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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy 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16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; United States<\/div>\n<h1>North American Aviation<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">North American Aviation, Inc. &middot; NAA &middot; General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation (merged 1933)<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A Wall Street holding company that built nothing became, under a Douglas engineer, the maker of the Mustang, the Sabre, the X-15 and the Apollo spacecraft &mdash; then vanished into a 1967 merger.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1928<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/rockwell\/\">Rockwell International<\/a> in 1967<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>23<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>66<\/b><span>Air forces flying its types<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>United States<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1928-12-06<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Clement Melville Keys<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Los Angeles, California<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Merged into <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/rockwell\/\">Rockwell International<\/a> in 1967<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>North American Aviation: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A company that built nothing<\/h3>\n<p>North American Aviation began life without a single aircraft to its name. On 6 December 1928 the financier Clement Melville Keys set it up as a holding company to buy and sell stakes in airlines and aviation firms. For five years it traded paper. In 1933 General Motors bought control and merged it with General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation, and a year later the Air Mail Act of 1934 forced holding companies of its kind to break up. What was left was a small aircraft factory at Dundalk, Maryland, with barely any orders. It needed someone who knew how to build aeroplanes &mdash; and it found him at Douglas.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Dutch heads west<\/h3>\n<p>James Howard Kindelberger, born in Wheeling, West Virginia, in 1895, was nicknamed Dutch for his German ancestry. At Douglas he had been chief engineer on the DC-1 and DC-2. In 1934 he left with a younger colleague, Lee Atwood, to become president and general manager of North American; Atwood became chief engineer. Kindelberger promptly moved the operation from Maryland to Los Angeles for its year-round flying weather. The first product of the new team was the NA-16 trainer, which flew on 1 April 1935 and grew into the T-6 Texan, the Harvard of the Commonwealth air forces. <span class=\"imp\">15,495 were built<\/span>, and they served in more than 60 air forces.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">One hundred and two days<\/h3>\n<p>In 1940 a British Purchasing Commission arrived wanting North American to build Curtiss P-40s under licence. Kindelberger argued his company could design something better. The prototype NA-73X was rolled out just 102 days after the order was placed and first flew on 26 October 1940. With its Allison engine the Mustang was superb at low level and breathless above 15,000 feet. The cure came from a Rolls-Royce test pilot, Ronald Harker, who in 1942 suggested fitting a Merlin 61. The Merlin Mustang became the long-range escort that made its name with the Eighth Air Force. In all 15,686 were built, and in one month the company turned out 571.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Sixteen bombers off a carrier deck<\/h3>\n<p>Its bombers made headlines too. The B-25 Mitchell, named after the air-power prophet Billy Mitchell, first flew on 19 August 1940. On 18 April 1942 sixteen B-25Bs lifted off the deck of USS Hornet, launched ten hours early and some 650 nautical miles from Japan, for the Doolittle Raid on the Japanese home islands. Three years later, on 28 July 1945, a B-25 lost in fog struck the Empire State Building between the 79th and 80th floors. By the end of the war North American had built about 42,000 aircraft and employed as many as 91,000 people; in 1946 it was down to 5,000.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Sabre against MiG<\/h3>\n<p>It bounced back with swept wings. The F-86 Sabre first flew on 1 October 1947 &mdash; three months before the Soviet MiG-15 &mdash; and set a world speed record of 671 mph in 1948. Over Korea the two became the defining duel of the early jet age. American pilots claimed 792 MiGs for 78 Sabres, though a later RAND study put the real ratio nearer 1.8 to 1, and closer still against Soviet pilots. With 9,860 built including licence production in Canada, Australia, Italy and Japan, it was <span class=\"imp\">the West&rsquo;s most-produced jet fighter<\/span>. Its successor, the F-100 Super Sabre, became the first USAF fighter supersonic in level flight.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">To the edge of space<\/h3>\n<p>From Inglewood and Downey the company reached for space. The rocket-powered X-15 first flew on 8 June 1959 and made 199 flights. In August 1963 Joe Walker took one to 108 kilometres, becoming the first person to fly into space twice by the international definition; on 3 October 1967 William Knight reached Mach 6.7, 4,520 mph. The XB-70 Valkyrie, a six-engined Mach 3 bomber, flew in 1964 but the second prototype was lost on 8 June 1966 when an F-104 drifted into its wing, killing Walker and co-pilot Carl Cross. Meanwhile Rocketdyne engines powered Atlas, Thor and Saturn rockets, and on 28 November 1961 NASA chose North American to build the Apollo command and service module.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Fire, merger and a quiet ending<\/h3>\n<p>That contract brought the darkest day. On 27 January 1967 fire swept the Apollo 1 cabin during a launch rehearsal, killing Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee. The press blamed North American, though a congressional hearing later ruled otherwise, and the review board found serious shortcomings in the Block I design. Eight months later, in September 1967, the company merged with the Pittsburgh industrial group Rockwell-Standard to become North American Rockwell, renamed Rockwell International in 1973. The name lived on in the Space Shuttle orbiter and B-1 bomber, until Boeing bought Rockwell&rsquo;s aerospace and defence business in December 1996. Its heritage now sits with Boeing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">A Wall Street holding company that built nothing became, under a Douglas engineer, the maker of the Mustang, the Sabre, the X-15 and the Apollo spacecraft &mdash; then vanished into a 1967 merger.<cite>North American Aviation &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>North American Aviation in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1928<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Set up on 6 December 1928 by Clement M. Keys as an aviation holding company<\/li>\n<li>Controlled by General Motors 1933&ndash;1948<\/li>\n<li>Run from 1934 by James H. Kindelberger and Lee Atwood, both from Douglas<\/li>\n<li>Merged with Rockwell-Standard in September 1967<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>P-51 Mustang<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Famous types: T-6 Texan, P-51 Mustang, B-25 Mitchell, F-86 Sabre, F-100, X-15<\/li>\n<li>About 42,000 aircraft built by the end of the Second World War<\/li>\n<li>Apollo command and service module and the Saturn V S-II second stage<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Part of Boeing<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Became North American Rockwell in 1967 and Rockwell International in 1973<\/li>\n<li>Aerospace and defence operations sold to Boeing in December 1996<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Thousands of T-6s and hundreds of Mustangs still fly as civil warbirds.<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Peak employment<\/dt>\n<dd>91,000<span class=\"gnote\">Second World War<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Employment after the war<\/dt>\n<dd>5,000<span class=\"gnote\">1946<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft built by end of WWII<\/dt>\n<dd>about 42,000<span class=\"gnote\">1945<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sales<\/dt>\n<dd>more than 315 million US dollars<span class=\"gnote\">1952<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Rank among US firms by wartime production contracts<\/dt>\n<dd>11th<\/dd>\n<dt>P-51 single-month production record<\/dt>\n<dd>571 aircraft<\/dd>\n<dt>Columbus, Ohio workforce<\/dt>\n<dd>1,600 in 1950 to 18,000 in 1952<\/dd>\n<dt>Apollo command and service modules built<\/dt>\n<dd>35, of which 19 flew in space<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable North American Aviation aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>B-25 Mitchell<\/b><em>Medium bomber &middot; first flight 1940 &middot; 9,816 (B-25 article) to 9,890 (NAA article) built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>P-51 Mustang<\/b><em>Fighter &middot; first flight 1940 &middot; 15,686 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>F-86 Sabre<\/b><em>Jet fighter &middot; first flight 1947 &middot; 9,860 including licence production (6,297 by NAA) built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\"><span class=\"im ph5\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>T-28 Trojan<\/b><em>Trainer and light attack &middot; first flight 1949 &middot; 1,948 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><span class=\"acard\"><span class=\"im ph6\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>F-86D Sabre<\/b><em>All-weather interceptor &middot; first flight 1949 &middot; 2,847 built<\/em><\/span><\/span><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\"><span class=\"im ph7\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>F-100 Super Sabre<\/b><em>Supersonic fighter-bomber &middot; first flight 1953 &middot; 2,294 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/a-5-vigilante\/\"><span class=\"im ph8\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>A-5 Vigilante<\/b><em>Carrier bomber and reconnaissance &middot; first flight 1958 &middot; 167 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/xb-70-valkyrie\/\"><span class=\"im ph9\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>XB-70 Valkyrie<\/b><em>Mach 3 bomber prototype &middot; first flight 1964 &middot; 2 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ov-10-bronco\/\"><span class=\"im ph10\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>OV-10 Bronco<\/b><em>Light attack and observation &middot; first flight 1965 &middot; 360 built<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p class=\"pcred\">Photos: Articseahorse &#183; CC BY-SA 4.0; U.S. Air Force \/ Tech. Sgt. Ben Bloker &#183; Public domain; USAF &#183; Public domain; Pseudopanax &#183; public domain; Alf van Beem \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0); U.S. Navy &#183; Public domain; NASA &#183; Public domain; TSgt. Hans H. Deffner, USAF &#183; Public domain<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"acfind\" data-filter=\"#mfrtbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"aircraft\" placeholder=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" aria-label=\"Search aircraft, roles, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"acfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"acfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>NA-16 \/ T-6 Texan (Harvard, SNJ)<\/td>\n<td>Advanced trainer<\/td>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>15,495<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Served in more than 60 air forces; last military user South Africa, 1995<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>O-47<\/td>\n<td>Observation aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1935<\/td>\n<td>239<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\">B-25 Mitchell<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Medium bomber<\/td>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>9,816 (B-25 article) to 9,890 (NAA article)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Flew the Doolittle Raid of 18 April 1942<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\">P-51 Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>1940<\/td>\n<td>15,686<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>NA-73X prototype rolled out 102 days after the British order; transformed by the Rolls-Royce Merlin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A-36 Apache<\/td>\n<td>Dive bomber<\/td>\n<td>1942<\/td>\n<td>500<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Ground-attack Mustang<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F-82 Twin Mustang<\/td>\n<td>Long-range escort and night fighter<\/td>\n<td>1945<\/td>\n<td>272<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FJ-1 Fury<\/td>\n<td>Carrier jet fighter<\/td>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>33<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Navion<\/td>\n<td>Light civil aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1946<\/td>\n<td>1,109<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Design sold to Ryan in 1947, which built 1,240 more<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/north-american-b-45-tornado\/\">B-45 Tornado<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet bomber<\/td>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>143<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First operational jet bomber of the USAF<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\">F-86 Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Jet fighter<\/td>\n<td>1947<\/td>\n<td>9,860 including licence production (6,297 by NAA)<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fought the MiG-15 over Korea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>AJ Savage<\/td>\n<td>Carrier attack bomber<\/td>\n<td>1948<\/td>\n<td>143<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\">T-28 Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Trainer and light attack<\/td>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>1,948<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F-86D Sabre<\/td>\n<td>All-weather interceptor<\/td>\n<td>1949<\/td>\n<td>2,847<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>FJ-2\/FJ-3\/FJ-4 Fury<\/td>\n<td>Carrier jet fighter<\/td>\n<td>1951<\/td>\n<td>203 FJ-2, 538 FJ-3, 374 FJ-4<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Navalised Sabre family<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\">F-100 Super Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Supersonic fighter-bomber<\/td>\n<td>1953<\/td>\n<td>2,294<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>First USAF fighter supersonic in level flight; 242 lost in Vietnam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>F-107<\/td>\n<td>Fighter-bomber prototype<\/td>\n<td>1956<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/a-5-vigilante\/\">A-5 Vigilante<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Carrier bomber and reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>167<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>137 built as or converted to RA-5C; first flown at Columbus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T-2 Buckeye<\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>529<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sabreliner (T-39)<\/td>\n<td>Business jet and trainer<\/td>\n<td>1958<\/td>\n<td>800+<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>About 200 were military T-39s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>X-15<\/td>\n<td>Rocket-powered research aircraft<\/td>\n<td>1959<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>199 flights; reached Mach 6.7 and 108 km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/xb-70-valkyrie\/\">XB-70 Valkyrie<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Mach 3 bomber prototype<\/td>\n<td>1964<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Second prototype lost in a mid-air collision on 8 June 1966<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/ov-10-bronco\/\">OV-10 Bronco<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Light attack and observation<\/td>\n<td>1965<\/td>\n<td>360<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Built at Columbus; still flown in small numbers, including by CAL FIRE<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Apollo command and service module<\/td>\n<td>Crewed spacecraft<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>35<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Contract won 28 November 1961; 19 flew in space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"operators\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Who flies them<\/div>\n<h2>North American Aviation aircraft in the world&rsquo;s air forces<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">66 air forces in the Order of Battle fly or flew North American Aviation types. <span class=\"imp\">2 of them still have one in service.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"opfind\" data-filter=\"#optbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air forces\" placeholder=\"Search air forces and types\" aria-label=\"Search air forces and types\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"opfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"opfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"optbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Air force<\/th>\n<th>In service<\/th>\n<th>Formerly flown<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/canadian-state-aviation\/\">Canadian State Air Services<\/a><\/td>\n<td>North American Harvard Mk IV<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ecuadorian-air-force\/\">Ecuadorian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td>North American Sabreliner<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a>, Ryan PT-22, Curtiss-Wright CW-22, Fairchild PT-19A and North American AT-6A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-force-of-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo\/\">Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a>, North American T-6 Texan\/Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/air-vigilance-service\/\">Air Vigilance Service<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/argentine-air-force\/\">Argentine Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/argentine-naval-aviation\/\">Argentine Naval Aviation<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American AT-6 \/ SNJ-5C Texan, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/austrian-air-force\/\">Austrian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American LT-6G Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/belgian-air-force\/\">Belgian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/bolivarian-military-aviation-of-venezuela\/\">Bolivarian Military Aviation of Venezuela<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86K Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American B-25J Mitchell<\/a>, North American T-2D Buckeye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/brazilian-air-force\/\">Brazilian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/brazilian-naval-aviation\/\">Brazilian Naval Aviation<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/canadian-naval-and-army-aviation\/\">Canadian Naval and Army Aviation<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American Harvard, North American Harvard, army pilot training<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/chilean-air-force\/\">Chilean Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American AT-6 and Beech C-45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/colombian-aerospace-force\/\">Colombian Aerospace Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American AT-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/cuban-revolutionary-air-and-air-defense-force\/\">Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a>, North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/dominican-air-force\/\">Dominican Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D \/ F-51D Mustang<\/a>, North American AT-6 \/ T-6 Texan, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28S Fennec<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/ethiopian-air-force\/\">Ethiopian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/french-air-and-space-force\/\">French Air and Space Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American F-100D\/F Super Sabre, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/german-air-force\/\">German Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86K Sabre Dog<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/guatemalan-air-force\/\">Guatemalan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan (armed), <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/guinea-bissau-air-force\/\">Guinea-Bissau Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6G Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/haitian-aviation-corps\/\">Haitian Aviation Corps<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan (ex-French)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-51D Mustang<\/a>, North American AT-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/hellenic-air-force\/\">Hellenic Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-2E Buckeye, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American \/ Canadair F-86E and F-86D Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/honduran-air-force\/\">Honduran Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American NA-16, North American T-6 Texan, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28A\/B Trojan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86K Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/indonesian-air-force\/\">Indonesian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American B-25 Mitchell<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/islamic-republic-of-iran-air-force\/\">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/israeli-air-force\/\">Israeli Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/italian-air-force\/\">Italian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American F-86K Sabre, North American P-51D Mustang, North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/japan-air-self-defense-force\/\">Japan Air Self-Defense Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American \/ Mitsubishi F-86F Sabre (and RF-86F)<\/a>, North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lao-peoples-liberation-army-air-force\/\">Lao People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan (T-28D, AT-28)<\/a>, North American AT-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/lebanese-air-force\/\">Lebanese Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American Harvard T.2B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/mexican-air-force\/\">Mexican Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28A Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/nicaraguan-air-force\/\">Nicaraguan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/pakistan-air-force\/\">Pakistan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre and Canadair Sabre Mk 6<\/a>, North American Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/paraguayan-air-force\/\">Paraguayan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/peoples-liberation-army-air-force\/\">People&rsquo;s Liberation Army Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51 Mustang, PT-19 and de Havilland Mosquito (captured)<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/peruvian-air-force\/\">Peruvian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American NA-50 Torito, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/philippine-air-force\/\">Philippine Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F\/D Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/polish-air-force\/\">Polish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American Mustang III<\/a>, North American Mitchell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/portuguese-air-force\/\">Portuguese Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a>, North American T-6 \/ AT-6 Texan and Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/republic-of-china-air-force\/\">Republic of China Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-100A\/F and RF-100A Super Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F, RF-86F and F-86D Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51\/F-51D Mustang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28 Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/republic-of-korea-air-force\/\">Republic of Korea Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F and RF-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86D Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-51D Mustang<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/republic-of-korea-navy-aviation\/\">Republic of Korea Navy aviation (Naval Air Command)<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan (Haechwiho)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-kingdom-royal-air-force\/\">Royal Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American Mustang III\/IV<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American Mitchell<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-australian-air-force\/\">Royal Australian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American B-25 Mitchell<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-cambodian-air-force\/\">Royal Cambodian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D Trojan<\/a>, North American T-6G Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-canadian-air-force\/\">Royal Canadian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American Mustang Mk.IV<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American Mitchell<\/a>, North American Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-danish-air-force\/\">Royal Danish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-100D\/F and TF-100F Super Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86D Sabre<\/a>, North American Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-moroccan-air-force\/\">Royal Moroccan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-netherlands-air-and-space-force\/\">Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86K Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang (ML-KNIL)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American B-25 Mitchell<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-new-zealand-air-force\/\">Royal New Zealand Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang<\/a>, North American Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-norwegian-air-force\/\">Royal Norwegian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F and F-86K Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-saudi-air-force\/\">Royal Saudi Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28A Trojan<\/a>, North American T-6A Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/royal-thai-air-force\/\">Royal Thai Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-28-trojan\/\" class=\"was\">North American T-28D Trojan<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/salvadoran-air-force\/\">Salvadoran Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D and Cavalier F-51D Mustang<\/a>, North American AT-6 \/ SNJ-4 \/ SNJ-5 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/serbian-air-force-and-air-defence\/\">Serbian Air Force and Air Defence<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86E and Canadair CL-13 Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/somali-air-force\/\">Somali Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American P-51D Mustang, Beech C-45, North American T-6H Texan and Stinson L-5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/south-african-air-force\/\">South African Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre (Korea)<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-51D Mustang (Korea) and Mustang III\/IV<\/a>, North American Harvard and T-6G Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/spanish-air-and-space-force\/\">Spanish Air and Space Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre (C.5)<\/a>, North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/swedish-air-force\/\">Swedish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang (J 26)<\/a>, North American Harvard and T-6 (Sk 16)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/swiss-air-force\/\">Swiss Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American AT-16 Harvard IIB, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51D Mustang, F-6D\/K, TP-51D<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/syrian-air-force\/\">Syrian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>North American T-6 Harvard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/tunisian-air-force\/\">Tunisian Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86F Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/turkish-air-force\/\">Turkish Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-100C\/D\/F Super Sabre<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/united-states-air-force\/\">United States Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American P-51 Mustang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-86-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-86 Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-100-super-sabre\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-100 Super Sabre<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/xb-70-valkyrie\/\" class=\"was\">North American XB-70 Valkyrie<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"was\">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/uruguayan-air-force\/\">Uruguayan Air Force<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/p-51-mustang\/\" class=\"was\">North American F-51D Mustang<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/b-25-mitchell\/\" class=\"was\">North American B-25J Mitchell<\/a>, North American T-6 Texan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where North American Aviation built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Dundalk works<\/b> &middot; Dundalk, Maryland &mdash; Original factory before the move west in the mid-1930s<\/li>\n<li><b>Inglewood plant<\/b> &middot; Los Angeles (Inglewood), California &mdash; Main fighter plant; P-51, F-86, F-100<\/li>\n<li><b>Dallas plant<\/b> &middot; Dallas, Texas &mdash; Wartime expansion plant<\/li>\n<li><b>Kansas City plant<\/b> &middot; Kansas City, Kansas &mdash; Wartime expansion plant<\/li>\n<li><b>Columbus plant<\/b> &middot; Columbus, Ohio &mdash; Grew from 1,600 staff in 1950 to 18,000 in 1952; A-5 and OV-10<\/li>\n<li><b>Downey plant<\/b> &middot; Downey, California &mdash; Former Consolidated-Vultee site; built the Apollo command and service modules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Clement Melville Keys<\/b> &middot; founder, financier &mdash; Created NAA as an aviation holding company in 1928<\/li>\n<li><b>James H. &ldquo;Dutch&rdquo; Kindelberger<\/b> &middot; president, then chairman and CEO &mdash; Ex-Douglas chief engineer; ran NAA from 1934; chairman until his death in 1962<\/li>\n<li><b>John Leland &ldquo;Lee&rdquo; Atwood<\/b> &middot; chief engineer, president, CEO &mdash; Joined 1934; president 1948, CEO 1960; led the 1967 Rockwell merger; retired 1970<\/li>\n<li><b>George Welch<\/b> &middot; test pilot &mdash; Flew the F-86 on its first flight, 1 October 1947<\/li>\n<li><b>Scott Crossfield<\/b> &middot; test pilot &mdash; Flew the first X-15 flight, 8 June 1959<\/li>\n<li><b>Ronald Harker<\/b> &middot; Rolls-Royce test pilot &mdash; Proposed fitting the Merlin 61 to the Mustang in 1942<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>World speed record of 671 mph by Maj. Richard L. Johnson in an F-86, 15 September 1948 (n10)<\/li>\n<li>F-100 prototype world speed record of about 755 mph, 29 October 1953 (n11)<\/li>\n<li>A3J Vigilante world altitude record with payload, 91,450.8 ft, 13 December 1960 (n17)<\/li>\n<li>X-15 reached 108 km with Joe Walker on 22 August 1963, his second flight above 100 km (n13)<\/li>\n<li>X-15 fastest crewed winged flight, Mach 6.7 (4,520 mph) by William J. Knight, 3 October 1967 (n12)<\/li>\n<li>XB-70 exceeded Mach 3 (Mach 3.02) on 14 October 1965 (n14)<\/li>\n<li>B-45: first operational USAF jet bomber and first multi-engine jet bomber refuelled in flight (n19)<\/li>\n<li>F-100: first USAF fighter capable of supersonic speed in level flight (n11)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>North American Aviation, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1928<\/div>\n<p>Clement Keys founds North American Aviation as a holding company<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1933<\/div>\n<p>General Motors takes control and merges in General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1934<\/div>\n<p>Air Mail Act forces the break-up; Kindelberger and Atwood arrive from Douglas<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1935<\/div>\n<p>NA-16, ancestor of the T-6 Texan, first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>B-25 Mitchell first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>NA-73X Mustang prototype first flight, 102 days after the order<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1942<\/div>\n<p>Sixteen B-25Bs fly the Doolittle Raid from USS Hornet<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1945<\/div>\n<p>A B-25 crashes into the Empire State Building in fog<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1947<\/div>\n<p>F-86 Sabre first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1948<\/div>\n<p>General Motors divests NAA; Atwood becomes president<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1953<\/div>\n<p>F-100 Super Sabre first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1959<\/div>\n<p>X-15 first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1961<\/div>\n<p>NASA awards NAA the Apollo command and service module contract<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1962<\/div>\n<p>Dutch Kindelberger dies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1964<\/div>\n<p>XB-70 Valkyrie first flight<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1966<\/div>\n<p>XB-70 No. 2 lost in a mid-air collision<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1967<\/div>\n<p>Apollo 1 fire kills three astronauts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1967<\/div>\n<p>Merger with Rockwell-Standard creates North American Rockwell<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1996<\/div>\n<p>Boeing buys Rockwell&rsquo;s aerospace and defence business<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after North American Aviation<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/rockwell\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Rockwell International<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Merged with Rockwell-Standard in September 1967 as North American Rockwell; Rockwell International from 1973<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Rockwell International page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/boeing\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Boeing<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Bought Rockwell&rsquo;s aerospace and defence business, including the former NAA operations, in December 1996<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Boeing page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about North American Aviation<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Who founded North American Aviation?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Financier Clement Melville Keys founded North American Aviation on 6 December 1928 as a holding company for airline and aviation interests. It became a true aircraft manufacturer after 1934, when James H. &ldquo;Dutch&rdquo; Kindelberger arrived from Douglas to run it.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How fast was the P-51 Mustang designed?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The NA-73X prototype was rolled out 102 days after the British order was placed and first flew on 26 October 1940. A total of 15,686 Mustangs were built.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to North American Aviation?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">In September 1967 it merged with Rockwell-Standard to form North American Rockwell, renamed Rockwell International in 1973. Boeing bought Rockwell&rsquo;s aerospace and defence business, including the former North American operations, in December 1996.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did North American Aviation build the Apollo spacecraft?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. NASA chose North American on 28 November 1961 to build the Apollo command and service module; 35 were built at Downey and 19 flew in space. Its Rocketdyne division built the Saturn engines and the company built the Saturn V S-II stage.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Was General Motors the owner of North American Aviation?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes. General Motors bought a controlling interest in 1933 and merged it with General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation, then divested NAA as a public company in 1948.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>How many aircraft did North American Aviation build in the Second World War?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">About 42,000 by the end of the war, led by the T-6 trainer, the P-51 Mustang and the B-25 Mitchell. Employment peaked at about 91,000.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who founded North American Aviation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Financier Clement Melville Keys founded North American Aviation on 6 December 1928 as a holding company for airline and aviation interests. It became a true aircraft manufacturer after 1934, when James H. \\u201cDutch\\u201d Kindelberger arrived from Douglas to run it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How fast was the P-51 Mustang designed?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The NA-73X prototype was rolled out 102 days after the British order was placed and first flew on 26 October 1940. A total of 15,686 Mustangs were built.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to North American Aviation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In September 1967 it merged with Rockwell-Standard to form North American Rockwell, renamed Rockwell International in 1973. Boeing bought Rockwell\\u2019s aerospace and defence business, including the former North American operations, in December 1996.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did North American Aviation build the Apollo spacecraft?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. NASA chose North American on 28 November 1961 to build the Apollo command and service module; 35 were built at Downey and 19 flew in space. Its Rocketdyne division built the Saturn engines and the company built the Saturn V S-II stage.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Was General Motors the owner of North American Aviation?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes. General Motors bought a controlling interest in 1933 and merged it with General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation, then divested NAA as a public company in 1948.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"How many aircraft did North American Aviation build in the Second World War?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"About 42,000 by the end of the war, led by the T-6 trainer, the P-51 Mustang and the B-25 Mitchell. Employment peaked at about 91,000.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around North American Aviation<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/bell\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United States<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Bell<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Buffalo firm that built America&rsquo;s first jet fighter and the first aircraft through the sound barrier reinvented itself as the helicopter company &mdash; and&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Bell page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/cessna\/\"><span class=\"rk\">United States<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Cessna<\/span><span class=\"rp\">A Kansas farm boy&rsquo;s backyard monoplane grew into the company that has built more aeroplanes than anyone &mdash; from the Skyhawk most pilots learn on to the&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Cessna page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Aviation\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American Aviation &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_H._Kindelberger\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">James H. Kindelberger &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Leland_Atwood\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">John Leland Atwood &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boeing.com\/features\/2026\/04\/3-california-companies-that-helped-shape-boeing\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">3 California companies that helped shape Boeing &mdash; Boeing<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.boeing.com\/content\/dam\/boeing\/v2\/company\/history\/pdf\/boeing-founders-and-executives.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Aerospace Leaders: Boeing Founders and Executives &mdash; Boeing<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_P-51_Mustang\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American P-51 Mustang &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_B-25_Mitchell\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American B-25 Mitchell &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doolittle_Raid\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Doolittle Raid &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_T-6_Texan\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American T-6 Texan &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_F-86_Sabre\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American F-86 Sabre &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American F-100 Super Sabre &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_X-15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American X-15 &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_A._Walker\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Joseph A. Walker &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_XB-70_Valkyrie\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American XB-70 Valkyrie &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_command_and_service_module\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Apollo command and service module &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rockwell_International\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rockwell International &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_A-5_Vigilante\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American A-5 Vigilante &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_OV-10_Bronco\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American OV-10 Bronco &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_B-45_Tornado\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American B-45 Tornado &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Navion\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Ryan Navion &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Sabreliner\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American Sabreliner &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_T-28_Trojan\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">North American T-28 Trojan &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam 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