies Refuge: nearly 35,000 evacuees over 71 days from 20 August to 30 October 2021, peak of about 21,000, 39 births, 6,500 personnel and 2,500 volunteers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airforcemedicine.af.mil\/News\/Display\/Article\/1616389\/this-month-in-afms-history-air-force-dentists-responded-to-1981-explosion-at-ra\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">This Month in AFMS History: Air Force dentists responded to 1981 explosion at Ramstein Air Base<\/a><span>31 August 1981 bombing outside the USAFE headquarters: attribution, 15 wounded, damage and the clinic response.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.upi.com\/Archives\/1990\/08\/29\/US-troops-killed-in-crash-of-gulf-bound-plane\/6957651902400\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US troops killed in crash of gulf-bound plane<\/a><span>29 August 1990 C-5A crash: 13 of 17 killed, units involved, cargo and destination, Texas reservists among the dead.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stripes.com\/theaters\/europe\/2024-06-30\/us-military-bases-germany-terrorism-threat-14342506.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US military bases in Europe raise security threat levels<\/a><span>Force protection condition Charlie at Ramstein and other European installations in late June 2024 and the stated reasons.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-09-13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-hero.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-c130j-nose.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-airdrop.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph4{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-formation.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph5{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-c130j-turn.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph6{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-ramstein-marshal.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .cflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/swiss-canton-flags-sprite-v2.png)!important}#mfam .cf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .cf1{background-position:-22px -2px}#mfam .cf2{background-position:-42px -2px}#mfam .cf3{background-position:-62px -2px}#mfam .cf4{background-position:-82px -2px}#mfam .cf5{background-position:-102px -2px}#mfam .cf6{background-position:-122px -2px}#mfam .cf7{background-position:-142px -2px}#mfam .cf8{background-position:-162px -2px}#mfam .cf9{background-position:-182px -2px}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam .nf10{background-position:-222px -2px}<\/style>\n<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.css\"><script src=\"https:\/\/cdnjs.cloudflare.com\/ajax\/libs\/maplibre-gl\/4.7.1\/maplibre-gl.js\"><\/script><div id=\"oob-pins\" hidden data-z=\"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\"><\/div>\n<div id=\"oob-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"oob-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><div id=\"shr-data\" data-js=\"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\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"shr-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Order of Battle &middot; United States Air Force &middot; Air base Ramstein Air Base Flugplatz Ramstein Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub) Also based hereNATO Allied Air Command Service badgeUnited States Air Force Major commandUS Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa RSTail codeRS &mdash; the 86th Airlift Wing ETARICAO 3,200 mRunway 1953Opened [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":22998,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23352","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Ramstein Air Base | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/bases-aereas\/ramstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ramstein Air Base | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; United States Air Force &middot; Air base Ramstein Air Base Flugplatz Ramstein Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub) Also based hereNATO Allied Air Command Service badgeUnited States Air Force Major commandUS Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa RSTail codeRS &mdash; the 86th Airlift Wing ETARICAO 3,200 mRunway 1953Opened [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/bases-aereas\/ramstein\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-09-25T08:24:05+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@migflug\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Tempo estimado de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"27 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/\",\"name\":\"Ramstein Air Base | MiGFlug\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/usaf-host-nato.png\",\"datePublished\":\"2026-09-09T21:19:57+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-09-25T08:24:05+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/usaf-host-nato.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2026\\\/09\\\/usaf-host-nato.png\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/ramstein\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Military Air Bases \u2014 Runways, Units &#038; History\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/air-bases\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Ramstein Air Base\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug\",\"description\":\"Fly a Jet Fighter Yourself\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"pt-PT\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2018\\\/10\\\/logo-migflug-blue.png\",\"width\":200,\"height\":100,\"caption\":\"MiGFlug GmbH\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/migflug.com\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.facebook.com\\\/MiGFlug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/x.com\\\/migflug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.instagram.com\\\/migflug\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/user\\\/MiGFlug\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.linkedin.com\\\/company\\\/migflug.com\\\/\",\"https:\\\/\\\/www.pinterest.ch\\\/migflug\\\/\"]}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Base A\u00e9rea de Ramstein | MiGFlug","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/bases-aereas\/ramstein\/","og_locale":"pt_PT","og_type":"article","og_title":"Ramstein Air Base | MiGFlug","og_description":"Order of Battle &middot; United States Air Force &middot; Air base Ramstein Air Base Flugplatz Ramstein Active (USAFE headquarters and European airlift hub) Also based hereNATO Allied Air Command Service badgeUnited States Air Force Major commandUS Air Forces in Europe &ndash; Air Forces Africa RSTail codeRS &mdash; the 86th Airlift Wing ETARICAO 3,200 mRunway 1953Opened [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/bases-aereas\/ramstein\/","og_site_name":"MiGFlug","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","article_modified_time":"2026-09-25T08:24:05+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png","type":"","width":"","height":""}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_site":"@migflug","twitter_misc":{"Tempo estimado de leitura":"27 minutos"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/","name":"Base A\u00e9rea de Ramstein | MiGFlug","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png","datePublished":"2026-09-09T21:19:57+00:00","dateModified":"2026-09-25T08:24:05+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"pt-PT","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/usaf-host-nato.png"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/ramstein\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Military Air Bases \u2014 Runways, Units &#038; History","item":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Ramstein Air Base"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","name":"MiGFlug","description":"Pilote um ca\u00e7a a jato voc\u00ea mesmo","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"pt-PT"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#organization","name":"MiGFlug GmbH","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"pt-PT","@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/logo-migflug-blue.png","width":200,"height":100,"caption":"MiGFlug GmbH"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/MiGFlug\/","https:\/\/x.com\/migflug","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/migflug\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/MiGFlug","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/migflug.com\/","https:\/\/www.pinterest.ch\/migflug\/"]}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23352","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23352"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23352\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25165,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23352\/revisions\/25165"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/22998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23352"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}