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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/czech-air-force\/\">Czech Air Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every war the Czech Air Force and its forerunners have fought<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Much of the record belongs to Czechoslovak airmen in exile, flying with the French air force, the RAF and units formed in the Soviet Union, before the Czech Air Force existed. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From Munich in 1938 to NATO air policing today.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Czechoslovakia Czechoslovak Air Force No allied air arm Avia B-534 Letov &#352;-28 Aero MB.200\">\n<td>Munich crisis and German occupation<span class=\"cwho\">mobilised, then disarmed<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czechoslovak Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1938&ndash;1939<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avia-b-534\/\">Avia B-534<\/a>, Letov &#352;-28, Aero MB.200<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Mobilised against Germany in September 1938 but never ordered to fight; disarmed when Germany occupied Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939.<\/p>\n<p>In September 1938 the Czechoslovak air force was the product of twenty years of national effort. When it mobilised on 23 September it had more than 100 airfields and about 1,300 aircraft, some 650 of them front-line machines, most from Avia, Letov and Aero. Its fighter was the Avia B-534, of which 568 were built, a fine biplane at a moment when Germany was fielding the Bf 109; Wikipedia judges that by 1938 only the Aero MB.200 bomber among Aero&rsquo;s types was still competitive. The government accepted the Munich Agreement, and the air force was never ordered into action. Six months later, in March 1939, Germany occupied what was left of Bohemia and Moravia and the Luftwaffe confiscated every aircraft. A few airmen tried to leave at once: of seven pilots who took off from Hradec Kr&#225;lov&#233;, three reached Poland, two the USSR and two crash-landed. Most of the others escaped overland, to Poland and then France, and formed the core of the squadrons that fought in 1940.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Munich Agreement ceded the border regions without a fight; in March 1939 the Luftwaffe took the entire air force.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Slovakia&rsquo;s separate air force fought Hungary in March 1939 after the Slovak state was proclaimed; that belongs to Slovak, not Czech, lineage and is not covered here.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovak Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovakia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/avia-b-534\/\">Avia B-534<\/a>, Letov &#352;-28, Aero MB.200<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No combat sorties against Germany.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">All aircraft confiscated by the Luftwaffe in March 1939.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"France Czechoslovak airmen in French service Alongside France French fighters and bombers\">\n<td>Battle of France<span class=\"cwho\">Czechoslovak airmen in the Arm&#233;e de l&rsquo;air<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czechoslovak airmen in French service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td>French fighters and bombers<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Czechoslovak pilots who had escaped in 1939 flew with French fighter and bomber units.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the Czechoslovak airmen who escaped in 1939 reached France, which under its pre-war treaty obligations accepted them into the Arm&#233;e de l&rsquo;air; they were scattered among French units rather than formed into a national squadron. They fought through the German offensive of May and June 1940. Wikipedia records that seven were awarded the L&#233;gion d&rsquo;honneur, France&rsquo;s highest decoration, five the M&#233;daille militaire and 70 the Croix de Guerre. When France fell, the airmen made their way to Britain, where on 12 July 1940 the RAF created an Inspectorate of the Czechoslovak Air Force under Karel Janou&#353;ek, commissioned as an Air Commodore. It was a short, scattered campaign, but it produced the combat-experienced pilots who made No. 310 and No. 312 Squadrons effective within weeks of forming.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> After the French armistice the airmen were evacuated to Britain.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Victory claims and losses of Czechoslovak pilots in French service were not confirmed on the pages checked and are left out.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovak airmen in French service<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>France<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>French fighters and bombers<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\"><\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Britain, Western Europe, the Atlantic Czechoslovak squadrons of the RAF Alongside United Kingdom Hurricane Spitfire Wellington Liberator\">\n<td>Second World War with the Royal Air Force<span class=\"cwho\">Nos. 310, 311, 312 and 313 Squadrons<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czechoslovak squadrons of the RAF<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1940&ndash;1945<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\">Hurricane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Spitfire<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/wellington\/\">Wellington<\/a><span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Fighter squadrons 310, 312 and 313 flew Hurricanes and Spitfires from the Battle of Britain to 1945; 311 flew Wellingtons with Bomber Command and then Liberators with Coastal Command.<\/p>\n<p>No. 310 Squadron formed at Duxford on 10 July 1940, the first RAF squadron crewed by foreign nationals, and was in the Battle of Britain within weeks; it claimed 37.5 victories there and 52.5 by the end of the war, and on 8 July 1944 Flt Lt Otto Smik shot down three V-1 flying bombs in 32 minutes. No. 311 formed at Honington at the end of July 1940 as a Wellington bomber squadron and paid the heaviest price of any Czechoslovak unit: of the 318 airmen it sent over Germany in 19 months, 94 were killed and 34 captured, a loss rate above 40 per cent. Moved to Coastal Command in April 1942, it recorded the highest success rate of any Coastal Command squadron between June 1942 and April 1943 and helped sink U-971 in June 1944. Nos. 312 (August 1940) and 313 (May 1941) completed the fighter wing. The Military History Institute counts nearly 2,500 Czechoslovak military airmen in Western air units and 529 dead or missing. Their reward at home, after 1948, was persecution.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The squadrons returned to Czechoslovakia in August 1945 and were disbanded as RAF units on 15 February 1946.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Deaths differ between 529 killed or missing (VHU) and 511 killed (Wikipedia); the VHU figure includes the missing.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovak squadrons of the RAF<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Britain, Western Europe, the Atlantic<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Kingdom<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hurricane\/\">Hurricane<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/supermarine-spitfire\/\">Spitfire<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/wellington\/\">Wellington<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-24-liberator\/\">Liberator<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No consolidated total found.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">VHU: 529 killed or missing, 250 wounded and 52 captured among nearly 2,500 Czechoslovak military airmen in the West, 1939&ndash;45. Wikipedia (No. 311 Squadron) gives 511 killed, 273 of them with 311.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vhu.cz\/v-britanii-bojovali-za-ceskoslovensko-a-to-je-pak-pronasledovalo\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VHU Praha<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._310_Squadron_RAF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No._311_Squadron_RAF\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Central Slovakia 1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment Alongside Soviet Union and Slovak insurgent army La-5FN\">\n<td>Slovak National Uprising<span class=\"cwho\">the 1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Regiment at Zoln&#225; and Tri Duby<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1944<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/lavochkin-la-5\/\">La-5FN<\/a><\/td>\n<td>561<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Flew air cover, reconnaissance and ground attack for the insurgents from inside the uprising&rsquo;s territory.<\/p>\n<p>The regiment was formed in the Soviet Union from Czechoslovak pilots, some of whom Franti&#353;ek Fajtl had led east from Britain in February 1944. On 17 September 1944 it flew 22 La-5FN fighters into insurgent-held central Slovakia, landing first at Zoln&#225; near Zvolen and later moving to Tri Duby. For five weeks it flew from inside the rebel pocket, often against targets on the ground. The Ministry of Defence&rsquo;s war graves office credits it with 561 combat sorties, 10 enemy aircraft shot down, two probables and six damaged, and up to 20 aircraft destroyed in an attack on Pie&#353;&#357;any airfield. Three of its pilots were killed by flak on ground-attack missions and a fourth was captured and escaped; a fifth man died fighting on the ground after the regiment had gone. It left on 25 October 1944, as German forces closed in. The date of its arrival, 17 September, is still kept as the day of the Czechoslovak and Czech air force.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The regiment withdrew on 25 October 1944 as the uprising collapsed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Claims are the regiment&rsquo;s own as recorded by the war graves office; German losses were not cross-checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>1st Czechoslovak Independent Fighter Air Regiment<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Central Slovakia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet Union and Slovak insurgent army<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/lavochkin-la-5\/\">La-5FN<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>561<span class=\"cwho\">561 combat sorties.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>4 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Three pilots killed by anti-aircraft fire in ground attacks (Franti&#353;ek Vacul&#237;k, 20 September; Bohuslav Mr&#225;z, 7 October; Tom&#225;&#353; Moty&#269;ka, 15 October); Franti&#353;ek Kru&#357;a was shot down, captured and escaped; Rudolf Borovec was killed in ground fighting on 9 November 1944.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/valecnehroby.mo.gov.cz\/aktuality\/cs-letci-ve-slovenskem-narodnim-povstani\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministerstvo obrany, V&#225;le&#269;n&#233; hroby<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Southern Poland and northern Moravia 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division Alongside Soviet Union La-5FN Il-2\">\n<td>Moravian-Ostrava Offensive<span class=\"cwho\">the 1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/lavochkin-la-5\/\">La-5FN<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/\">Il-2<\/a><\/td>\n<td>540<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Fighter cover and ground attack for the Soviet 38th Army and the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps, as part of the Soviet 8th Air Army.<\/p>\n<p>The division was formed at Przemy&#347;l on 25 January 1945 under Lieutenant Colonel Ludv&#237;k Bud&#237;n, with two La-5FN fighter regiments and a ground-attack regiment of Il-2s; on formation the ground-attack regiment had 26 pilots and 33 aircraft. It came under the Soviet 8th Air Army and went into action on 14 April 1945, supporting the Moravian-Ostrava operation that took the industrial region around Ostrava. The war graves office counts 540 operational flights in April alone, 270 of them combat missions, for the loss of six men. It was the first Czechoslovak air formation to fight over its own country, and it became the nucleus of the post-war air force alongside the returning RAF squadrons, with the La-7 as its fighter.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Operations ended on 9 May 1945.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Totals for May 1945 and aircraft losses were not published in the source checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>1st Czechoslovak Mixed Air Division<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Southern Poland and northern Moravia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet Union<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/lavochkin-la-5\/\">La-5FN<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/il-2-sturmovik\/\">Il-2<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>540<span class=\"cwho\">540 operational flights in April 1945, 270 of them combat missions.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>6 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Six airmen killed: two pilots and two gunners in combat, two pilots in accidents.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/valecnehroby.mo.gov.cz\/aktuality\/padli-1-cs-smisene-letecke-divize-v-sssr\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministerstvo obrany, V&#225;le&#269;n&#233; hroby<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Czechoslovak_Army_Corps_in_the_USSR\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Czechoslovak&ndash;West German border, south-west Bohemia Czechoslovak Air Force No allied air arm MiG-15\">\n<td>Air battle over Merkl&#237;n<span class=\"cwho\">the 1953 F-84 shoot-down<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czechoslovak Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-15-fagot\/\">MiG-15<\/a><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air defence interception of US F-84s at the border.<\/p>\n<p>At about 10:45 on 10 March 1953 two Czechoslovak MiG-15s, flown by Captain Jaroslav &#352;r&#225;mek and his wingman Captain Milan Forst, met a pair of USAF F-84 Thunderjets near Merkl&#237;n in south-west Bohemia. &#352;r&#225;mek hit one; its pilot, Captain Warren Brown, reached West German territory and ejected. The Czechoslovak position was that the Americans had violated its airspace and were engaged over Czechoslovak territory; the United States said the MiGs had fired over Germany. A Czech popular-history account, drawing on period documents, concludes that the engagement began over Czechoslovakia but that both MiGs probably crossed into German airspace in pursuit. &#352;r&#225;mek is credited as the only Czechoslovak pilot ever to have shot down a jet aircraft in combat; he later flew the MiG-23, retired in 1989 and died in 2015.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> One USAF F-84 shot down; each government said the engagement took place over its side of the border.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Official documents from either government were not checked; the F-84 sub-type (E or G) varies between accounts, and the crash location is reported differently.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovak Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Czechoslovak&ndash;West German border, south-west Bohemia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-15-fagot\/\">MiG-15<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>2<span class=\"cwho\">Two MiG-15s.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No Czechoslovak loss. The US pilot ejected over West Germany and survived.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stoplusjednicka.cz\/souboj-nad-zeleznou-oponou-jak-ceskoslovensky-pilot-sestrelil-americky-thunderjet\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">100+1 zahrani&#269;n&#237; zaj&#237;mavost<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Afghanistan Czech Air Force Alongside NATO Mi-171Sh\">\n<td>ISAF and Resolute Support in Afghanistan<span class=\"cwho\">Task Force Hippo and the Mi-24 advisers<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czech Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2008&ndash;2019<\/td>\n<td>Taliban<\/td>\n<td>Mi-171Sh<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport helicopter support with Mi-171Sh and training of Afghan helicopter crews.<\/p>\n<p>The first Czech Air Force advisory group went to Afghanistan in April 2008. Czech instructors trained Afghan pilots on Mi-24 attack helicopters in Kabul from 2008 to 2019 and by 2015 commanded the unit, flying Afghan-owned aircraft rather than Czech ones. The air force&rsquo;s own aircraft arrived with Task Force Hippo: three modernised Mi-171Sh transport helicopters deployed in January 2010 and entered ISAF operations on 25 January 2010. For a small helicopter force it was the first sustained operation abroad and a hard test of the Mi-171Sh in hot and high conditions.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Advisory work on Afghan Mi-24s continued until 2019.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The end date of Task Force Hippo and its flying totals were not confirmed.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czech Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Afghanistan<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Taliban<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Mi-171Sh<\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">No air force aircraft loss found in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.czdefence.cz\/clanek\/konec-vrtulnikove-legendy-mi-24-35-v-acr\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CZDefence<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd7\" data-x=\"Baltic states, Iceland, Slovakia and Czech airspace Czech Air Force Alongside NATO JAS 39C\/D Gripen L-159\">\n<td>NATO air policing<span class=\"cwho\">Baltic states, Iceland and Slovakia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Czech Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2009&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>JAS 39C\/D Gripen, L-159<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd7\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd7\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd7\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Gripens hold national quick reaction alert inside NATO air defence and deploy on NATO air policing rotations.<\/p>\n<p>Czech air defence has been part of NATO&rsquo;s integrated system since 12 March 1999. Abroad, the Gripens first flew Baltic Air Policing from &#352;iauliai in Lithuania from 1 May to 31 August 2009 with four aircraft and about 75 people, and returned in September 2012 to January 2013, to &#196;mari in Estonia in September&ndash;December 2019 with five aircraft, and to &#352;iauliai from 1 April to 31 July 2022 with five aircraft and about 95 people. Iceland followed in 2014, 2015 and 2016, and a fourth Iceland deployment from Keflav&#237;k began in May 2025, the first for which the unit passed a NATO tactical evaluation beforehand. Since 1 September 2022 Czech and Polish fighters have also protected Slovakia&rsquo;s airspace. At home the L-159s have backed up the Gripens on request since 2008.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Continuing.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Scramble totals and the 2025 Iceland detachment size were not published in the sources checked.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Czech Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Baltic states, Iceland, Slovakia and Czech airspace<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>JAS 39C\/D Gripen, L-159<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Not consolidated in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">None.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/afbcaslav.mo.gov.cz\/historie-zakladny\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">21. z&#225;kladna taktick&#233;ho letectva<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/czechairforce.com\/news\/ceske-gripeny-se-v-dubnu-znovu-vrati-do-pobalti\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Czech Air Force (czechairforce.com)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/mise.mo.gov.cz\/informacni-servis\/zpravodajstvi\/ceske-gripeny-budou-poctvrte-strezit-nebe-nad-islandem--ukolove-uskupeni-proslo-narodnim-hodnocenim--256720\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zahrani&#269;n&#237; mise A&#268;R<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/acr.mo.gov.cz\/informacni-servis\/zpravodajstvi\/za-20-let-sluzby-naletaly-gripeny-38-tisic-hodin--nejblizsi-misi-bude-island-257591\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Arm&#225;da &#268;R<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_Air_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/afbcaslav.mo.gov.cz\/o-nas\/21-zakladna-taktickeho-letectva\/212-letka-l-159\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">21. z&#225;kladna taktick&#233;ho letectva<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vhu.cz\/v-britanii-bojovali-za-ceskoslovensko-a-to-je-pak-pronasledovalo\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">VHU Praha: V Brit&#225;nii bojovali za &#268;eskoslovensko. A to je pak pron&#225;sledovalo<\/a><span>Nearly 2,500 airmen; 529 killed or missing; 1,359 returned; 13 left by 1950; over 400 emigrated; persecution and rehabilitation.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/valecnehroby.mo.gov.cz\/aktuality\/cs-letci-ve-slovenskem-narodnim-povstani\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministerstvo obrany, V&#225;le&#269;n&#233; hroby: &#268;s. letci ve Slovensk&#233;m n&#225;rodn&#237;m povst&#225;n&#237;<\/a><span>22 La-5FN arrived 17 September 1944; 561 sorties; 10 victories; losses; withdrawal 25 October 1944.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/valecnehroby.mo.gov.cz\/aktuality\/padli-1-cs-smisene-letecke-divize-v-sssr\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministerstvo obrany, V&#225;le&#269;n&#233; hroby: Padl&#237; 1. &#269;s. sm&#237;&#353;en&#233; leteck&#233; divize v SSSR<\/a><span>Formed 25 January 1945 at Przemy&#347;l; La-5FN and Il-2 regiments; first combat 14 April 1945; six killed.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.stoplusjednicka.cz\/souboj-nad-zeleznou-oponou-jak-ceskoslovensky-pilot-sestrelil-americky-thunderjet\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">100+1 zahrani&#269;n&#237; zaj&#237;mavost: Souboj nad &#382;eleznou oponou<\/a><span>10 March 1953; &#352;r&#225;mek and Forst; US pilot Warren Brown; competing claims.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/acr.mo.gov.cz\/informacni-servis\/zpravodajstvi\/za-20-let-sluzby-naletaly-gripeny-38-tisic-hodin--nejblizsi-misi-bude-island-257591\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Arm&#225;da &#268;R: Za 20 let slu&#382;by nal&#233;taly gripeny 38 tis&#237;c hodin (21 April 2025)<\/a><span>14 Gripens (12 + 2); first arrival 18 April 2005; 38,000 hours; Baltic and Iceland missions.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.czdefence.cz\/clanek\/konec-vrtulnikove-legendy-mi-24-35-v-acr\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">CZDefence: Konec vrtuln&#237;kov&#233; legendy Mi-24\/35 v A&#268;R<\/a><span>Farewell 14 October 2023; first Mi-24D 24 August 1978 at Prost&#283;jov; fleet counts; Afghan training 2008&ndash;2019.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/afbcaslav.mo.gov.cz\/o-nas\/21-zakladna-taktickeho-letectva\/212-letka-l-159\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">21. z&#225;kladna taktick&#233;ho letectva: 212. letka L-159<\/a><span>L-159 fully in service 19 December 2001; squadron history; national air defence support since 2008.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/afbcaslav.mo.gov.cz\/historie-zakladny\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">21. z&#225;kladna taktick&#233;ho letectva: Historie z&#225;kladny<\/a><span>&#268;&#225;slav built 1952&ndash;54; Su-7 from 1964; MiG-23 from 1977; NATO air defence 12 March 1999; Gripen April 2005.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mise.mo.gov.cz\/informacni-servis\/zpravodajstvi\/ceske-gripeny-budou-poctvrte-strezit-nebe-nad-islandem--ukolove-uskupeni-proslo-narodnim-hodnocenim--256720\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Zahrani&#269;n&#237; mise A&#268;R: &#268;esk&#233; gripeny budou po&#269;tvrt&#233; st&#345;e&#382;it nebe nad Islandem (7 March 2025)<\/a><span>Iceland 2014, 2015, 2016 and May 2025; Baltic 2009, 2012, 2019, 2022; first TACEVAL.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/czechairforce.com\/news\/ceske-gripeny-se-v-dubnu-znovu-vrati-do-pobalti\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Czech Air Force (czechairforce.com): &#268;esk&#233; Gripeny se v dubnu znovu vr&#225;t&#237; do Pobalt&#237; (10 January 2022)<\/a><span>2022 &#352;iauliai mission 1 April &ndash; 31 July; earlier missions with dates, aircraft and personnel.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-29. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/czech-air-force\/\">Back to the Czech Air Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam 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