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#mfam .rondel{width:58px;height:58px} #mfam .finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/german-army-aviation\/\">German Army Aviation<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>Every campaign the Heeresfliegertruppe has flown, 1991 to today<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Newest first. Kosovo is still open as a command commitment; the flying ended in 2011.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Seven campaigns, newest first, from Kurdistan to Gao. <span class=\"imp\">Open a row for what the flying was actually like, every type used, and where each figure comes from &mdash; including the ones Germany has never published.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"campaigns\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Northern Mali, from Camp Castor at Gao Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside United Nations, Netherlands, Belgium, Canada and France Eurocopter Tiger UHT NHIndustries NH90 TTH\">\n<td>Mali: MINUSMA<span class=\"cwho\">United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2017-2023<\/td>\n<td>Armed groups in northern Mali<\/td>\n<td>Eurocopter Tiger UHT, NHIndustries NH90 TTH<\/td>\n<td>181<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Armed escort and forward medical evacuation for a United Nations stabilisation force, covering blue helmets, Malian troops and civilians across a desert area the size of France.<\/p>\n<p>Germany agreed to send a mixed army aviation detachment to Gao after the Netherlands withdrew its AH-64 Apaches, and it was the branch&rsquo;s first deployment with its own attack helicopters in the escort role. Three NH90s for medical evacuation and three Tigers to protect them went out, each with one more as a reserve; the aircraft and the crews came from Transporthubschrauberregiment 10 at Fa&#223;berg, Transporthubschrauberregiment 30 at Niederstetten and Kampfhubschrauberregiment 36 at Fritzlar. The first two NH90s were flown to Bamako by Antonov An-124 on 27 and 29 January 2017 and went on to Gao on 31 January; the first two Tigers arrived on 21 March.  The NH90s took over the medical evacuation watch from the Dutch on 2 March 2017 and flew their first mission the same day, recovering two wounded United Nations civilian staff after a roadside bomb. Full operational capability was declared for the NH90 on 24 April and for the Tiger on 5 May 2017. By February 2018 39 wounded had been flown out on German NH90s. Two Belgian NH90s joined on 11 February 2018 and the two nations flew as one detachment.  On 26 July 2017 a Tiger lost its main rotor blades near Tabankort shortly after entering a steep descent. It burned out and both crew were killed. German Tigers were grounded and released to fly again on 23 September 2017 with limits on speed and autopilot use. The final report of 11 December 2018 found that the flight controls had been wrongly adjusted during a repair by Airbus mechanics at Fritzlar, and that the crash was then unavoidable. The state prosecutor opened an investigation.  The NH90 element was withdrawn on 3 July 2018 and Canada took the task on 1 August. German army aviation went back to Gao in 2022 with an NH90 detachment from Transporthubschrauberregiment 30, and left with the rest of the contingent on 12 December 2023.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Closed. Germany left Mali on 12 December 2023 after ten years and roughly 20,000 personnel on the mission in all.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The 181 operational flights and 43 people evacuated are figures for the binational German and Belgian NH90 fleet to 3 July 2018, not for the whole German commitment. Germany has published no sortie, hour or weapon-release total for the Tiger detachment and we give none.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern Mali, from Camp Castor at Gao<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, Netherlands, Belgium, Canada and France<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Armed groups in northern Mali<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Eurocopter Tiger UHT, NHIndustries NH90 TTH<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>181<span class=\"cwho\">181 operational flights by the binational German and Belgian NH90 fleet up to 3 July 2018, in 15 rescue missions. No cumulative figure has been published for the Tiger detachment or for the second German helicopter deployment of 2022 and 2023.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 aircraft &middot; 2 killed<span class=\"cwho\">One Eurocopter Tiger destroyed and both its crew killed near Tabankort in the Bourem district of the Gao region on 26 July 2017. The Bundeswehr gives three German deaths on MINUSMA in total: the two Tiger crew and one soldier who died of natural causes in 2022. The two crew members&rsquo; names were not published in full in the sources we could reach and we do not give them.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurocopter_Tiger\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NH90\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundeswehr.de\/de\/meldungen\/darum-zieht-die-bundeswehr-aus-mali-ab\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bundeswehr<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kampfhubschrauberregiment_36\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transporthubschrauberregiment_30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Northern Afghanistan, from Camp Marmal at Mazar-e Sharif Heeresfliegertruppe with the Luftwaffe Alongside NATO, United States, Denmark, Italy and Netherlands NHIndustries NH90 TTH Sikorsky CH-53GS and CH-53GA (Luftwaffe from 2013)\">\n<td>Afghanistan: Resolute Support<span class=\"cwho\">Resolute Support Mission<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe with the Luftwaffe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2015-2021<\/td>\n<td>Taliban<\/td>\n<td>NHIndustries NH90 TTH, Sikorsky CH-53GS and CH-53GA (Luftwaffe from 2013)<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Forward air medical evacuation and transport for the train, advise and assist mission, and cover for the final withdrawal.<\/p>\n<p>Resolute Support replaced ISAF on 1 January 2015 and the German helicopter commitment continued with a smaller detachment under the Einsatzgeschwader Mazar-e Sharif. The CH-53s were by then Luftwaffe aircraft, transferred in 2013, but the type had been an army fleet for the first eleven years of the war and the crews and engineers largely came from the same community.  In November 2018 the ministry announced that three army NH90s plus a reserve and one Luftwaffe H145M LUH SOF would relieve the four CH-53s at the end of 2020, to give the Sikorsky fleet and its crews some rest after nearly twenty years of continuous deployment. In August 2020 it emerged that only the NH90s would go. The first two were flown to Mazar-e Sharif on 12 November 2020, and Transporthubschrauberregiment 30 provided the air medical evacuation element for the 18th and 19th German Resolute Support contingents and for the withdrawal.  The cumulative record for the CH-53 across both mandates and both services is 22,500 flying hours and about five million kilometres from April 2002 to 28 January 2021, when the last aircraft left. Between 2010 and 2017 they were fired on seventeen times with small arms and machine guns; no confirmed hit by a surface-to-air missile was recorded.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Ended with the withdrawal. The last German CH-53 left Afghanistan on 28 January 2021 after almost nineteen years.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The 22,500 hours and 1,750 missions are cumulative for the whole 2002 to 2021 CH-53 deployment. The reporter who published them noted that the statistics are incomplete because the fleet changed service in the middle of the war. Attributing any part of them to the army alone would be a guess and we do not attempt it.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe with the Luftwaffe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Northern Afghanistan, from Camp Marmal at Mazar-e Sharif<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, Denmark, Italy and Netherlands<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Taliban<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>NHIndustries NH90 TTH, Sikorsky CH-53GS and CH-53GA (Luftwaffe from 2013)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No separate sortie or hour figure has been published for the army&rsquo;s NH90 contribution to Resolute Support. The CH-53 figures below cover the whole 2002 to 2021 deployment across both services.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No German army aviation aircraft or crew were lost on Resolute Support in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/augengeradeaus.net\/2021\/01\/nazgul-meldet-sich-ab-die-ch53-hubschrauber-verlassen-afghanistan\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Augen geradeaus!<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NH90\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transporthubschrauberregiment_30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sikorsky_CH-53\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Afghanistan, from Kabul and later Kunduz, Feyzabad and Mazar-e Sharif Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside NATO, United States, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden Sikorsky CH-53G and CH-53GS Eurocopter Tiger UHT NHIndustries NH90 TTH\">\n<td>Afghanistan: ISAF<span class=\"cwho\">International Security Assistance Force<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2002-2014<\/td>\n<td>Taliban<\/td>\n<td>Sikorsky CH-53G and CH-53GS, Eurocopter Tiger UHT, NHIndustries NH90 TTH<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Troop and freight transport, medical evacuation and, from 2013, armed escort and close air support for German and allied forces in the northern regional command.<\/p>\n<p>German CH-53s arrived in April 2002, four months after the mandate began, and were the German contingent&rsquo;s only means of moving people and freight across a country with no usable roads. They stayed for nineteen years. On 21 December 2002 one came down near Kabul airport after a reconnaissance flight and killed seven German soldiers; investigators blamed the gearbox. It was the worst day the Bundeswehr had had on any operation abroad.  The Tiger came late. Four aircraft of Kampfhubschrauberregiment 36, fitted with the ASGARD-F hot-and-high modification, were flown out in December 2012 and placed under the Einsatzgeschwader Mazar-e Sharif; two flew as the operational pair and two were held as technical reserve. Operational readiness was declared on 30 January 2013. The first publicly known combat use was on 4 May 2013 in Baghlan province, when seventeen German special forces soldiers were ambushed near a river crossing at Zaman Kheyl and called for close air support; two Tigers fired rockets on the positions around them. The detachment ended on 30 June 2014 after eighteen months and 1,860 flying hours, and the last aircraft came home through Leipzig on 29 July 2014.  The NH90 arrived in April 2013 for forward air medical evacuation. A pair from Transporthubschrauberregiment 10 at Fa&#223;berg &mdash; one rescue aircraft and one armed escort &mdash; stood the permanent alert, with two more as technical reserve. That commitment ended on 1 August 2014.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> ISAF ended on 31 December 2014 and became Resolute Support. The German helicopter commitment continued without a break.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Germany has never published a weapon-release count, a casualty-evacuation total or a sortie count for its Tiger or NH90 detachments in Afghanistan. The 1,860 Tiger hours are the only published performance figure and we give nothing beyond it.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Afghanistan, from Kabul and later Kunduz, Feyzabad and Mazar-e Sharif<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, Netherlands, Norway and Sweden<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Taliban<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Sikorsky CH-53G and CH-53GS, Eurocopter Tiger UHT, NHIndustries NH90 TTH<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">The Tiger detachment flew 1,860 hours between December 2012 and 30 June 2014. Cumulative CH-53 figures for 2002 to 2021 are 22,500 hours and about 1,750 missions across both services and both mandates; the army&rsquo;s share is not separately published.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>1 aircraft &middot; 7 killed<span class=\"cwho\">One Sikorsky CH-53G lost near Kabul airport on 21 December 2002, with seven German soldiers killed. It was the worst single loss the Bundeswehr had suffered on a deployment abroad to that date, and the cause given was a gearbox failure. No German army aviation crew was killed in Afghanistan after that.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurocopter_Tiger\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NH90\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sikorsky_CH-53\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/augengeradeaus.net\/2021\/01\/nazgul-meldet-sich-ab-die-ch53-hubschrauber-verlassen-afghanistan\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Augen geradeaus!<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kampfhubschrauberregiment_36\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Kosovo, from the old agricultural strip at Toplicane near Suhareka, and the German camp at Prizren Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside NATO, United States, France, Italy, Turkey, Austria and Switzerland Sikorsky CH-53G Bell UH-1D MBB Bo 105\">\n<td>Kosovo: KFOR<span class=\"cwho\">Kosovo Force, Operation Joint Guardian<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1999-2011<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison, observation and medical evacuation for the German brigade in the southern sector of KFOR, and lead helicopter unit for the multinational sector.<\/p>\n<p>The helicopters of the mixed army aviation detachment moved into a former agricultural airstrip at Toplicane near Suhareka in the autumn of 1999, a few months after KFOR entered Kosovo, and stayed on that piece of concrete for twelve years. The German sector was the south-west, run from Prizren, and the work was the unglamorous business of a peace-support deployment: freight and people over bad roads and worse weather, observation for the brigade, casualty evacuation, and liaison across a multinational sector that at times held soldiers from eleven nations.  Heeresfliegerregiment 30 from Niederstetten was the lead unit from November 1999, providing the light transport helicopter component of the mixed detachment and the German contingent&rsquo;s contribution for the third KFOR and fifth SFOR contingents. From 2001 to 2011 the regiment was the standing lead unit. It flew its last Kosovo mission in 2011, and the airfield site was dismantled by August 2011.  Kosovo mattered to the branch out of proportion to its drama. It kept army aviation continuously deployed through the years between the Balkans and Afghanistan, and it was where a force designed to shoot Soviet tanks in the Fulda Gap learnt to be an expeditionary one.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The flying ended in 2011 after twelve years. Germany remains committed to KFOR and the Kommando Hubschrauber still names a KFOR lead role among its tasks.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Germany publishes no cumulative aviation figures for KFOR. The Bundeswehr left Prizren in 2018 and the camp is closed; the helicopter site at Toplicane was dismantled in 2011.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Kosovo, from the old agricultural strip at Toplicane near Suhareka, and the German camp at Prizren<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, France, Italy, Turkey, Austria and Switzerland<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">Germany has published no cumulative sortie or flying-hour figure for the KFOR helicopter detachment.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No German army aviation fatality in Kosovo is recorded in the sources we could reach. We give no figure rather than assert a zero.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transporthubschrauberregiment_30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feldlager_Prizren\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heeresfliegertruppe_(Bundeswehr)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, from Zadar and from airfields in the Sarajevo area Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside NATO, United States, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and European Union Sikorsky CH-53G Bell UH-1D MBB Bo 105\">\n<td>Bosnia: IFOR, SFOR and EUFOR Althea<span class=\"cwho\">Implementation Force, Stabilisation Force<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1995-2004<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Air transport of troops and freight, casualty evacuation and liaison for the German contingent of the NATO implementation and stabilisation forces.<\/p>\n<p>The first German army contingent for IFOR was built around an army aviation detachment based at Zadar on the Croatian coast, with engineers at Benkovac, supply and repair at &#352;ibenik, transport at Camp Solaris, a field hospital at Trogir and military police at Primo&#353;ten. It was the first time since 1945 that a German army formation had deployed on operations outside NATO territory.  The lead unit of the first contingent, to May 1996, was Heeresfliegerregiment 10 from Fa&#223;berg with about 380 soldiers, flying CH-53Gs drawn from the regiments at Rheine-Bentlage, Laupheim and Mendig and UH-1Ds from Fa&#223;berg and Niederstetten, with a guard company from the mountain infantry. The lead unit of the second contingent, to October 1996, was Heeresfliegerregiment 6 from Hungriger Wolf with about 380 soldiers, reinforced by a further 400 for the first free elections in October and November 1996.  The flying was transport, freight and medical evacuation across a ruined country in a hard climate. It ran on into SFOR from 1996 and, at a much reduced level, into the European Union&rsquo;s EUFOR Althea from 2004. For the branch it was the first serious test of whether Cold War transport regiments could sustain an expeditionary rotation, and the answer was that they could.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Closed. The NATO stabilisation force handed over to the European Union&rsquo;s EUFOR Althea in December 2004, and German helicopters were no longer required.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Germany published no cumulative aviation statistics for IFOR or SFOR, and the German-language accounts we could reach describe the contingents rather than the flying. We give no totals.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, from Zadar and from airfields in the Sarajevo area<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO, United States, United Kingdom, France, Netherlands and European Union<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No cumulative sortie or hour figure has been published for German army aviation in Bosnia.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No German army aviation fatality in the Balkans between 1995 and 2004 is recorded in the sources we could reach. We give no figure rather than assert a zero.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Implementation_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heeresfliegertruppe_(Bundeswehr)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transporthubschrauberregiment_30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Somalia, from Belet Uen Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside United Nations, India, Italy and United States Bell UH-1D MBB Bo 105\">\n<td>Somalia: UNOSOM II<span class=\"cwho\">United Nations Operation in Somalia II<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1993-1994<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Transport, liaison and medical evacuation for the German logistics contingent supporting the United Nations force.<\/p>\n<p>Somalia was the first deployment outside NATO territory that the German parliament had to argue about, and it was settled in the constitutional court in July 1994. Army aviation went with the contingent: Heeresfliegerregiment 30 contributed to the Somalia force in 1993, and helicopters did transport, liaison and medical evacuation for the German logistics element at Belet Uen.  It was a small commitment, and it looks small beside what came afterwards. What it did was establish that German helicopters could be deployed abroad at all, which two years earlier would have been a political impossibility.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Closed in 1994 when the German contingent withdrew.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">German accounts of UNOSOM II say little about the aviation element. We give no aircraft numbers, sortie counts or hours.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Somalia, from Belet Uen<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, India, Italy and United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Bell UH-1D, MBB Bo 105<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No figures published.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No German army aviation fatality in Somalia is recorded in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heeresfliegertruppe_(Bundeswehr)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transporthubschrauberregiment_30\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd6\" data-x=\"Iran, eastern Anatolia and Iraq Heeresfliegertruppe Alongside United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey and Iran Sikorsky CH-53G Bell UH-1D\">\n<td>Kurdistan and Iraq: Operation Kurdenhilfe and UNSCOM<span class=\"cwho\">Operation Kurdenhilfe, United Nations Special Commission<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Heeresfliegertruppe<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1991-1996<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td>&mdash;<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd6\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd6\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd6\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Relief flying for Kurdish refugees after the Gulf War, and helicopter support for the United Nations weapons inspectors in Iraq.<\/p>\n<p>This was the branch&rsquo;s first work abroad, and it was humanitarian. After the Gulf War of 1991 hundreds of thousands of Kurds fled into the mountains of Iran and eastern Anatolia, and German CH-53s flew relief into places that could not be reached any other way. It was the first time German army helicopters had operated outside NATO Europe.  Helicopter support for the United Nations Special Commission in Iraq followed and ran from 1991 to 1996, carrying weapons inspectors around a country that did not want them. It is the least remembered of the branch&rsquo;s deployments and the one that changed the politics: after Kurdenhilfe it was no longer arguable that the Bundeswehr could not fly abroad.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Closed. UNSCOM support ran to 1996 and the weapons inspection mission itself collapsed in 1998.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Germany published no aircraft numbers, sortie totals or hours for either operation, and neither do we.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Heeresfliegertruppe<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Iran, eastern Anatolia and Iraq<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>United Nations, United States, United Kingdom, France, Turkey and Iran<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Sikorsky CH-53G, Bell UH-1D<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>&mdash;<span class=\"cwho\">No figures published.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>Not published<span class=\"cwho\">No German army aviation fatality on these operations is recorded in the sources we could reach.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heeresfliegertruppe_(Bundeswehr)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sikorsky_CH-53\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia (de)<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundeswehr.de\/de\/meldungen\/darum-zieht-die-bundeswehr-aus-mali-ab\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Bundeswehr: Die Bundeswehr bei MINUSMA<\/a><span>German MINUSMA dates, strength, helicopter contribution and fatalities<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/augengeradeaus.net\/2021\/01\/nazgul-meldet-sich-ab-die-ch53-hubschrauber-verlassen-afghanistan\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Augen geradeaus!: Nazgul meldet sich ab &mdash; die CH-53-Hubschrauber verlassen Afghanistan<\/a><span>22,500 flying hours, about 1,750 missions, five million kilometres and seventeen engagements by small-arms fire, 2002 to 2021<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-20. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/german-army-aviation\/\">Back to the German Army Aviation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam .nf3{background-position:-68px -2px}#mfam .nf4{background-position:-90px -2px}#mfam .nf5{background-position:-112px -2px}#mfam .nf6{background-position:-134px -2px}#mfam .nf7{background-position:-156px -2px}#mfam .nf8{background-position:-178px -2px}#mfam .nf9{background-position:-200px -2px}#mfam 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Kosovo is still open as a command commitment; the flying ended in 2011. Seven campaigns, newest first, from Kurdistan to Gao. Open a row for what the flying was actually like, every type used, and where each [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":24423,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-24433","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>German Army Aviation in action | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/ru\/\u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0435-\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b\/\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f-\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\/\u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044f-\u0431\u0438\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"German Army Aviation in action | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; German Army Aviation Every campaign the Heeresfliegertruppe has flown, 1991 to today Newest first. 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