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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam .pq{margin:0;max-width:900px} #mfam .pq blockquote{margin:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:normal;font-size:clamp(21px,2.6vw,28px);line-height:1.42;color:#fff;letter-spacing:-.2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:before{content:'\\201C';color:var(--blue);margin-right:2px} #mfam .pq blockquote:after{content:'\\201D';color:var(--blue);margin-left:2px} #mfam .pq figcaption{margin-top:20px;font-size:14px;color:#98a2b3;line-height:1.6} #mfam .pq figcaption b{color:#fff;font-size:14px} #mfam .pq figcaption span{display:block;color:#7c8697;font-size:13px} #mfam .pq figcaption a{color:#9db9ff;border-bottom:1px solid #3f4d6b} #mfam .pqrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:40px;max-width:1120px} #mfam .pqrow .pq blockquote{font-size:clamp(18px,2vw,21px)} #mfam .galgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:18px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .galgrid figure{margin:0;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .galgrid 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34px;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.4px;color:var(--blue)} #mfam .deep summary .dx{margin-left:auto;flex:0 0 auto;font-size:13px;letter-spacing:1.2px;color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .deep details[open] summary .dx{visibility:hidden} #mfam .deep .dbody{padding:0 0 26px 54px;max-width:860px} #mfam .deep .dbody p{font-size:17px;line-height:1.68;margin-bottom:16px} #mfam .inc{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:8px} #mfam .inc article{border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:3px solid var(--blue);background:#fff;padding:22px 24px 24px} #mfam .inc .incd{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.5px;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .inc h3{font-size:18px;line-height:1.3;margin:7px 0 9px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .inc p{font-size:15.5px;line-height:1.6;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .inc .incs{display:block;margin-top:11px;font-size:13px} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .kfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lao-peoples-liberation-army-air-force\/\">Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/a> &middot; Air base<\/div>\n<h1>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Long Tieng (Long Cheng, Long Chieng); Lima Site 20A \/ LS 98<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">Historic (CIA and Royal Lao Air Force base of the Secret War, 1962&ndash;1975; now a restricted Lao People&rsquo;s Army site)<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>&mdash;<\/b><span>ICAO<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>&mdash;<\/b><span>Runway<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1962<\/b><span>Opened<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Closed 1975<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Operator<\/b>Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Province<\/b>Xaisomboun Province (Longchaeng district)<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Elevation<\/b>945 m<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Coordinates<\/b>19.1078 N, 102.9235 E<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A): what it was built for and what flies there now<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<p>Long Tieng &mdash; also spelt Long Cheng, and known to its pilots as Lima Site 20A &mdash; lies in a high valley of Xaisomboun Province, about 3,100 ft (945 m) up, south-west of the Plain of Jars. The CIA began building it in 1962 as the headquarters of General Vang Pao&rsquo;s Hmong army, and by 1964 it had a 1,260 m runway. In March 1970 TIME, whose correspondent got in without permission, called it a top-secret, CIA-supported base for guerrilla operations against the Communists.<\/p>\n<p>For a decade it was one of the busiest and least visible airfields in Asia. Air America flew rice, refugees and soldiers from it; the US Air Force&rsquo;s Raven forward air controllers flew O-1s and U-17s from it; and the Royal Lao Air Force&rsquo;s Hmong T-28 squadron flew close air support from it, with its wing leader Lee Lue flying up to ten missions a day before he was killed in July 1969. Wikipedia puts the valley&rsquo;s population at about 40,000 in the late 1960s, the second city of Laos, though estimates for the war years range from 30,000 to 50,000.<\/p>\n<p>North Vietnamese offensives reached the ridges above the runway in 1970 and again in the winter of 1971&ndash;1972, when 130 mm guns shelled the base. It held until 1975. Between 10 and 14 May 1975 American transports flew between 1,000 and 3,000 Hmong out to Thailand, and Vang Pao left by helicopter on 14 May. The Lao People&rsquo;s Army has controlled the site since; it is described as a restricted military area, and there is no published evidence of air force flying there today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"sat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Satellite<\/div>\n<h2>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) from above<\/h2>\n<div class=\"satfig\" id=\"satfig\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Enlarge the satellite view\">\n<div class=\"satimg\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) seen from above\"><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"satzoom\">Click to enlarge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satcap\"><b>No runway dimensions are recorded for this airfield.<\/b><span>Imagery: Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics and the GIS user community<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"satlb\" id=\"satlb\"><span class=\"satlbx\">Close<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"satbig\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) seen from above, enlarged\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<style>#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=102.88815,19.09228,102.95880,19.12328\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=1600,743\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}#mfam .satbig{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=102.89026,19.08686,102.95668,19.12870\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=2048,1365\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}@media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{background-image:url(\"https:\/\/server.arcgisonline.com\/ArcGIS\/rest\/services\/World_Imagery\/MapServer\/export?bbox=102.90707,19.09228,102.93987,19.12328\\26 bboxSR=4326\\26 imageSR=3857\\26 size=760,760\\26 format=jpg\\26 f=image\")!important}}<\/style>\n<div id=\"sat-data\" data-js=\"KGZ1bmN0aW9uKCl7IHZhciBmPWRvY3VtZW50LmdldEVsZW1lbnRCeUlkKCdzYXRmaWcnKSwgYj1kb2N1bWVudC5nZXRFbGVtZW50QnlJZCgnc2F0bGInKTsgaWYoIWZ8fCFiKSByZXR1cm47IGZ1bmN0aW9uIG9wZW4oKXsgYi5jbGFzc0xpc3QuYWRkKCdvbicpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5ib2R5LnN0eWxlLm92ZXJmbG93PSdoaWRkZW4nOyB9IGZ1bmN0aW9uIHNodXQoKXsgYi5jbGFzc0xpc3QucmVtb3ZlKCdvbicpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5ib2R5LnN0eWxlLm92ZXJmbG93PScnOyB9IGYuYWRkRXZlbnRMaXN0ZW5lcignY2xpY2snLCBvcGVuKTsgZi5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdrZXlkb3duJywgZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7IGlmKGUua2V5PT09J0VudGVyJ3x8ZS5rZXk9PT0nICcpeyBlLnByZXZlbnREZWZhdWx0KCk7IG9wZW4oKTsgfSB9KTsgYi5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdjbGljaycsIHNodXQpOyBkb2N1bWVudC5hZGRFdmVudExpc3RlbmVyKCdrZXlkb3duJywgZnVuY3Rpb24oZSl7IGlmKGUua2V5PT09J0VzY2FwZScpIHNodXQoKTsgfSk7IH0pKCk7\"><\/div>\n<p><script>(function(){var el=document.getElementById(\"sat-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Location &amp; codes<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Country<\/dt>\n<dd>Laos<\/dd>\n<dt>Province<\/dt>\n<dd>Xaisomboun Province<span class=\"gnote\">Longchaeng district<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Coordinates<\/dt>\n<dd>19.1078 N, 102.9235 E<\/dd>\n<dt>Elevation<\/dt>\n<dd>945 m <span class=\"imp\">(3,100 ft)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Usage<\/dt>\n<dd>Historic<span class=\"gnote\">CIA and Royal Lao Air Force base of the Secret War, 1962&ndash;1975; now a restricted Lao People&rsquo;s Army site<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Runways &amp; facilities<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Quick Reaction Alert<\/dt>\n<dd>None<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Command &amp; status<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Status<\/dt>\n<dd>Historic<span class=\"gnote\">CIA and Royal Lao Air Force base of the Secret War, 1962&ndash;1975; now a restricted Lao People&rsquo;s Army site<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operator<\/dt>\n<dd>Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/dd>\n<dt>Opened<\/dt>\n<dd>1962<\/dd>\n<dt>Military use ended<\/dt>\n<dd>1975<\/dd>\n<dt>Command<\/dt>\n<dd>Headquarters of Military Region II under Maj. Gen. Vang Pao; CIA station; Royal Lao Air Force Hmong T-28 squadron<\/dd>\n<dt>Resident units<\/dt>\n<dd>0 current, 3 former<\/dd>\n<dt>Based types<\/dt>\n<dd>0<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"units\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Resident units<\/div>\n<h2>Who flies from Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"oob\">\n<div><span>Current<\/span><em>0 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">No flying units stationed here today<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">&mdash;<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<div><span>Former<\/span><em>3 units<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">Hmong T-28 Fighter-Bomber Special Squadron, Royal Lao Air Force<small>1967&ndash;1975 &middot; Hmong pilots trained in Thailand and flew close air support for Vang Pao&rsquo;s army. Wing leaders: Lee Lue 1967&ndash;1969, Vang Sue 1969&ndash;1972 (Wikipedia, citing Conboy). In 1970&ndash;1971 RLAF T-28s flew from Long Tieng as the main bases came under threat. The end date is taken from the May 1975 evacuation.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D Trojan<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Raven forward air controllers (US Air Force)<small>1966&ndash;1973 &middot; American, not Lao. Long Tieng was one of five Raven bases, with Vientiane, Pakse, Savannakhet and Luang Prabang (Air Force Magazine). The programme began on 5 May 1966 according to Wikipedia; the Raven association dates the Secret War service as 1964&ndash;1973, counting the earlier Butterfly controllers.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/o-1-bird-dog\/\" class=\"was\">Cessna O-1 Bird Dog<\/a>, Cessna U-17, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">Air America (CIA proprietary airline)<small>1962&ndash;1975 &middot; American, not Lao. Supplied Vang Pao&rsquo;s army and the refugees around it; by 1970, according to Air Force Magazine, it was keeping some 170,000 Hmong refugees alive with rice drops. Types are those Wikipedia lists for the Raven and Air America operation in Laos; a base-by-base fleet is not published.<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Helio Courier, Pilatus Porter, UH-34 helicopters<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Aircraft types based here<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D Trojan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/o-1-bird-dog\/\" class=\"was\">Cessna O-1 Bird Dog<\/a>, Cessna U-17, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D<\/a>, Helio Courier, Pilatus Porter, UH-34 helicopters<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"knownfor\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Claim to fame<\/div>\n<h2>What Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) is known for<\/h2>\n<div class=\"kfgrid\">\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">01<\/div>\n<h3>The CIA&rsquo;s secret city<\/h3>\n<p>Built from 1962 as Vang Pao&rsquo;s headquarters, it appeared on no public map while it grew into the second-largest settlement in Laos.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">About 40,000 people in the late 1960s (Wikipedia; estimates run from 30,000 to 50,000).<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">02<\/div>\n<h3>Home of the Ravens<\/h3>\n<p>US Air Force forward air controllers in civilian clothes flew unarmed light aircraft from here to mark targets for American and Lao strike aircraft.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Never more than 22 Ravens at once (Wikipedia; Air Force Magazine says 20); 23 Ravens killed in action, according to Wikipedia.<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">03<\/div>\n<h3>The Hmong T-28 squadron<\/h3>\n<p>Hmong pilots trained in Thailand flew the Royal Lao Air Force&rsquo;s T-28s in close support of their own villages.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">Lee Lue flew up to 10 missions a day and averaged 120 a month (Air Force Magazine).<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">04<\/div>\n<h3>Under the 130 mm guns<\/h3>\n<p>North Vietnam brought tanks and long-range artillery to the ridges above the base in the winter of 1971&ndash;1972.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">About 600 rounds of 130 mm fire had hit Long Tieng by 5 January 1972 (Wikipedia, citing Conboy and Morrison).<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"kf\">\n<div class=\"kfn\">05<\/div>\n<h3>The last flights out<\/h3>\n<p>In May 1975 American transports lifted Hmong soldiers and their families to Thailand before the base was abandoned.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"kff\">1,000&ndash;3,000 evacuated by air between 10 and 14 May 1975; tens of thousands left behind.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"deep\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Go deeper<\/div>\n<h2>The long version<\/h2>\n<div class=\"deep\">\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">01<\/span><span>A valley that was not on the map<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>The Geneva agreement of July 1962 forbade foreign troops in Laos, so the American effort there was run by the CIA and flown by contract and borrowed crews. Its centre was Long Tieng. The agency began building it in 1962 for Vang Pao, the Hmong officer it had recruited in 1961, and by 1964 the valley had a 1,260 m strip under limestone karst, long enough for transports but never for jets. It carried two Lima Site numbers, 20A and 98, and grew into a town: Wikipedia, drawing on several authors, gives about 40,000 inhabitants in the late 1960s, which would have made it the second city of Laos, with estimates for the war years ranging from 30,000 to 50,000.<\/p>\n<p>Secrecy held surprisingly long. In March 1970 TIME, whose correspondent had walked in uninvited, described Long Cheng as a top-secret, CIA-supported base for guerrilla operations against the Communists, where nobody else was allowed in. The same report put North Vietnam&rsquo;s strength in Laos at 50,000, and Vang Pao&rsquo;s guerrillas at 10,000.<\/p>\n<p>Long Tieng was above all a logistics machine. From late 1962, according to the RLAF history drawn from Conboy, Vang Pao had about 200 primitive Lima Site strips built across the north, which Air America&rsquo;s short-take-off aircraft and helicopters supplied from the valley; Air Force Magazine, in Walter Boyne&rsquo;s 1999 account, credits the airline with keeping some 170,000 Hmong refugees alive with rice drops by 1970.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">02<\/span><span>Ravens and the Hmong T-28 pilots<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>Two kinds of pilot made Long Tieng famous. The Ravens were US Air Force fighter pilots who volunteered to fly in civilian clothes, taking O-1 Bird Dogs and U-17s low over the jungle to find targets and mark them with smoke rockets. Air Force Magazine lists five Raven bases: Vientiane, Pakse, Savannakhet, Luang Prabang and Long Tieng. How many served is disputed: Wikipedia counts 161 including the earlier Butterfly controllers, the Ravens&rsquo; own association says 205 pilots and combat controllers, and Air Force Magazine says fewer than 300. Wikipedia gives 23 Ravens killed in action; Air Force Magazine and the association put losses at about 30 per cent.<\/p>\n<p>The other pilots were Hmong. The Royal Lao Air Force trained its first two Hmong T-28 pilots, Lee Lue and Vang Toua, in Thailand in 1967, and formed a Hmong T-28 squadron at Long Tieng. Lee Lue led it from 1967 to 1969. Air Force Magazine credits him with up to ten missions a day and more than 5,000 sorties and calls him the Hans-Ulrich Rudel of the Laotian war; the RLAF history drawn from Conboy gives more than 1,000 sorties in under 18 months. He was shot down by anti-aircraft fire near Muang Soui, on 11 July 1969 according to Conboy and 12 July according to Boyne. Vang Sue succeeded him as wing leader until 1972.<\/p>\n<p>The pace was relentless. During the North Vietnamese offensive of March 1970 one Hmong pilot flew 31 missions in a single day from Long Tieng, according to the RLAF history.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">03<\/span><span>Two sieges: 1970 and 1971&ndash;1972<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>In early 1970 North Vietnam retook the Plain of Jars and pushed on. The advanced base at Sam Thong, a few kilometres from Long Tieng, was overrun on 18 March 1970, and B-52 sorties were stepped up to stop the main base falling. It held.<\/p>\n<p>The second, larger attack came at the end of 1971. Under what Hanoi called Campaign Z, two North Vietnamese divisions, reinforced by at least 6,400 fresh troops, brought T-34 tanks and 16 130 mm field guns, which out-ranged the defenders&rsquo; 155 mm howitzers. The royalist garrison numbered about 5,000 in 19 battalions, ten of them Thai. Between 17 and 20 December the royalists lost 286 killed, 418 wounded and 1,500 missing by the account Wikipedia draws from Conboy and Morrison; 111 B-52 sorties were flown that month, and North Vietnamese fire and MiG-21s accounted for six T-28s and three F-4 Phantoms.<\/p>\n<p>On 31 December 1971 the first 130 mm barrage hit Long Tieng and destroyed the main ammunition dump. By 5 January 1972 about 600 rounds had landed; Royal Lao Air Force facilities were damaged, the TACAN navigation beacon was moved 20 km south and flying was dispersed to Ban Son. The ridges above the valley were fought over into late January, but the base again survived. All casualty figures here are the royalist and American accounts; North Vietnamese figures were not found.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details class=\"ddet\">\n<summary><span class=\"dn\">04<\/span><span>May 1975 and after<\/span><span class=\"dx\">Read<\/span><\/summary>\n<div class=\"dbody\">\n<p>After the 1973 ceasefire the American money stopped, and in 1975 the coalition government collapsed. On 5 May 1975 Vang Pao was called before the Prime Minister, Souvanna Phouma, and told to cooperate with the communist forces; four days later the Pathet Lao press warned that the Hmong would be exterminated. The evacuation began in earnest on 13 May, when three American transports each flew four round trips to Udorn in Thailand with more than 65 people a time. On 14 May Vang Pao and his CIA case officer Jerry Daniels were flown out secretly by helicopter, and the airlift ended.<\/p>\n<p>Wikipedia&rsquo;s Long Tieng article puts the total lifted at 1,000 to 3,000, mostly military leaders and their families, carried in C-130s and C-46s; tens of thousands were left behind, and about 40,000 Hmong reached Thailand on foot by the end of 1975. The Lao People&rsquo;s Army took over the valley. It was later folded into the Xaisomboun Special Zone, created in 1994 and dissolved on 13 January 2006, and Long Tieng is still described as a restricted military site. No source reached shows the Lao air force flying from it today.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A), year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1961<\/div>\n<p>The CIA recruits Vang Pao to lead a Hmong irregular army (Air Force Magazine).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1962<\/div>\n<p>Construction of Long Tieng begins as Vang Pao&rsquo;s headquarters; it becomes Lima Site 20A.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1964<\/div>\n<p>The 1,260 m runway is complete.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1966<\/div>\n<p>5 May: the Raven forward air controller programme is formally founded; Long Tieng becomes one of its five bases.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1967<\/div>\n<p>Lee Lue and Vang Toua become the first Hmong T-28 pilots; a Hmong T-28 squadron forms with Lee Lue as wing leader.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1969<\/div>\n<p>11 or 12 July: Lee Lue is shot down and killed near Muang Soui.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1970<\/div>\n<p>9 March: TIME describes the secret base. 18 March: nearby Sam Thong is overrun and Long Tieng is threatened.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1971<\/div>\n<p>31 December: North Vietnamese 130 mm guns open fire and destroy the main ammunition dump.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1972<\/div>\n<p>5 January: about 600 rounds have hit the base; flying is dispersed to Ban Son, and the defenders hold through January.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1973<\/div>\n<p>21 February: ceasefire in Laos; American air support ends.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1975<\/div>\n<p>13 May: the airlift to Udorn begins in earnest. 14 May: Vang Pao and Jerry Daniels leave by helicopter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1994<\/div>\n<p>Long Tieng is placed in the Xaisomboun Special Zone, which is dissolved on 13 January 2006.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"incidents\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Incidents &amp; stories<\/div>\n<h2>What happened here<\/h2>\n<div class=\"inc\">\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">11&ndash;12 July 1969<\/div>\n<h3>The loss of Lee Lue<\/h3>\n<p>Flying from Vientiane towards Long Tieng, Lee Lue was diverted by Vang Pao to Muang Soui, where North Vietnamese forces were overrunning the position, and was brought down by anti-aircraft fire over the mountains; the wreck was found near Ban Phou Pheung Noi. He was promoted lieutenant colonel posthumously. Sources differ on the day (11 July in Conboy, 12 July in Boyne) and on his tally, from more than 1,000 sorties in under 18 months to more than 5,000.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lee_Lue\">Wikipedia, citing Air Force Magazine and Hamilton-Merritt<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">18 March 1970<\/div>\n<h3>Sam Thong falls<\/h3>\n<p>During North Vietnam&rsquo;s spring offensive, the advanced base at Sam Thong was overrun, leaving Long Tieng exposed. The RLAF history drawn from Conboy records that one Hmong pilot flew 31 missions from Long Tieng in a single day that month, and American B-52 sorties were stepped up to protect the base. Long Tieng did not fall.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Lao_Air_Force\">Wikipedia, citing Conboy<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">31 December 1971<\/div>\n<h3>The 130 mm barrage<\/h3>\n<p>The first North Vietnamese 130 mm bombardment destroyed Long Tieng&rsquo;s main ammunition dump and damaged Royal Lao Air Force facilities. The guns out-ranged the defenders&rsquo; 155 mm howitzers; the TACAN beacon was moved 20 km south and flying was dispersed to Ban Son. By 5 January 1972 about 600 rounds had hit the base, according to the account Wikipedia draws from Conboy and Morrison.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Campaign_Z\">Wikipedia, citing Conboy and Morrison, Shadow War<\/a><\/article>\n<article>\n<div class=\"incd\">13&ndash;14 May 1975<\/div>\n<h3>The evacuation<\/h3>\n<p>Three American transports each made four flights from Long Tieng to Udorn on 13 May, carrying more than 65 people per trip. On 14 May Vang Pao and Jerry Daniels were flown out by helicopter and the airlift ended. Estimates of the total evacuated by air range from 1,000 to 3,000; tens of thousands of Hmong were left behind, and about 40,000 reached Thailand on foot by the end of the year.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"incs\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Laotian_Civil_War\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/article>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"map\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Location<\/div>\n<h2>Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) and its neighbours<\/h2>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\" style=\"height:440px\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"nearbytbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Nearby base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Based types<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr data-base=\"wattay\">\n<td>Wattay Air Base (Vientiane)<\/td>\n<td>VLVT<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Mil Mi-17, Morane-Saulnier MS.500 Criquet, Douglas C-47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-base=\"xieng-khouang\">\n<td>Xieng Khouang Air Base (Phonsavan)<\/td>\n<td>VLXK<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Yakovlev Yak-130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What was Long Tieng?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">A secret CIA base in northern Laos, built from 1962 as the headquarters of General Vang Pao&rsquo;s Hmong army in the Laotian Civil War. Known as Lima Site 20A, it had a 1,260 m runway and grew to roughly 40,000 inhabitants by the late 1960s, according to Wikipedia. Air America, the US Air Force Ravens and the Royal Lao Air Force&rsquo;s Hmong <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\">T-28<\/a> squadron all flew from it.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Why was Long Tieng called the most secret place on earth?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Because the 1962 Geneva agreement banned foreign troops in Laos, the American war there was run covertly and Long Tieng appeared on no public map. TIME, reporting in March 1970 after its correspondent got in without permission, said nobody but agency personnel was allowed in. The superlative itself is a popular label, not a documented claim.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who were the Ravens?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">US Air Force pilots who flew as forward air controllers in Laos in civilian clothes, in unarmed <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/o-1-bird-dog\/\">O-1 Bird Dogs<\/a> and U-17s, marking targets for strike aircraft. Long Tieng was one of their five bases. Totals differ: Wikipedia counts 161 who served and 23 killed in action; their association says 205 served.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who was Lee Lue?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The first Hmong T-28 wing leader of the Royal Lao Air Force, trained in Thailand in 1967 and based at Long Tieng. Air Force Magazine says he flew up to ten missions a day and more than 5,000 sorties; other accounts give more than 1,000. He was shot down and killed near Muang Soui in July 1969.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Long Tieng ever fall to North Vietnam?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Not in battle. North Vietnamese forces threatened it in 1970 and shelled it with 130 mm guns in the winter of 1971&ndash;1972, but the defenders held. The base was abandoned after the American-run evacuation of 13&ndash;14 May 1975, and Pathet Lao and Lao People&rsquo;s Army forces then took it over.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many people were evacuated from Long Tieng in 1975?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Estimates range from 1,000 to 3,000, flown to Udorn in Thailand between 10 and 14 May 1975, mostly military leaders and their families. Tens of thousands of Hmong were left behind; about 40,000 reached Thailand on foot by the end of 1975.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Can you visit Long Tieng today?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It remains under the control of the Lao People&rsquo;s Army and is described as a restricted military site. It was part of the Xaisomboun Special Zone from 1994 until 13 January 2006. Access conditions change and should be checked locally; no source reached shows military flying there today.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Is Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) still an active military air base?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. Historic (CIA and Royal Lao Air Force base of the Secret War, 1962&ndash;1975; now a restricted Lao People&rsquo;s Army site).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the ICAO code of Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The ICAO code of Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) is not assigned. The airfield sits at 945 m above sea level in Xaisomboun Province (Longchaeng district), at 19.1078 N, 102.9235 E.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How long is the runway at Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No runway data is recorded for Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Which aircraft used to fly from Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Over its history Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) has hosted Hmong T-28 Fighter-Bomber Special Squadron, Royal Lao Air Force (1967&ndash;1975) with the North American T-28D Trojan; Raven forward air controllers (US Air Force) (1966&ndash;1973) with the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog, Cessna U-17, North American T-28D; Air America (CIA proprietary airline) (1962&ndash;1975) with the Helio Courier, Pilatus Porter, UH-34 helicopters.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was Long Tieng?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A secret CIA base in northern Laos, built from 1962 as the headquarters of General Vang Pao\\u2019s Hmong army in the Laotian Civil War. Known as Lima Site 20A, it had a 1,260 m runway and grew to roughly 40,000 inhabitants by the late 1960s, according to Wikipedia. Air America, the US Air Force Ravens and the Royal Lao Air Force\\u2019s Hmong T-28 squadron all flew from it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Why was Long Tieng called the most secret place on earth?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Because the 1962 Geneva agreement banned foreign troops in Laos, the American war there was run covertly and Long Tieng appeared on no public map. TIME, reporting in March 1970 after its correspondent got in without permission, said nobody but agency personnel was allowed in. The superlative itself is a popular label, not a documented claim.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who were the Ravens?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"US Air Force pilots who flew as forward air controllers in Laos in civilian clothes, in unarmed O-1 Bird Dogs and U-17s, marking targets for strike aircraft. Long Tieng was one of their five bases. Totals differ: Wikipedia counts 161 who served and 23 killed in action; their association says 205 served.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who was Lee Lue?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The first Hmong T-28 wing leader of the Royal Lao Air Force, trained in Thailand in 1967 and based at Long Tieng. Air Force Magazine says he flew up to ten missions a day and more than 5,000 sorties; other accounts give more than 1,000. He was shot down and killed near Muang Soui in July 1969.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Long Tieng ever fall to North Vietnam?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Not in battle. North Vietnamese forces threatened it in 1970 and shelled it with 130 mm guns in the winter of 1971\\u20131972, but the defenders held. The base was abandoned after the American-run evacuation of 13\\u201314 May 1975, and Pathet Lao and Lao People\\u2019s Army forces then took it over.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many people were evacuated from Long Tieng in 1975?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Estimates range from 1,000 to 3,000, flown to Udorn in Thailand between 10 and 14 May 1975, mostly military leaders and their families. Tens of thousands of Hmong were left behind; about 40,000 reached Thailand on foot by the end of 1975.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Can you visit Long Tieng today?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It remains under the control of the Lao People\\u2019s Army and is described as a restricted military site. It was part of the Xaisomboun Special Zone from 1994 until 13 January 2006. Access conditions change and should be checked locally; no source reached shows military flying there today.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Is Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) still an active military air base?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Historic (CIA and Royal Lao Air Force base of the Secret War, 1962\\u20131975; now a restricted Lao People\\u2019s Army site).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the ICAO code of Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The ICAO code of Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) is not assigned. The airfield sits at 945 m above sea level in Xaisomboun Province (Longchaeng district), at 19.1078 N, 102.9235 E.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How long is the runway at Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No runway data is recorded for Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Which aircraft used to fly from Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Over its history Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A) has hosted Hmong T-28 Fighter-Bomber Special Squadron, Royal Lao Air Force (1967\\u20131975) with the North American T-28D Trojan; Raven forward air controllers (US Air Force) (1966\\u20131973) with the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog, Cessna U-17, North American T-28D; Air America (CIA proprietary airline) (1962\\u20131975) with the Helio Courier, Pilatus Porter, UH-34 helicopters.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Long Tieng (Lima Site 20A)<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lao-peoples-liberation-army-air-force\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The operator<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Fleet, bases and order of battle of the service that flies from here.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">North American T-28D Trojan<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the North American T-28D Trojan story<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/o-1-bird-dog\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Based here<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Cessna O-1 Bird Dog<\/span><span class=\"rp\">History, specifications and stories in the Book of Beasts.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Cessna O-1 Bird Dog story<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.airandspaceforces.com\/PDF\/MagazineArchive\/Documents\/1999\/June%201999\/0699jars.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Walter J. Boyne, &ldquo;The Plain of Jars&rdquo;, Air Force Magazine, June 1999<\/a><span>Five Raven bases; fewer than 300 Ravens, up to 20 at once, losses up to 30 per cent; Lee Lue up to 10 missions a day and over 5,000 sorties, killed 12 July 1969; 170,000 refugees fed by Air America; Vang Pao evacuated 14 May 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/subscriber\/article\/0,33009,878776,00.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">TIME: &ldquo;Laos: Deeper Into the Other War&rdquo;, 9 March 1970<\/a><span>Contemporary report from inside Long Cheng; troop strengths in Laos.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ravens.org\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Raven FACs (Edgar Allan Poe Literary Society): home page<\/a><span>Veterans&rsquo; association: 205 Air Force pilots and combat controllers served 1964&ndash;1973; aircraft; bases including 20A.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ravens.org\/history\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Raven FACs: Who are the Ravens<\/a><span>Never more than 22 at a time; about 130 volunteer pilots; about 30 per cent killed; Steve Canyon programme from 1966.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-09-30.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .cflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/swiss-canton-flags-sprite-v2.png)!important}#mfam .cf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .cf1{background-position:-22px -2px}#mfam .cf2{background-position:-42px -2px}#mfam .cf3{background-position:-62px -2px}#mfam .cf4{background-position:-82px -2px}#mfam .cf5{background-position:-102px -2px}#mfam .cf6{background-position:-122px -2px}#mfam .cf7{background-position:-142px -2px}#mfam .cf8{background-position:-162px -2px}#mfam .cf9{background-position:-182px -2px}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam 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