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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-and-air-defence-forces-of-the-republic-of-belarus\/\">Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>The combat record of the Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Belarus&rsquo;s air arm has fought no war of its own since independence. The Second World War entry belongs to the Soviet 1st Air Army, its predecessor; the 1995 balloon shoot-down and the 2021 Ryanair diversion are single incidents; and in the Russian invasion of Ukraine Belarus is a host nation, not a declared combatant. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From the Western Front in 1941 to Russia&rsquo;s war next door.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Western Russia, Belarus, the Baltic and East Prussia Soviet Air Forces: 1st Air Army (Western Front), predecessor of the 26th Air Army; Soviet air defence forces Alongside Free French (Normandie-Niemen) Soviet fighter, ground-attack and bomber types (not itemised here)\">\n<td>The Second World War on the Eastern Front<span class=\"cwho\">1st Air Army and the air defence of the Western Front<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Soviet Air Forces: 1st Air Army (Western Front), predecessor of the 26th Air Army; Soviet air defence forces<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1941&ndash;1945<\/td>\n<td>Germany<\/td>\n<td>Soviet fighter, ground-attack and bomber types (not itemised here)<\/td>\n<td>290,000<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Fighter, ground-attack and bomber operations for the Western Front, later the 3rd Belorussian Front, including Rzhev, Smolensk, Operation Bagration and East Prussia.<\/p>\n<p>The Belarusian Air Force and Air Defence Forces claim this war as their own inheritance, and the ministry&rsquo;s history devotes most of its space to it. The 1st Air Army was formed in May 1942 from the air forces of the Western Front (10 May, per Wikipedia) and fought through the battles around Rzhev and Vyazma, Orel and Smolensk in 1942&ndash;1943. In March 1943 it received the Free French Normandie-Niemen squadron, later a regiment. In 1944 it flew in Operation Bagration, the offensive that drove German forces out of Belarus, and in 1945 in East Prussia. Its wartime commanders were Kutsevalov, Khudyakov, Gromov and Khryukin, according to Wikipedia. The ministry credits the Western Front&rsquo;s airmen with more than 160 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 18 of them twice; Wikipedia gives 145 for the 1st Air Army alone. The difference probably reflects whether earlier Western Front units are counted.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The 1st Air Army ended the war in East Prussia; in January 1949 it was renamed the 26th Air Army, whose headquarters became the Belarusian Air Force command in 1992.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Sortie and Hero counts differ between the Belarusian ministry (300,000 sorties, 160+ Heroes, Western Front air forces) and Wikipedia (290,000 sorties, 145 Heroes, 1st Air Army). The aircraft types flown were not itemised from a checked source.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet Air Forces: 1st Air Army (Western Front), predecessor of the 26th Air Army; Soviet air defence forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Western Russia, Belarus, the Baltic and East Prussia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Free French (Normandie-Niemen)<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Germany<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet fighter, ground-attack and bomber types (not itemised here)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>290,000<span class=\"cwho\">290,000 sorties for the 1st Air Army per Wikipedia; the Belarusian ministry credits Western Front pilots with 300,000 combat sorties.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Soviet losses were not found in the sources checked. The ministry claims more than 5,000 enemy aircraft and 3,000 tanks destroyed; these are Soviet wartime claims and not independently verified.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/forces\/vvspvo\/history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1st_Air_Army\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/26th_Air_Army\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Belarusian airspace Belarusian Air Force No allied air arm Mi-24\">\n<td>The Gordon Bennett Cup balloon shoot-down<span class=\"cwho\">12 September 1995<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Belarusian Air Force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1995<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mi-24<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">A Mi-24 helicopter fired on a hydrogen balloon competing in the Gordon Bennett Cup race that had entered Belarusian airspace.<\/p>\n<p>The Gordon Bennett Cup is a long-distance gas balloon race. According to Wikipedia, the organisers had informed the Belarusian government of the race in May and filed flight plans. On 12 September 1995 a Belarusian Mi-24 fired on one of the balloons over Belarus and brought it down; both crew, the Americans Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis, were killed. Another balloon was forced to land and its crew fined for visa violations; a third landed safely more than two hours later. The Belarusian government&rsquo;s explanation at the time was not retrieved for this page, and the incident rests here on a single source.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Belarus has neither apologised nor offered compensation, according to Wikipedia.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Single source (Wikipedia); Belarus&rsquo;s official account and the US government&rsquo;s response were not retrieved and are left out. The Mi-24 variant is given as Mi-24B in Wikipedia and is not repeated here.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Belarusian Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Belarusian airspace<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mi-24<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">Two American balloonists, Alan Fraenckel and John Stuart-Jervis, were killed. Two other balloons landed in Belarus; the crew of one was fined for visa violations.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gordon_Bennett_Cup_(ballooning)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Belarusian airspace Air Force and Air Defence Forces No allied air arm MiG-29\">\n<td>The diversion of Ryanair Flight 4978<span class=\"cwho\">Minsk, 23 May 2021<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Air Force and Air Defence Forces<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-29-fulcrum\/\">MiG-29<\/a><\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">A MiG-29 was launched while air traffic control told the Athens&ndash;Vilnius flight of a bomb threat and it diverted to Minsk.<\/p>\n<p>On 23 May 2021 Ryanair Flight FR4978 from Athens to Vilnius, with 126 passengers and six crew, was told by Minsk air traffic control of a bomb threat and diverted to Minsk, where the opposition journalist Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega were arrested. A MiG-29 of the Air Force and Air Defence Forces was airborne. The sides differ on what it was doing. ICAO&rsquo;s fact-finding report of 17 January 2022 found that the MiG-29 was tasked with communications back-up and to protect Minsk, and did not approach or escort FR4978; it found the bomb threat deliberately false but could not attribute it to an individual or state, and said Belarus had not preserved records. On 21 June 2021 the EU sanctioned Minister of Defence Viktor Khrenin, the service&rsquo;s commander Ihar Holub and its chief of staff Andrei Gurtsevich, stating that the command had dispatched military aircraft to escort the forced landing without proper justification. President Lukashenko said on 26 May 2021 that he had acted legally in response to a bomb threat. In July 2022 the ICAO Council condemned the Belarusian government&rsquo;s act of unlawful interference; in January 2022 US prosecutors charged four Belarusian officials with aircraft piracy.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The ICAO Council in July 2022 condemned the Belarusian government for an act of unlawful interference; the EU banned Belarusian carriers from its airspace and sanctioned the defence minister and the Air Force and Air Defence command.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The ICAO report and the EU listing disagree on whether the MiG-29 escorted the airliner. The ICAO report and Council text were read through Wikipedia, not directly (the ICAO site refused the request).<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Air Force and Air Defence Forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Belarusian airspace<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-29-fulcrum\/\">MiG-29<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>1<span class=\"cwho\">One MiG-29 launched, per the ICAO fact-finding report as cited by Wikipedia.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No casualties; no bomb was found. Raman Pratasevich and Sofia Sapega were arrested in Minsk.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryanair_Flight_4978\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32021R0997\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EUR-Lex<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Belarusian territory and airspace bordering Ukraine Air Force and Air Defence Forces (host nation; not a declared combatant) No allied air arm Russian aircraft on Belarusian bases (Su-35S and others) Belarusian air defence alert forces\">\n<td>The Russian invasion of Ukraine<span class=\"cwho\">Belarus as a staging ground<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Air Force and Air Defence Forces (host nation; not a declared combatant)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2022&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Russian aircraft on Belarusian bases (Su-35S and others), Belarusian air defence alert forces<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">According to the Belarusian government, no combat role; Belarusian bases hosted Russian forces, and the service has intercepted aerial targets entering from the war zone.<\/p>\n<p>Russian and Belarusian forces held the joint exercise Union Resolve-2022 in February 2022, and the Russian troops did not leave. On 24 February, the first day of the invasion, Ukraine&rsquo;s commander-in-chief reported ballistic missiles launched from Belarus; satellite images published by Maxar and others showed Russian helicopters, aircraft and missile systems near the border and at Baranovichi and Machulishchy, and AirForces Monthly reported Russian Su-35S fighters at Baranovichi from February to April 2022. President Lukashenko said Belarusian forces would not take part directly and on 27 February acknowledged launches by Russia from Belarusian territory as a &ldquo;forced step&rdquo;. On 2 March 2022 UN General Assembly resolution ES-11\/1, adopted by 141 votes to 5 with 35 abstentions, deplored the involvement of Belarus in the unlawful use of force against Ukraine. Russia calls its war a &ldquo;special military operation&rdquo;. On 26 February 2023 BYPOL claimed a drone attack on a Russian A-50 at Machulishchy; an article on the ministry&rsquo;s portal in April 2023 referred to arrests of people it linked to Ukrainian special services. In August and September 2024 Belarusian officials said air defence had destroyed aerial targets entering from Ukraine, and on 10 September 2025 the General Staff said it had warned Poland and Lithuania of drones heading their way.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ongoing. The UN General Assembly deplored Belarus&rsquo;s involvement on 2 March 2022; Belarus says it is not a party to the war.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Russian use of Belarusian bases rests on satellite imagery and press reports cited by Wikipedia, not on a Belarusian government statement. Belarusian claims of drones destroyed were not independently verified, and Ukraine&rsquo;s response to them was not retrieved. No current dispositions are given here.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Air Force and Air Defence Forces (host nation; not a declared combatant)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Belarusian territory and airspace bordering Ukraine<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Russian aircraft on Belarusian bases (Su-35S and others), Belarusian air defence alert forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No Belarusian combat sorties against Ukraine were reported in the sources checked.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">None reported for the Belarusian service. The partisan group BYPOL claimed to have damaged a Russian A-50 at Machulishchy on 26 February 2023; satellite imagery on 28 February showed no significant damage.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belarusian_involvement_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_ES-11\/1\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baranovichi_(air_base)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Machulishchy_(air_base)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/144774\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beriev_A-50\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BYPOL\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/bso\/news\/159102\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus (bso section)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173350\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173351\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173650\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/179245\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/primeminister\/poland-moves-to-invoke-nato-article-4-after-airspace-violation\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/forces\/vvspvo\/history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: &#1042;&#1042;&#1057; &#1080; &#1074;&#1086;&#1081;&#1089;&#1082;&#1072; &#1055;&#1042;&#1054; &mdash; &#1048;&#1089;&#1090;&#1086;&#1088;&#1080;&#1103;<\/a><span>Air defence lineage from 1941 (5th Air Defence Division, Kuibyshev); 1st Air Army formed May 1942 from Western Front air forces, renamed 26th Air Army 1949; 2nd Separate Air Defence Army 30 June 1960, Order of the Red Banner 1974; Air Force formed 1992 from the 26th Air Army; merged service created 2001; WWII claims of 300,000 sorties, 5,000+ aircraft and 3,000 tanks destroyed, 160+ Heroes of the Soviet Union (18 twice).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/144774\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: final phase of exercise Union Resolve-2022 (19 February 2022)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. Joint Russian-Belarusian exercise with aviation at the Obuz-Lesnovsky range.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173350\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: the President on the destruction of aerial targets from Ukraine (10 August 2024)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. Lukashenko: at 18:10 the previous day the Air Force and Air Defence Forces were placed on heightened readiness.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173351\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: Minister of Defence briefing (10 August 2024)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. Part of the aerial vehicles destroyed; the rest were outside the reach of air defence.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/173650\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: statement by Colonel Sergei Frolov on a violation of the state border (5 September 2024)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. All intruding targets destroyed by the air defence alert forces, according to the statement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/news\/179245\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus: statement by the Chief of the General Staff (10 September 2025)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. Belarus passed air and radar information to the alert forces of Poland and Lithuania, warning them of approaching unknown drones.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mil.by\/ru\/bso\/news\/159102\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ministry of Defence of Belarus (bso section): Officers&rsquo; club in Rossony (17 April 2023)<\/a><span>Headline and excerpt read through the mil.by site search on 30 September 2026; the article page itself did not load for this research. Refers to an airfield incident and to the arrest of people it links to Ukrainian special services.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.pl\/web\/primeminister\/poland-moves-to-invoke-nato-article-4-after-airspace-violation\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Chancellery of the Prime Minister of Poland: Poland moves to invoke NATO Article 4 (10 September 2025)<\/a><span>19 airspace violations overnight by Russian drones; drones posing a direct threat shot down. Taken from the Polish Order of Battle dataset of this project; not re-fetched for this page.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/HTML\/?uri=CELEX:32021R0997\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EUR-Lex: Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2021\/997 of 21 June 2021 (Belarus restrictive measures)<\/a><span>Entries 160&ndash;163: Minister of Defence Khrenin, Air Force and Air Defence commander Ihar Holub and Chief of the Main Staff Andrei Gurtsevich listed for dispatching military aircraft to &ldquo;escort&rdquo; FR4978 on 23 May 2021; Belaeronavigatsia director Leanid Churo.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-30. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-and-air-defence-forces-of-the-republic-of-belarus\/\">Back to the Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam 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The Second World War entry belongs to the Soviet 1st Air Army, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":26551,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-26559","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus combat record | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/pt\/forcas-aereas\/air-force-and-air-defence-forces-of-the-republic-of-belarus\/historico-de-combate\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_PT\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus combat record | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus The combat record of the Air Force and Air Defence Forces of the Republic of Belarus Belarus&rsquo;s air arm has fought no war of its own since independence. 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