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#mfam .rondel{width:58px;height:58px} #mfam .finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; Estonia<\/div>\n<h1>Estonian Air Force<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">&#213;huv&#228;gi<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">The Estonian Air Force (&#213;huv&#228;gi) was born on 21 November 1918, fought the War of Independence with captured aircraft, peaked at 77 aircraft in 1932, stayed in its hangars when the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940, and was rebuilt from nothing after 1991 &mdash; and in 2026 it still owns no fighters, flies two small transports, and does its real work with radars, a new IRIS-T SLM missile unit and &#196;mari Air Base, from which allied NATO jets have guarded Estonian skies since 2014.<\/p>\n<div class=\"marks\">\n<div class=\"mark\"><svg class=\"rondel\" viewBox=\"0 0 100 100\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Estonian national marking: nested triangles in blue, black and white, blue outermost\"><polygon points=\"50.00,6.70 0.00,93.30 100.00,93.30\" fill=\"#3a75c4\"\/><polygon points=\"50.00,24.60 15.50,84.35 84.50,84.35\" fill=\"#000000\"\/><polygon points=\"50.00,42.26 30.80,75.52 69.20,75.52\" fill=\"#ffffff\"\/><\/svg><span class=\"mk\">National marking<b>Three nested triangles, blue outermost, then black, with a white centre: the colours of the national flag<\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Combat aircraft<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>2<\/b><span>Active air bases<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1918<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>11<\/b><span>Types retired<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Anna Zvereva from Tallinn, Estonia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Estonia<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1918<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Active<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Tallinn<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Commander<\/b>Riivo Valge<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>The Estonian Air Force story: war trophies in 1918, silence in 1940 and allied jets at &#196;mari<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1918&ndash;1920: an air arm built from war trophies<\/h3>\n<p>Estonia&rsquo;s air force is older than most of its state institutions. On 21 November 1918, a week before the Red Army attacked, an air half-company was formed in the Engineer Battalion; the officer given the job was August Roos. It began without aircraft. The first came from the enemy: a French-built Farman HF.30 captured from the Soviets, which flew the unit&rsquo;s first combat sortie on 15 February 1919, according to the Defence Forces&rsquo; history. By 22 February 1919 the Defence Forces count 40 aircraft, 28 of them serviceable, and 476 people. Abandoned German machines and more trophies followed, and by the end of the war in 1920 Estonia had 44 aircraft, fewer than half of them airworthy. The good news was improvisation that worked; the bad news was a fleet of worn, mismatched types with no spares, which shaped the next twenty years.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1920&ndash;1940: 77 aircraft at the peak, and silence in June 1940<\/h3>\n<p>After the Treaty of Tartu the aviation company became an Aviation Regiment with land and seaplane squadrons, a flying school and workshops. From 1920 the air arm was based at Tallinn, Tartu and later Rakvere, with Lasnam&#228;e in Tallinn as the main field. On 1 December 1924 communist insurgents briefly seized Lasnam&#228;e and hijacked two aircraft; one reached the Soviet Union. The Air Defence Staff was created on 4 October 1930. Strength peaked in 1932 at 77 reasonably modern aircraft, bought from Britain, France and Germany: Bristol Bulldog fighters, eight Hawker Harts built for Estonia, Potez 25s and later Avro Ansons. Late orders from Germany and Britain mostly never arrived. When Soviet forces invaded on 17 June 1940 the air force took no action and its aircraft stayed locked in their hangars. That summer it became the aviation squadron of the Red Army&rsquo;s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1940&ndash;1991: Estonian airmen under two foreign flags<\/h3>\n<p>For half a century there was no Estonian air force, but there were Estonian airmen. The Defence Forces&rsquo; history records that when Germany invaded in 1941 many hid in the forests rather than evacuate east, and some died fighting NKVD units. In German service they were at first forbidden to fly; in February 1942 the first all-Estonian flight was formed, and Estonian crews flew maritime patrol over the Gulf of Finland with Seeaufkl&#228;rungsgruppe 127. A flying school at Liep&#257;ja trained Estonians and Latvians from 1943, and a night group of about 45 aircraft flew over Estonia in the summer of 1944 before evacuating in September. About 3,000 Estonians served in Luftwaffe auxiliary air defence. On the Soviet side the 87th Independent Night Bombing Squadron &quot;Tasuja&quot; flew U-2 biplanes with the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps until 1946. Meanwhile Soviet regiments turned &#196;mari, Tartu (Raadi) and P&#228;rnu into jet and bomber bases.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1991&ndash;2004: starting again with gifts and a Soviet bomber base<\/h3>\n<p>The Defence Forces date the air force&rsquo;s return to 16 December 1991, when the General Staff created a post for an aviation specialist. Colonel Vello Loemaa became the first commander on 7 February 1994 and the Air Force Headquarters was formed on 13 April 1994. Everything was donated or improvised: two Let L-410UVP transports from Germany in February 1993, three Mi-2 helicopters in October 1994 and four Mi-8s in November 1995. The air force moved into &#196;mari, a former Soviet Su-24 base south-west of Tallinn, and on 15 May 1997 the Air Base was formally established; that year it held two An-2s, three Mi-2s, a Wilga 35A and five gliders. The Air Surveillance Wing followed on 1 January 1998, starting with Soviet P-37 radars. The choice made then still defines the service: money went into radars and an air operations centre, not fighters, on the bet that NATO would supply the jets.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2004&ndash;2024: &#196;mari becomes a NATO base<\/h3>\n<p>The bet paid off. Estonia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and allied fighters began policing the Baltic skies from &#352;iauliai in Lithuania the same day. &#196;mari was rebuilt from 2008 to 2012, with a new runway opening in the autumn of 2010, and the United States put more than $32 million into its apron and fuel facilities by 2017. After Russia seized Crimea, four Danish F-16s landed at &#196;mari on 30 April 2014 and a NATO quick reaction alert detachment has been based there since 1 May 2014. The Estonian air force itself stayed small: Robinson R44 helicopters from 2002, leased L-39 jets for training controllers from 2006, a TPS-77 radar at Kellavere in 2003 and Ground Master 403 radars in 2013 and 2015. Two C-145A Skytrucks donated by the United States arrived from March 2019. The weakness is plain: Estonia cannot intercept anything by itself.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2025&ndash;2026: MiG-31s over Vaindloo, drones, and a missile unit at last<\/h3>\n<p>The last two years brought the threat to the runway&rsquo;s edge. &#196;mari closed from March to November 2024 for an &#8364;18.5 million renovation, &#8364;12 million of it paid by Luxembourg, and the last R44s and An-2s were retired in December 2024. On 19 September 2025 three Russian MiG-31s flew into Estonian airspace near Vaindloo for about 12 minutes without flight plans or transponders; Italian F-35s from &#196;mari escorted them out, Estonia called NATO Article 4 consultations, and Russia denied that the jets had left neutral airspace. In November 2025 the air force launched an operation to disperse radars and air defence units against drones, and on 19 May 2026 a Romanian F-16 shot down a stray drone over central Estonia. The first IRIS-T SLM unit arrived on 22 June 2026, and on 1 August 2026 NATO&rsquo;s Baltic Air Policing became a Baltic Air Defence mission. The debate about whether Estonia should lease fighters of its own is open; the government has not decided to.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">After the Treaty of Tartu the aviation company became an Aviation Regiment with land and seaplane squadrons, a flying school and workshops. From 1920 the air arm was based at Tallinn, Tartu and later Rakvere, with Lasnam&#228;e in Tallinn as the main field.<cite>Estonian Air Force &middot; verified 2026-09-29<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>The Estonian Air Force in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Service<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Native name<\/dt>\n<dd>&#213;huv&#228;gi<span class=\"gnote\">The spelling used on the Defence Forces&rsquo; Estonian-language site; Wikipedia gives the longer form Eesti &#213;huv&#228;gi. Estonian is the country&rsquo;s only official language<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Founded<\/dt>\n<dd>21 November 1918<span class=\"gnote\">An air half-company of the Engineer Battalion; re-established on 16 December 1991 after the restoration of independence. The Defence Forces count 50 years of interruption from 1940<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Part of<\/dt>\n<dd>Estonian Defence Forces (Kaitsev&#228;gi)<span class=\"gnote\">Alongside the land forces and the navy, under the Commander of the Defence Forces, Lt Gen. Andrus Merilo (since 1 July 2024)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Headquarters<\/dt>\n<dd>Tallinn<span class=\"gnote\">Juhkentali 58, shared with the Defence Forces&rsquo; Joint Headquarters; the only air base is &#196;mari, about 40 km south-west of Tallinn<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Commander<\/dt>\n<dd>Brig. Gen. Riivo Valge<span class=\"gnote\">Since mid-2025 (July per the Defence Forces, 18 June per Wikipedia); also commanded 2018&ndash;2019<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Minister of Defence<\/dt>\n<dd>Hanno Pevkur<span class=\"gnote\">Named as minister in the Defence Forces&rsquo; releases of 2024&ndash;2026<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Strength<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Personnel<\/dt>\n<dd>About 400<span class=\"gnote\">Wikipedia&rsquo;s figure for 2024; the Defence Forces do not publish an air force total. Conscripts began training on IRIS-T in July 2026<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>M28 (C-145A) Skytruck &mdash; 2, donated by the United States<\/li>\n<li>Aero L-39C Albatros &mdash; 2, leased<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">No combat aircraft. The two L-39s are leased from a private company, Aerohooldus O&#220;, to train joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Fighter cover<\/dt>\n<dd>NATO allies<span class=\"gnote\">Allied fighters on quick reaction alert at &#196;mari since 1 May 2014 and at &#352;iauliai since 2004; from 1 August 2026 the mission is called Baltic Air Defence<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Ground-based air defence<\/dt>\n<dd>IRIS-T SLM &mdash; 1 of 3 firing units<span class=\"gnote\">Air Defence Wing formed 1 July 2023 at &#196;mari; first unit delivered 22 June 2026, the other two due in 2027. Bought jointly with Latvia<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Radars<\/dt>\n<dd>Five military radar sites<span class=\"gnote\">Including a TPS-77 at Kellavere (2003) and Ground Master 403s at Muhu (2013) and T&#245;ikam&#228;e near Otep&#228;&#228; (2015); the Control and Reporting Centre is at &#196;mari<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Defence budget<\/dt>\n<dd>&#8364;2.4 billion (2026)<span class=\"gnote\">5.4 per cent of GDP, up from &#8364;1.3 billion and 3.21 per cent in 2024; at least 5 per cent planned for 2027&ndash;2029. This is the whole defence budget, not the air force&rsquo;s share<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Infrastructure<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Air bases<\/dt>\n<dd>&#196;mari (EEEI)<span class=\"gnote\">The only air base in Estonia: 2,750 m runway, rebuilt 2008&ndash;2012 and resurfaced in 2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Allied rotations at &#196;mari<\/dt>\n<dd>Since 30 April 2014<span class=\"gnote\">At least twelve NATO air forces have rotated through, from Denmark&rsquo;s F-16s in 2014 to Turkey&rsquo;s F-16s in 2026<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Control and reporting<\/dt>\n<dd>&#196;mari CRC<span class=\"gnote\">Plus an Estonian detachment at the combined CRC at Karmelava, Lithuania (BALTNET)<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Temporary base<\/dt>\n<dd>P&#228;rnu (2024)<span class=\"gnote\">Estonian Air Force aircraft moved to the civil airport at P&#228;rnu while &#196;mari was closed from March to November 2024<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Interwar bases<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Tallinn (Lasnam&#228;e) &mdash; main base to 1940<\/li>\n<li>Tartu &mdash; to 1940<\/li>\n<li>Rakvere &mdash; to 1940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The main base was in Tallinn; the three units sat at Tallinn, Tartu and Rakvere. Exact sites other than Lasnam&#228;e were not confirmed<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"structure\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Structure<\/div>\n<h2>How the Estonian Air Force is organised<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">A headquarters in Tallinn over three units, all at &#196;mari: the Air Base with the air force&rsquo;s only flying squadron, the Air Surveillance Wing and the Air Defence Wing. <span class=\"imp\">Estonia owns no fighters and, since December 2024, no helicopters; its real work is radar, air control and ground-based air defence, while allied NATO fighters on quick reaction alert at &#196;mari guard its sky.<\/span> Estonian personnel also serve at the combined BALTNET control centre at Karmelava in Lithuania.<\/p>\n<div class=\"org\">\n<div class=\"cmdcard\"><span class=\"cface mono\">RV<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmdtx\"><span class=\"crank\">Brigadier General (brigaadikindral)<\/span><b>Riivo Valge<\/b><span class=\"cmeta\">Commander of the Estonian Air Force (&#213;huv&#228;gi &#252;lem) &middot; in office since 2025<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmdorg\"><span>Air Force Headquarters<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgrow\">\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Headquarters<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Air Force Headquarters<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Tallinn<\/div>\n<p>In Tallinn, sharing the Defence Forces&rsquo; Joint Headquarters at Juhkentali 58; one of three services under the Commander of the Defence Forces, Lt Gen. Andrus Merilo. Brig. Gen. Riivo Valge has commanded since mid-2025, his second spell after 2018&ndash;2019.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Air base<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>&#196;mari Air Base<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">Lennubaas<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">&#196;mari<\/div>\n<p>Estonia&rsquo;s only air base, an air force unit since 15 May 1997 on a former Soviet Su-24 field. Its 1st Air Squadron, the air force&rsquo;s only flying unit, has two M28 transports and two leased L-39s for JTAC training; the last helicopters and An-2s were retired in December 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Air surveillance<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Air Surveillance Wing<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">&#213;huseiredivisjon<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">&#196;mari<\/div>\n<p>Formed on 1 January 1998. Five military radar sites feed the Control and Reporting Centre at &#196;mari, which builds the air picture and controls NATO fighters over Estonia; a detachment serves at the combined BALTNET centre at Karmelava in Lithuania.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Air defence<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Air Defence Wing<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">&#213;hukaitsedivisjon<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">&#196;mari<\/div>\n<p>Formed on 1 July 2023. The first of three IRIS-T SLM firing units, bought jointly with Latvia, arrived on 22 June 2026 and the other two are due in 2027; conscripts began training on the system in July 2026.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In service<\/div>\n<h2>What the Estonian Air Force flies today<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type on charge, linked to its Book of Beasts page where one exists. <span class=\"imp\">Counts are aircraft on the books, not aircraft available on a given day.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-yr\">\n<col class=\"c-units\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">In service<\/th>\n<th>Since<\/th>\n<th>Units<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph2\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>PZL Mielec M28 Skytruck (C-145A)<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light transport, parachuting and maritime surveillance<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two ex-US Air Force C-145As donated by the United States; the first arrived in March 2019.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph3\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer (leased)<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two, leased from Aerohooldus O&#220; rather than owned.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fleetchart\">\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">M28<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:100%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">2<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">L-39C<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:100%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">2<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>On order<\/h3>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet ord\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-fd\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Ordered<\/th>\n<th>First delivery<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Diehl Defence IRIS-T SLM (ground-based air defence)<span class=\"nflag nf3\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in Germany\"><\/span><span class=\"st ord\">On order<\/span><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2026<\/td>\n<td>Three firing units bought through the Estonian Centre for Defence Investments in a joint procurement with Latvia agreed in autumn 2023; the first arrived at &#196;mari on 22 June 2026 and the other two are due in 2027. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span>Range about 40 km, ceiling up to 20 km. Not an aircraft: listed here because it is the air force&rsquo;s main new weapon.<\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"former\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Formerly operated<\/div>\n<h2>Every type the Estonian Air Force has retired<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">11 types, from the Farman HF.30 to the Robinson R44. <span class=\"imp\">Peak figures are airframes taken on charge over the whole service life, not fleet strength on any one date.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet former\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-srv\">\n<col class=\"c-rep\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Peak<\/th>\n<th>Served<\/th>\n<th>Replaced by<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph4\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Robinson R44<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light helicopter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>2002&ndash;2024<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph5\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Antonov An-2<\/td>\n<td>Light transport<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>M28<\/td>\n<td>Two at &#196;mari in 1997.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph6\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Avro Anson<span class=\"nflag nf5\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United Kingdom\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Multipurpose and reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hart\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph7\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hart\/\" class=\"was\">Hawker Hart (Estonian export version)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf5\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United Kingdom\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light bomber and reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Eight built for Estonia.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-bulldog\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph8\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-bulldog\/\" class=\"was\">Bristol Bulldog<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf5\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United Kingdom\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/potez-25\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph9\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/potez-25\/\" class=\"was\">Potez 25 (Jupiter-engined)<\/a><span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance and light bomber<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph10\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>PZL-104 Wilga 35A<\/td>\n<td>Light utility and training<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One in 1997.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\" class=\"was\">Mil Mi-8<\/a><\/td>\n<td>Transport helicopter<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td>1995&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Four delivered in November 1995.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph11\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Mil Mi-2<\/td>\n<td>Light helicopter<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>1994&ndash;<\/td>\n<td>R44<\/td>\n<td>Three delivered in October 1994; all three still listed in 1997.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph12\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Let L-410UVP Turbolet<\/td>\n<td>Light transport<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>1993&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two donated by Germany in February 1993.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Farman HF.30<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>1919&ndash;<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>The first operational aircraft, captured from Soviet forces.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"bases\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Air bases<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Estonian Air Force flies from<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Black pins are active bases, hollow pins the ones that have closed. <span class=\"imp\">&#196;mari is the only air base in Estonia, and the fighters on it are allied, not Estonian: NATO detachments have held quick reaction alert here since 1 May 2014, from 1 August 2026 as the Baltic Air Defence mission.<\/span> P&#228;rnu, a civil airport, took the air force&rsquo;s aircraft while &#196;mari was closed in 2024; the interwar stations at Tallinn-Lasnam&#228;e, Tartu and Rakvere closed in 1940. Entries with no published aerodrome data carry no pin.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><span>Click a pin to open the base page<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"basefind\" data-filter=\"#basetbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air bases\" placeholder=\"Search bases, county, units, aircrafts\" aria-label=\"Search bases, county, units, aircrafts\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"basefind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"basefind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"basetbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Runway<\/th>\n<th>Units and aircraft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr id=\"base-amari\" data-base=\"amari\" data-x=\"active active &#196;mari Air Base (Lennubaas), Estonian Air Force; commander Lt Col. Katrin T&#245;ugjas \">\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/amari\/\">&#196;mari<\/a><span>Harju County (Harjumaa), L&#228;&#228;ne-Harju Parish<\/span><\/td>\n<td>EEEI<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>06\/24<\/span>2,750 m<span>concrete and asphalt<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>1st Air Squadron<\/span>: <span>M28 (C-145A) Skytruck, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros (leased)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Airfield, Air Support, Air Force Support and Base Defence Squadrons<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Air Defence Wing (&#213;hukaitsedivisjon)<\/span>: <span>IRIS-T SLM<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Air Surveillance Wing (&#213;huseiredivisjon) and &#196;mari Control and Reporting Centre<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>NATO Baltic Air Policing (from 1 August 2026 Baltic Air Defence) detachment<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35A<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-2000\/\">Mirage 2000-5<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/saab-gripen\/\">JAS 39C Gripen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>88th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Forces)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-17-fresco\/\">MiG-17<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21PFM<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-27-flogger\/\">MiG-27<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>321st Fighter-Bomber and 170th Naval Shturmovik Aviation Regiments (Soviet)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/su-7-fitter\/\">Su-7B<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/su-24-fencer\/\">Su-24<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-parnu\" data-base=\"parnu\" data-x=\"active active AS Tallinna Lennujaam (civil operator) \">\n<td>P&#228;rnu Airport<span>P&#228;rnu County<\/span><\/td>\n<td>EEPU<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>03\/21<\/span>1,970 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>1st Air Squadron (temporary detachment)<\/span>: <span>M28 (C-145A) Skytruck<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>366th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Defence Forces)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-rakvere\" data-base=\"rakvere\" data-x=\"active closed Aviation Regiment \" class=\"was\">\n<td>Rakvere<small>interwar air group<\/small><span>L&#228;&#228;ne-Viru County<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed 1940<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-tallinn-lasnamae\" data-base=\"tallinn-lasnamae\" data-x=\"active closed Aviation Regiment (Lennuv&#228;e r&#252;gement) \" class=\"was\">\n<td>Tallinn<small>Lasnam&#228;e<\/small><span>Harju County, Tallinn<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed 1940<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Aviation Regiment (air division, Tallinn)<\/span>: <span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-bulldog\/\">Bristol Bulldog<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hart\/\">Hawker Hart<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/potez-25\/\">Potez 25<\/a>, Avro Anson<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-tartu\" data-base=\"tartu\" data-x=\"active closed Aviation Regiment \" class=\"was\">\n<td>Tartu<small>interwar air group<\/small><span>Tartu County<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Closed 1940<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"basefind\">No air base matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Order of battle<\/div>\n<h2>Who is stationed where in the Estonian Air Force<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Flying units by base, current units first. <span class=\"imp\">The 1st Air Squadron at &#196;mari is the only Estonian flying unit; the allied detachments and the Soviet regiments that flew from &#196;mari and P&#228;rnu are listed too, each marked as not Estonian.<\/span> Where a unit number or date rests on Wikipedia alone, the entry says so.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"unitfind\" data-filter=\"#oobwrap\" data-item=\".oob\" data-noun=\"installations\" placeholder=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" aria-label=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"unitfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"unitfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"oobwrap\" id=\"oobwrap\">\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Harju County (Harjumaa), L&#228;&#228;ne-Harju Parish active &#196;mari Air Base (Lennubaas), Estonian Air Force; commander Lt Col. Katrin T&#245;ugjas\">\n<div><span><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-bases\/amari\/\">&#196;mari Air Base<\/a> &middot; EEEI<\/span><em>&#196;mari Air Base<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>1st Air Squadron<small>Flying squadron &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>M28 (C-145A) Skytruck, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39C Albatros (leased)<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Airfield, Air Support, Air Force Support and Base Defence Squadrons<small>Base support squadrons &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<dt>Air Defence Wing (&#213;hukaitsedivisjon)<small>Ground-based air defence &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>IRIS-T SLM<\/dd>\n<dt>Air Surveillance Wing (&#213;huseiredivisjon) and &#196;mari Control and Reporting Centre<small>Air surveillance and control &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><\/dd>\n<dt>NATO Baltic Air Policing (from 1 August 2026 Baltic Air Defence) detachment<small>Allied fighter detachment (rotational) &middot; allied<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/eurofighter-typhoon\/\">Eurofighter Typhoon<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35A<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mirage-2000\/\">Mirage 2000-5<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/saab-gripen\/\">JAS 39C Gripen<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/fa-18-hornet\/\">EF-18 Hornet<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">88th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Forces)<small>1967&ndash;1984<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">MiG-17, MiG-21PFM, MiG-27<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">321st Fighter-Bomber and 170th Naval Shturmovik Aviation Regiments (Soviet)<small>1977&ndash;1994<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Su-7B, Su-24<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"P&#228;rnu County active AS Tallinna Lennujaam (civil operator)\">\n<div><span>P&#228;rnu Airport &middot; EEPU<\/span><em>AS Tallinna Lennujaam<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">1st Air Squadron (temporary detachment)<small>2024&ndash;2024<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">M28 (C-145A) Skytruck<\/dd>\n<dt class=\"was\">366th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Defence Forces)<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">MiG-23<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"unitfind\">No unit matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Estonian Air Force milestones, 1914 to today<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1918<\/div>\n<p>21 November: an air half-company is formed in the Engineer Battalion under August Roos, a week before the Red Army attacks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1919<\/div>\n<p>15 February: a captured Farman HF.30 flies the first Estonian combat sortie. 22 February: 40 aircraft (28 serviceable) and 476 people.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1920<\/div>\n<p>The War of Independence ends with 44 aircraft; after the Treaty of Tartu the unit becomes an Aviation Regiment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1924<\/div>\n<p>1 December: communist insurgents briefly seize the Lasnam&#228;e airfield in Tallinn and escape in two hijacked aircraft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1932<\/div>\n<p>Peak interwar strength: 77 reasonably modern aircraft, two years after the Air Defence Staff was created on 4 October 1930.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1940<\/div>\n<p>17 June: Soviet forces invade; the air force takes no action and becomes the aviation squadron of the Red Army&rsquo;s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1942<\/div>\n<p>February: the first all-Estonian flight is formed in German service; about 3,000 Estonians eventually serve in Luftwaffe auxiliary air defence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1991<\/div>\n<p>16 December: the air force is re-established after the restoration of independence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1994<\/div>\n<p>7 February: Col. Vello Loemaa becomes the first commander. 13 April: Air Force Headquarters formed. October: three Mi-2s arrive.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1997<\/div>\n<p>15 May: the Air Base is established at &#196;mari, a former Soviet Su-24 base.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1998<\/div>\n<p>1 January: the Air Surveillance Wing is formed at &#196;mari.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2004<\/div>\n<p>29 March: Estonia joins NATO and allied fighters start Baltic Air Policing from &#352;iauliai.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2010<\/div>\n<p>Autumn: &#196;mari&rsquo;s new runway opens during the 2008&ndash;2012 rebuild.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2014<\/div>\n<p>30 April: four Danish F-16s land at &#196;mari; from 1 May a NATO quick reaction alert detachment is based there.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2023<\/div>\n<p>1 July: the Air Defence Wing is formed. Autumn: IRIS-T SLM ordered jointly with Latvia.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>&#196;mari closes from March for an &#8364;18.5 million runway renovation and reopens on 8 November. December: R44s and An-2s retired.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2025<\/div>\n<p>19 September: three Russian MiG-31s enter Estonian airspace near Vaindloo for about 12 minutes; Estonia requests NATO Article 4 consultations.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2026<\/div>\n<p>22 June: first IRIS-T SLM unit arrives. 1 August: Baltic Air Policing becomes the Baltic Air Defence mission, with Turkish F-16s at &#196;mari.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat record<\/div>\n<h2>Every war the Estonian Air Force has fought<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Sorties and losses where the record gives them, and an honest blank where it does not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip dark\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>4<\/b><span>conflicts<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1918<\/b><span>First<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1<\/b><span>Aircraft lost<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Killed<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"gl cml\">\n<li><b>Estonian War of Independence<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1918&ndash;1920<\/span> Reconnaissance and liaison with captured and abandoned aircraft<\/li>\n<li><b>The communist uprising of 1 December 1924<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1924<\/span> The target, not a participant: insurgents seized the air division&rsquo;s airfield and barracks<\/li>\n<li><b>The Soviet occupation of Estonia<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1940<\/span> No resistance; aircraft remained in their hangars<\/li>\n<li><b>Second World War: Estonian airmen in German and Soviet service<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1941&ndash;1946<\/span> Maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine patrol and night attack on the German side; night bombing on the Soviet side<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a class=\"cbig\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/estonian-air-force\/combat-record\/\">Open the full combat record<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"news\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">From the magazine<\/div>\n<h2>Estonian Air Force news from Afterburner<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Everything MiGFlug&rsquo;s magazine has published on the Estonian Air Force and the aircraft it flies. <span class=\"imp\">This list refreshes itself &mdash; new Afterburner stories appear here automatically.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"ngrid\" id=\"newsgrid\" data-cats=\"664,670,666\" data-term=\"estonia\" data-match=\"eston|[a&#228;]mari|tallinn|air policing|baltic air\" data-reject=\"Nordica\"><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/nato-standing-defense-plan-12000-hinds-air-defence-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph13\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-16\">16 September 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">NATO Is Scrapping Air Policing: Inside Standing Defense Plan 12000<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">A Russian drone crossed into Lithuanian airspace overnight on 15 September, and NATO fighters shot it down. That part has happened before&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><a class=\"ncard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/estonia-drone-border-crossing-nato-scramble-2026\/\"><span class=\"ncim ph14\"><\/span><span class=\"ncbody\"><time datetime=\"2026-09-01\">1 September 2026<\/time><span class=\"nct\">A Drone Crosses Into Estonia<\/span><span class=\"ncx\">A drone crossed Estonia&rsquo;s southeastern border before dawn on 1 September, sending Turkish F-16s to alert at &#196;mari as Russia&rsquo;s&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"ncgo\">Read the story<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<p><a class=\"nmore\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/\">All stories in Afterburner<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Estonian Air Force<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is the Estonian Air Force called in Estonian?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">&#213;huv&#228;gi, literally &quot;air force&quot;, as the Estonian Defence Forces spell it on mil.ee; Wikipedia uses the longer form Eesti &#213;huv&#228;gi. Estonian is the country&rsquo;s only official language, so there is no second official name.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Estonia have fighter jets?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. Estonia has never owned jet fighters. Since joining NATO in 2004 its airspace has been guarded by allied fighters, and since 1 May 2014 a quick reaction alert detachment has been based at &#196;mari Air Base. From 1 August 2026 NATO calls this the Baltic Air Defence mission. Some Estonian politicians argue for leasing fighters, but the government has not decided to.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft does the Estonian Air Force fly in 2026?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Two M28 (C-145A) Skytruck light transports, donated by the United States from 2019, and two <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">L-39<\/a> jet trainers leased from a private company. Its Robinson R44 helicopters and An-2 biplanes were retired in December 2024. The allied jets at &#196;mari, such as the Turkish <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-16-fighting-falcon\/\">F-16s<\/a> in 2026, belong to the visiting air forces.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When was the Estonian Air Force founded?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On 21 November 1918, when an air half-company was formed in the Engineer Battalion a week before the Red Army attacked. After the Soviet occupation of 1940 it ceased to exist, and it was re-established on 16 December 1991.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to the Estonian Air Force in 1940?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Nothing dramatic, and that is the point: when Soviet forces invaded on 17 June 1940 the air force took no action and its aircraft stayed in their hangars. That summer it was turned into the aviation squadron of the Red Army&rsquo;s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened when Russian MiG-31s entered Estonian airspace in September 2025?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">According to the Estonian Defence Forces, three Russian <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-31-foxhound\/\">MiG-31s<\/a> entered Estonian airspace near Vaindloo island on the morning of 19 September 2025 and stayed about 12 minutes, without flight plans, transponders or radio contact. Italian <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/f-35-lightning-ii\/\">F-35s<\/a> from &#196;mari escorted them out, Estonia summoned Russia&rsquo;s charg&#233; d&rsquo;affaires and requested NATO Article 4 consultations. Russia denied any violation, saying the jets flew in neutral airspace, as Wikipedia summarises a Reuters report.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What air defence does Estonia have?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Air Defence Wing, formed on 1 July 2023 at &#196;mari, received its first IRIS-T SLM medium-range missile unit on 22 June 2026; two more are due in 2027. The Air Surveillance Wing runs five radar sites and the &#196;mari Control and Reporting Centre. Allies have also deployed Spanish NASAMS (2023 and 2024) and an Italian SAMP\/T battery (2025).<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where is the Estonian Air Force based?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Its headquarters is in Tallinn and its only air base is &#196;mari, about 40 km south-west of the capital. &#196;mari was a Soviet bomber and fighter-bomber base until the 1990s and was rebuilt as a NATO airfield from 2008 to 2012.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did the interwar Estonian Air Force ever fight?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Yes, in the War of Independence of 1918&ndash;1920, with captured aircraft: the first combat sortie was flown by a Farman HF.30 on 15 February 1919. After that it never fought as a service; by 1932 it had 77 aircraft, but it did not resist the 1940 occupation.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Estonian Air Force called in Estonian?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"\\u00d5huv\\u00e4gi, literally \\\"air force\\\", as the Estonian Defence Forces spell it on mil.ee; Wikipedia uses the longer form Eesti \\u00d5huv\\u00e4gi. Estonian is the country\\u2019s only official language, so there is no second official name.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Estonia have fighter jets?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. Estonia has never owned jet fighters. Since joining NATO in 2004 its airspace has been guarded by allied fighters, and since 1 May 2014 a quick reaction alert detachment has been based at \\u00c4mari Air Base. From 1 August 2026 NATO calls this the Baltic Air Defence mission. Some Estonian politicians argue for leasing fighters, but the government has not decided to.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft does the Estonian Air Force fly in 2026?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Two M28 (C-145A) Skytruck light transports, donated by the United States from 2019, and two L-39 jet trainers leased from a private company. Its Robinson R44 helicopters and An-2 biplanes were retired in December 2024. 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Russia denied any violation, saying the jets flew in neutral airspace, as Wikipedia summarises a Reuters report.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What air defence does Estonia have?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Air Defence Wing, formed on 1 July 2023 at \\u00c4mari, received its first IRIS-T SLM medium-range missile unit on 22 June 2026; two more are due in 2027. The Air Surveillance Wing runs five radar sites and the \\u00c4mari Control and Reporting Centre. Allies have also deployed Spanish NASAMS (2023 and 2024) and an Italian SAMP\/T battery (2025).\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where is the Estonian Air Force based?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Its headquarters is in Tallinn and its only air base is \\u00c4mari, about 40 km south-west of the capital. \\u00c4mari was a Soviet bomber and fighter-bomber base until the 1990s and was rebuilt as a NATO airfield from 2008 to 2012.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did the interwar Estonian Air Force ever fight?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Yes, in the War of Independence of 1918\\u20131920, with captured aircraft: the first combat sortie was flown by a Farman HF.30 on 15 February 1919. After that it never fought as a service; by 1932 it had 77 aircraft, but it did not resist the 1940 occupation.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Read the aircraft the Estonian Air Force flew<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type with a page in the Book of Beasts, in service first, then by the year it left the fleet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-39C Albatros<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\"><span class=\"im none\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mil Mi-8<\/b><em>1995&ndash;<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/hawker-hart\/\"><span class=\"im ph7\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Hawker Hart (Estonian export version)<span class=\"nflag nf5\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United Kingdom\"><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/bristol-bulldog\/\"><span class=\"im ph8\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Bristol Bulldog<span class=\"nflag nf5\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United Kingdom\"><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/potez-25\/\"><span class=\"im ph9\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Potez 25 (Jupiter-engined)<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><\/b><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Estonian Air Force<\/a><span>Official English page: structure (staff, air base, air defence, air surveillance, military aviation authority), commander, aircraft, history summary (1918, 44 aircraft in 1920, 77 in 1932, HQ 1994, air base 1997, surveillance wing 1998, BAP at Amari 1 May 2014).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/ohuvagi\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kaitsev&#228;gi: &#213;huv&#228;gi (Estonian-language air force page and history)<\/a><span>Official Estonian spelling &#213;huv&#228;gi; detailed history: 21 November 1918, first combat flight 15 February 1919, 44 aircraft 1920, 77 in 1932, Estonians in German and Soviet service, 16 December 1991, first commander 7 February 1994, 1997 inventory, radars.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/estonian-air-force-headquarters\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Estonian Air Force Headquarters<\/a><span>HQ at Juhkentali 58, Tallinn, with the Joint HQ; Chief of Staff Col. Fredi Karu; A1&ndash;A9 structure.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/air-defence-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Air Defence Wing<\/a><span>Formed 1 July 2023, permanently at &#196;mari; headquarters and two missile batteries; IRIS-T SLM; commander Maj. Kaarel Piirisalu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/air-surveillance-wing\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Air Surveillance Wing<\/a><span>Formed 1 January 1998 at &#196;mari; five military radar sites; &#196;mari Control and Reporting Centre; Estonian detachment at CRC Karmelava, Lithuania.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/military-aviation-authority\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Military Aviation Authority<\/a><span>Air force unit in Tallinn regulating military aviation; commander Lt Col. Reet Stamm.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/the-amari-air-base\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: The &#196;mari Air Base<\/a><span>Established 15 May 1997; Soviet airfield 1940&ndash;1941; taken over 1994; commander Lt Col. Katrin T&#245;ugjas; squadrons; two M28; leased L-39; QRA since 1 May 2014; runway reopened 8 November 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/uksused\/ohuvagi\/lennubaas\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Kaitsev&#228;gi: Lennubaas (Estonian-language &#196;mari page with rotation table)<\/a><span>Base history, squadrons, and the table of NATO air policing rotations at &#196;mari from 30 April 2014 to 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/air-force\/the-amari-air-base\/baltic-air-policing-in-amari-airbase\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Baltic Air Policing in &#196;mari Airbase<\/a><span>QRA detachment at &#196;mari since 1 May 2014; four-month rotations; 2025&ndash;2026 rotations.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/medium-range-air-defence-missile-systems-iris-t-slm-arrive-in-the-estonian-air-force\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Medium-Range Air Defence Missile Systems IRIS-T SLM Arrive in the Estonian Air Force (22 June 2026)<\/a><span>First of three IRIS-T SLM firing units at &#196;mari; rest in 2027; joint procurement with Latvia agreed autumn 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/turkish-air-force-took-over-the-nato-baltic-air-defence-mission-in-estonian-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Turkish Air Force took over the NATO Baltic air defence mission in Estonian airspace (31 July 2026)<\/a><span>Portuguese F-16s hand over to Turkish F-16s of 181 Squadron; Baltic Air Policing becomes Baltic Air Defence mission on 1 August 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/romanian-fighter-jet-downed-a-uav-in-estonian-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Romanian fighter jet downed a UAV in Estonian airspace (19 May 2026)<\/a><span>Romanian F-16 from Lithuania downed a drone, likely of Ukrainian origin, south of P&#245;ltsamaa; one missile fired.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/russian-federation-aircraft-violated-estonian-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Russian Federation aircraft violated Estonian airspace (19 September 2025)<\/a><span>Three MiG-31s near Vaindloo for about 12 minutes; no flight plans, transponders off; Italian F-35s from &#196;mari; fourth violation of 2025.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/the-estonian-defence-forces-launched-an-operation-to-enable-rapid-response-to-air-threats\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: The Estonian Defence Forces launched an operation to enable rapid response to air threats (14 November 2025)<\/a><span>Air force-led operation; dispersal of air surveillance and air defence units; Italian Typhoons and an Italian SAMP\/T battery.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/potential-new-air-threat-at-east-and-west-virumaa-and-south-estonia\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: The air threat in Estonia has ended (31 March 2026)<\/a><span>Preventive air threat alert overnight on 31 March 2026 in Virumaa and South Estonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/spanish-air-defence-unit-supports-the-protection-of-estonian-airspace-with-a-nasams-air-defence-system\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Spanish air defence unit supports the protection of Estonian airspace with a NASAMS air defence system (25 September 2024)<\/a><span>Spanish NASAMS in Estonia March&ndash;end 2023 and again from August 2024; IRIS-T contracts signed with Latvia in September 2023.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/the-royal-netherlands-air-force-f-35-fighter-jets-practice-drone-defense-on-the-coast-of-rutja\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: The Royal Netherlands Air Force F-35 fighter jets practice drone defense on the coast of Rutja (4 March 2025)<\/a><span>Dutch F-35s from &#196;mari fire AIM-9s at target drones; 10 identification flights against Russian aircraft.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/nato-exercise-was-held-in-estonian-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: NATO Exercise Was Held in Estonian Airspace (6 March 2025)<\/a><span>Exercise Viking Nebula; Estonian Air Force tactical control; quote from Brig. Gen. Toomas Susi.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/the-exercise-pikne-allows-estonian-and-allied-military-personnel-to-practice-air-support-procedures\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Allied and Estonian troops practice air support procedures during exercise Pikne (5 December 2024)<\/a><span>Dutch F-35s, French Rafales and an Estonian R-44 in December 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/french-forces-practice-rapid-air-deployment-to-estonia-during-exercise-pikne\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: French forces practice rapid air deployment to Estonia during Exercise Pikne (3 December 2024)<\/a><span>About 200 French paratroops flown into &#196;mari; Estonian R44 in support.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/news\/estonian-and-allied-air-forces-conduct-training-flights-in-estonian-airspace-as-part-of-exercise-pikne\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Estonian and Allied Air Forces Conduct Training Flights in Estonian Airspace as Part of Exercise Pikne (29 November 2024)<\/a><span>Training flights from &#196;mari and &#352;iauliai; low-level and supersonic flying in north-eastern Estonia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/defence-forces\/history-of-the-defence-forces\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: History of the Defence Forces<\/a><span>Air half-company 21 November 1918; 40 aircraft (28 serviceable) and 476 personnel on 22 February 1919; Air Defence Staff 4 October 1930; restoration dates 1991.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/mil.ee\/en\/defence-forces\/commander\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Defence Forces: Commander of the Defence Forces<\/a><span>Lt Gen. Andrus Merilo, Commander of the Defence Forces since 1 July 2024.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaitseministeerium.ee\/en\/policies-and-development-defence-capability\/national-defence-planning\/defence-budget\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Ministry of Defence: Defence budget<\/a><span>2026 budget &#8364;2.4 billion, 5.4 per cent of GDP; at least 5 per cent 2027&ndash;2029; first IRIS-T deliveries; UAV procurement.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.kaitseministeerium.ee\/en\/objectives-activities\/defence-budget\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Ministry of Defence: Defence budget (2024 edition of the page)<\/a><span>2024 budget &#8364;1.3 billion, 3.21 per cent of GDP; short-range air defence ammunition.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.err.ee\/1609225320\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ERR News: &#196;mari Air Base to be closed for renovation through to autumn (18 January 2024)<\/a><span>&#8364;18.5 million renovation, March to October 2024; BAP to Lielv&#257;rde; Estonian Air Force aircraft to P&#228;rnu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.err.ee\/1609238742\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ERR News: Luxembourg contributes &#8364;12 million to &#196;mari renovation (31 January 2024)<\/a><span>Luxembourg pays &#8364;12 million of &#8364;18.5 million; quotes from Hanno Pevkur and Yuriko Backes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.err.ee\/1609516498\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ERR News: Gallery: &#196;mari Air Base&rsquo;s runway reopens (8 November 2024)<\/a><span>Runway reopened 8 November 2024; air force aircraft had moved to P&#228;rnu; base commander Lt Col. Maanus Nigul.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/news.err.ee\/649558\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">ERR News: US to invest nearly $14 million in &#196;mari Air Base (19 December 2017)<\/a><span>$13.9 million in FY2018 NDAA for apron and fuel; over $32 million already invested under the European Deterrence Initiative.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/estonianworld.com\/security\/nato-opens-air-base-estonia-video\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian World: NATO opens an air base in Estonia (2 May 2014)<\/a><span>Four Danish F-16s arrived at &#196;mari on 30 April 2014 for four months.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/estonianworld.com\/security\/chart-shows-russian-jets-12-minute-violation-of-estonian-airspace\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian World: Chart shows Russian jets&rsquo; 12-minute violation of Estonian airspace (20 September 2025)<\/a><span>Route and timing of the MiG-31 flight; Italian F-35s; Swedish Gripens; Article 4; statements of Estonian ministers.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/estonianworld.com\/opinion\/why-nato-held-fire-on-russian-jets-and-why-estonia-may-need-its-own\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian World: Eerik-Niiles Kross, Why NATO held fire on Russian jets &ndash; and why Estonia may need its own (21 September 2025)<\/a><span>Opinion by an Estonian MP arguing for leased Gripens; used only to report that argument.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ac.nato.int\/archive\/2023\/LVA_prep_BAP_takeover\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">NATO Allied Air Command: preparation for BAP at Lielv&#257;rde (2023)<\/a><span>Mission moves to Lielv&#257;rde from March to the end of November 2024 while &#196;mari&rsquo;s runway is repaired; German DCRC at &#196;mari.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lennundusmuuseum.ee\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Estonian Aviation Museum (Eesti Lennundusmuuseum)<\/a><span>Exhibition &quot;Robinson R44: 22 years in the Estonian Defence Forces, 2002&ndash;2024&quot;; collection near Tartu.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eaip.eans.ee\/2026-08-06\/html\/eAIP\/EE-AD-2.EEEI-en-GB.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EANS eAIP Estonia, AD 2 EEEI &#196;mari (AIRAC 08\/2026)<\/a><span>ARP 591544N 0241307E; elevation 70 ft; RWY 06\/24 2,750 x 45 m; PPR military aerodrome.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/aim.eans.ee\/index.php\/en\/eaip\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EANS Aeronautical Information Management: eAIP<\/a><span>Current edition AIRAC AMDT 08\/2026, effective 6 August 2026.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/eaip.eans.ee\/2026-08-06\/html\/eAIP\/EE-AD-2.EEPU-en-GB.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">EANS eAIP Estonia, AD 2 EEPU P&#228;rnu (AIRAC 08\/2026)<\/a><span>ARP 582508N 0242822E; elevation 47 ft; RWY 03\/21 1,970 x 30 m asphalt; operator AS Tallinna Lennujaam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ourairports.com\/data\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">OurAirports airport database (public domain)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-09-29. Order of Battle pages are regenerated from a single dataset; if a number here disagrees with a Book of Beasts page, this page is the more recent of the two.<\/p>\n<p class=\"verified\">Photographs: Photo: Anna Zvereva from Tallinn, Estonia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: simon butler from halesowen, uk \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Jerry Gunner from Lincoln, UK \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Photo: Mztourist \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Alan Wilson \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo (Lithuanian L-410 shown): Anna Zvereva from Tallinn, Estonia \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Andre Gerwing \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo (Hawker Hart in other markings shown): Michael Gaylard from Horsham, UK \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) &middot; Royal Air Force Bulldog. [[User:Ad Meskens|Ad Meskens You are free to use this picture for any purpose as \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo (Potez 25 in other markings shown): Peyot \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w6-hero-estonian-air-force.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w6-ee-t-157.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph3{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/w6-ee-t-158.jpg)!important}#mfam 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