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#mfam .rondel{width:58px;height:58px} #mfam .finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; Mozambique<\/div>\n<h1>Mozambique Air Force<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">The Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique, FAM) was formed after independence in 1975 with Soviet and Cuban help, flew MiG-21s through a civil war that killed about a million people, let most of its aircraft rot after the 1992 peace, and has been rebuilt piecemeal &mdash; Romanian-overhauled MiGs, South African helicopters and Mwari surveillance aircraft, a new C295 &mdash; for a jihadist insurgency in Cabo Delgado where hired contractors and Rwandan troops have done much of the fighting.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>8<\/b><span>Combat aircraft<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>4<\/b><span>Active air bases<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1975<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Types retired<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Department of Defense. American Forces Information Service. Defense Visual Information Cen \/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Mozambique<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1975<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Active<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Maputo<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Commander<\/b>Candido Jose Tirano<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>The Mozambique Air Force story: Soviet MiGs in a civil war, a Romanian rebuild and the war in Cabo Delgado<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1975&ndash;1977: an air force from nothing, with Soviet and Cuban help<\/h3>\n<p>Mozambique became independent from Portugal in 1975 with no air force of its own. The new state built one, as Wikipedia&rsquo;s account puts it, with support from Cuba and the Soviet Union, and Wikipedia&rsquo;s article on the armed forces dates Soviet training support from 1977. The service that emerged was small and dependent on foreign instructors and spare parts from the start. From 1985 to 1990 it carried a revolutionary name, the People&rsquo;s Liberation Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea Popular de Liberta&#231;&#227;o, FAPL). Its early equipment and the precise date of its founding are thinly documented in sources that can be checked online; this page gives the year, 1975, and leaves the rest out rather than guess.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1977&ndash;1992: the civil war and 48 MiG-21s<\/h3>\n<p>The civil war between the FRELIMO government and the RENAMO insurgency ran from 1977 until the Rome General Peace Accords of 4 October 1992, which took effect on 15 October. Estimates of the dead, from fighting and famine together, run to about a million. RENAMO was founded with Rhodesian backing and after 1980 had South Africa as its main sponsor; Zimbabwe intervened on the government side from 1982, and Tanzania and later Malawi sent troops. For the air force the war meant Soviet jets: Wikipedia&rsquo;s list of MiG-21 operators records 48 MiG-21bis delivered from the USSR from 1983 for use against RENAMO. How much they achieved, and what they lost, is not documented in any source this page could check, and no figure is given. In October 1986 President Samora Machel was killed when his Tu-134 crashed near the South African border; a South African investigation blamed the crew, later inquiries were inconclusive, and the cause is still disputed.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">1992&ndash;2014: peace, storage and a Romanian rebuild<\/h3>\n<p>Peace ended the money. After the ceasefire, Wikipedia says, the MiG-21s went into storage and most were unserviceable by 1992, while Cuban support dwindled; defenceWeb blames poor serviceability since 1975 and the collapse of Soviet aid in the early 1990s. The armed forces were rebuilt in August 1994 as the FADM, merging government and RENAMO soldiers. The air force survived on small gifts: Portugal handed over two refurbished Reims FTB-337G Milirole utility aircraft in 2011&ndash;2012 and trained crews at the Mavalene school in Maputo; a Hawker 850XP arrived for VIP work in 2013 and two refurbished An-26Bs came from Ukraine. The largest project was Romanian: Aerostar overhauled six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM trainers and an L-39, some of which had not flown for some 20 years, finishing in July 2014. Brazil&rsquo;s 2014 offer of Tucanos and Super Tucanos was cancelled in 2016.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2017&ndash;2021: Cabo Delgado, Wagner and the Dyck Advisory Group<\/h3>\n<p>In October 2017 an armed group known locally as al-Shabaab attacked Moc&#237;mboa da Praia in Cabo Delgado, and the insurgency that followed had killed more than 1,300 civilians and displaced 500,000 people by early 2021, according to Amnesty International. The air force could not meet it alone. In September 2019 a Russian An-124 delivered two Mi-17 helicopters to Nacala for the Wagner Group, whose operation was judged a failure and ended in March 2020 after its men were killed in ambushes, according to Wikipedia&rsquo;s account. The government then hired the Dyck Advisory Group, a South African company that flew Gazelle, AS350 and Alouette III helicopters and Bat Hawk light aircraft. Amnesty&rsquo;s report of 2 March 2021, based on interviews including 53 witnesses of DAG operations, found that DAG had fired machine guns from helicopters and dropped hand grenades indiscriminately into crowds and repeatedly fired at hospitals, schools and homes, and that this violated international humanitarian law.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">2022&ndash;2026: Mwari, a C295 and a war others help to fight<\/h3>\n<p>The rebuilding since 2021 has been South African and, increasingly, outsourced in another sense. Paramount Group, according to defenceWeb, supplied refurbished Gazelle, Mi-8\/17 and Mi-24 helicopters, then a second-hand CN235M and an L-410, and made Mozambique the launch customer for its Mwari reconnaissance aircraft: three were ordered, the first deployed in the north in December 2022 and had flown 400 hours by September 2024. An Airbus C295W, FA655, arrived in Maputo on 27 February 2025. The ground war, though, has depended on others: Rwandan forces since July 2021 (about 2,500 troops and police by 2024) and the SADC mission SAMIM from 15 July 2021 until July 2024. The jets remain a question mark &mdash; FlightGlobal still counted eight MiG-21s in 2023, but no source checked here shows them flying operations in Cabo Delgado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">The civil war between the FRELIMO government and the RENAMO insurgency ran from 1977 until the Rome General Peace Accords of 4 October 1992, which took effect on 15 October. Estimates of the dead, from fighting and famine together, run to about a million.<cite>Mozambique Air Force &middot; verified 2026-10-01<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>The Mozambique Air Force in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Service<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Native name<\/dt>\n<dd>For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique (FAM)<span class=\"gnote\">Portuguese is Mozambique&rsquo;s official language. From 1985 to 1990 the service was called the For&#231;a A&#233;rea Popular de Liberta&#231;&#227;o (FAPL), People&rsquo;s Liberation Air Force<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Founded<\/dt>\n<dd>1975<span class=\"gnote\">Formed after independence from Portugal with Cuban and Soviet support; no exact founding date was found in a checkable source<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Part of<\/dt>\n<dd>Mozambique Defence Armed Forces (FADM)<span class=\"gnote\">The FADM were formed in August 1994 by merging the government forces with RENAMO&rsquo;s fighters after the civil war<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Commander<\/dt>\n<dd>Brig. Candido Jose Tirano<span class=\"gnote\">As named by Wikipedia; appointment date not published in any source found<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Minister of National Defence<\/dt>\n<dd>Crist&#243;v&#227;o Chume<span class=\"gnote\">As listed by Wikipedia, under President Daniel Chapo as commander-in-chief<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Chief of General Staff<\/dt>\n<dd>Joaquim Mangrasse<span class=\"gnote\">As listed by Wikipedia<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Strength<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Personnel<\/dt>\n<dd>About 4,000<span class=\"gnote\">Wikipedia&rsquo;s infobox figure, which also gives 16 aircraft; the whole FADM is put at about 11,200 active personnel, so the air force figure looks high and should be read as an estimate<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Combat aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>MiG-21bis\/UM &mdash; 8 listed, serviceability unclear<\/li>\n<li>Paramount Mwari &mdash; 3 ordered (1 listed by FlightGlobal)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">The eight MiG-21s are those overhauled in Romania in 2013&ndash;2014; FlightGlobal&rsquo;s counts (as cited by Wikipedia) still list them. The Mwari is an armed-reconnaissance design used so far for surveillance<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Helicopters<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Mi-24 (Mi-25) &mdash; 2<\/li>\n<li>Mi-8\/Mi-17 &mdash; 4<\/li>\n<li>SA341 Gazelle &mdash; 2<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">FlightGlobal World Air Forces counts as cited by Wikipedia; defenceWeb says Paramount supplied refurbished Gazelle, Mi-8\/17 and Mi-24 helicopters<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Transport<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Airbus C295W &mdash; 1 (2025)<\/li>\n<li>CN235M &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<li>L-410 Turbolet &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<li>An-26 &mdash; 1&ndash;2<\/li>\n<li>Hawker 850XP (VIP) &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Two An-26Bs were bought from Ukraine in 2013; Wikipedia lists one in service<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Trainers<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Aero L-39 &mdash; 1<\/li>\n<li>Light aircraft: Aerostar Festival, Cessna 152 and 172, Piper Seneca, FTB-337G<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Light types as listed by defenceWeb in 2014; current status not confirmed<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Infrastructure<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Main bases<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Maputo &mdash; headquarters, VIP and transport; C295 delivered here<\/li>\n<li>Beira<\/li>\n<li>Nacala &mdash; Mwari seen operating here in 2023<\/li>\n<li>Nampula<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span class=\"gnote\">Wikipedia names Beira, Nacala and Nampula as the main bases; Maputo hosts the Mavalene flying school and received the C295<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Operational area<\/dt>\n<dd>Cabo Delgado province<span class=\"gnote\">The air force&rsquo;s only active campaign since 2017, alongside Rwandan forces and, until July 2024, SAMIM<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Jet capability<\/dt>\n<dd>MiG-21bis and L-39<span class=\"gnote\">Eight MiG-21s and one L-39 were overhauled by Aerostar in 2013&ndash;2014; no current operational use was found<\/span><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"structure\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Structure<\/div>\n<h2>How the Mozambique Air Force is organised<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">The air arm of the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces, headquartered in Maputo, with no published squadron structure or unit basing. <span class=\"imp\">Its fleet has been rebuilt piecemeal for the jihadist insurgency in Cabo Delgado: Mwari surveillance aircraft and refurbished Mi-24, Mi-8\/17 and Gazelle helicopters from South Africa&rsquo;s Paramount Group, and an Airbus C295W delivered in 2025.<\/span> The eight MiG-21s overhauled in Romania in 2013&ndash;2014 are still counted by FlightGlobal, but no source checked shows them flying operations.<\/p>\n<div class=\"org\">\n<div class=\"cmdcard\"><span class=\"cface mono\">CJ<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"cmdtx\"><span class=\"crank\">Brigadier<\/span><b>Candido Jose Tirano<\/b><span class=\"cmeta\">Commander of the Mozambique Air Force<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"cmdorg\"><span>Mozambique Air Force<\/span><em>For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique<\/em><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgrow\">\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Headquarters<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Mozambique Air Force<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\">For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique<\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Maputo<\/div>\n<p>The air arm of the Mozambique Defence Armed Forces (FADM), headquartered in Maputo, under the Chief of General Staff, Joaquim Mangrasse, and with President Daniel Chapo as commander-in-chief. Wikipedia names Brigadier Candido Jose Tirano as commander; no appointment date and no official Mozambican page confirming him was found. Wikipedia&rsquo;s figure of about 4,000 personnel should be read as an estimate.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Combat and reconnaissance<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>MiG-21s and Mwaris<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>Eight MiG-21s, six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM trainers, were overhauled by Aerostar in Romania and returned by July 2014, and FlightGlobal still listed them in 2023; whether any fly today was not confirmed. Mozambique is the launch customer for the Paramount Mwari, with three ordered: the first deployed to the north in December 2022 and had flown 400 hours on reconnaissance and surveillance by September 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Helicopters<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Helicopter fleet<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>Two Mi-24s (Mi-25s), four Mi-8\/17s and two SA341 Gazelles in FlightGlobal&rsquo;s counts as cited by Wikipedia, refurbished and supplied by Paramount Group according to defenceWeb. They support ground forces in Cabo Delgado; no squadron or base is named in the sources.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Transport<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Transport fleet<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<p>An Airbus C295W, FA655, which reached Maputo on 27 February 2025, a second-hand CN235M and L-410 from Paramount Group in late 2022, one or two An-26s bought from Ukraine in 2013 and a Hawker 850XP for VIP transport. Air force officers said the CN235M moves cargo and troops and drops special forces and paratroopers.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"orgcard\"><span class=\"tag\">Training<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Escola Pr&#225;tica de Avia&#231;&#227;o<\/h4>\n<div class=\"de\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"oloc\">Maputo (Mavalane)<\/div>\n<p>The School of Practical Aviation, newly formed in 2013 at the air force&rsquo;s base at Maputo&rsquo;s international airport, where Portuguese advisers trained aircrew and mechanics, according to defenceWeb. Light aircraft listed in 2014 include Aerostar Festivals, Cessna 152s and 172s and a Piper Seneca; an L-39 jet trainer was overhauled with the MiG-21s. Whether the school is still active was not confirmed by a later source.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">In service<\/div>\n<h2>What the Mozambique Air Force flies today<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type on charge, linked to its Book of Beasts page where one exists. <span class=\"imp\">Counts are aircraft on the books, not aircraft available on a given day.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt fleet\">\n<colgroup>\n<col class=\"c-th\">\n<col class=\"c-type\">\n<col class=\"c-role\">\n<col class=\"c-num\">\n<col class=\"c-yr\">\n<col class=\"c-units\">\n<col><\/colgroup>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Type<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">In service<\/th>\n<th>Since<\/th>\n<th>Units<\/th>\n<th>Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph2\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis and MiG-21UM<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Fighter<\/td>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td>1983<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM trainers overhauled by Aerostar in Romania and returned by July 2014; FlightGlobal listed eight in December 2021 and in 2023. <\/p>\n<details class=\"ndet\">\n<summary>More<\/summary>\n<p><span><\/span><\/details>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Paramount Mwari<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance and surveillance aircraft<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Three ordered (defenceWeb, September 2024); FlightGlobal, as cited by Wikipedia, lists one. Two had been delivered by February 2023.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph3\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mil Mi-24 (Mi-25)<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Attack helicopter<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two Mi-25 as of 2023 (FlightGlobal, as cited by Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph4\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\">Mil Mi-8\/Mi-17<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Utility helicopter<\/td>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Four (FlightGlobal, as cited by Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>A&#233;rospatiale SA341 Gazelle<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light utility and armed helicopter<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two (FlightGlobal, as cited by Wikipedia).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph5\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Airbus C295W<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Tactical transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2025<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One, registered FA655.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph6\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>CASA\/IPTN CN235M<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One second-hand aircraft.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph7\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Let L-410 Turbolet<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2022<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One second-hand aircraft.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Antonov An-26<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two refurbished An-26Bs were bought from Ukraine in 2013; Wikipedia lists one in service.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\" aria-hidden=\"true\" tabindex=\"-1\"><span class=\"tthumb ph8\"><\/span><\/a><\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">Aero L-39 Albatros<\/a><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Jet trainer<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One, overhauled by Aerostar in the MiG-21 package.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb ph9\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Hawker 850XP<span class=\"nflag nf8\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in the United States\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>VIP transport<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>One, built 2005.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Reims-Cessna FTB-337G Milirole<span class=\"nflag nf4\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"Built in France\"><\/span><span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Utility and observation<\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two, ex-Portuguese Air Force; current status not confirmed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span class=\"tthumb none\"><\/span><\/td>\n<td>Light aircraft: Aerostar Festival, Cessna 152, Cessna 172, Piper Seneca<span class=\"st on\">In service<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Training and liaison<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>2011<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Two Festivals and one each of the others, per defenceWeb in 2014; current numbers not confirmed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fleetchart\">\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">MiG-21<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:100%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">8<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Mi-8\/17<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:50%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">4<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Mwari<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:38%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">3<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Mi-24<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:25%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">2<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">Gazelle<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:25%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">2<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">FTB-337G<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:25%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">2<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">C295<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:12%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">1<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"frow\"><span class=\"fname\">CN235<\/span><span class=\"fbar\"><i style=\"width:12%\"><\/i><\/span><span class=\"fnum\">1<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"bases\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Air bases<\/div>\n<h2>Where the Mozambique Air Force flies from<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Black pins are active bases; none of the airfields listed has closed. <span class=\"imp\">All four airfields are shared with civil airports: Wikipedia names Beira, Nacala and Nampula as the air force&rsquo;s three main bases, and its most visible base, with the flying school and the 2025 C295 delivery, is at Maputo&rsquo;s international airport, Mavalane.<\/span> No source names a unit based at Beira, Nacala or Nampula, and Nacala, a former air base, reopened as a civil international airport in December 2014.<\/p>\n<div class=\"mapframe\">\n<div id=\"oobmap\" class=\"oobmap\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"legend\"><span><i class=\"dot\"><\/i> Active air base<\/span><span><i class=\"dot was\"><\/i> Closed or reserve<\/span><span>Click a pin to open the base page<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"basefind\" data-filter=\"#basetbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr\" data-noun=\"air bases\" placeholder=\"Search bases, province, units, aircrafts\" aria-label=\"Search bases, province, units, aircrafts\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"basefind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"basefind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"basetbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Base<\/th>\n<th>ICAO<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Runway<\/th>\n<th>Units and aircraft<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr id=\"base-beira\" data-base=\"beira\" data-x=\"active active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique) BEW\">\n<td>Beira<span>Sofala Province<\/span><\/td>\n<td>FQBR<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>12\/30<\/span>2,362 m<\/span><span><span>17\/35<\/span>1,698 m<\/span><span><span>06\/24<\/span>920 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"was\"><span>Base A&#233;rea N.&#186; 10 (Portuguese Air Force)<\/span>: <span>Transport aircraft (types not stated)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-maputo-mavalane\" data-base=\"maputo-mavalane\" data-x=\"active active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique) MPM\">\n<td>Maputo-Mavalane<span>Maputo City<\/span><\/td>\n<td>FQMA<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>05\/23<\/span>3,660 m<\/span><span><span>10\/28<\/span>1,700 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Escola Pr&#225;tica de Avia&#231;&#227;o (EPA, School of Practical Aviation)<\/span>: <span>Aerostar Festival, Cessna 152, Cessna 172, Piper Seneca<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-nacala\" data-base=\"nacala\" data-x=\"active active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique) MNC\">\n<td>Nacala<span>Nampula Province<\/span><\/td>\n<td>FQNC<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>01\/19<\/span>3,100 m<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr id=\"base-nampula\" data-base=\"nampula\" data-x=\"active active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique) APL\">\n<td>Nampula<span>Nampula Province<\/span><\/td>\n<td>FQNP<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill\">Active<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span><span>05\/23<\/span>2,000 m<\/span><span><span>13\/31<\/span>1,565 m<span>gravel<\/span><\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"basefind\">No air base matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"oob\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Order of battle<\/div>\n<h2>Who is stationed where in the Mozambique Air Force<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Units by base. <span class=\"imp\">Mozambique publishes no squadron designations or basing for its aircraft; the only unit named at a base is the School of Practical Aviation at Maputo, formed in 2013 with Portuguese advisers.<\/span> The Portuguese Air Force&rsquo;s Base A&#233;rea N.&#186; 10 at Beira is listed and marked as not Mozambican.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"unitfind\" data-filter=\"#oobwrap\" data-item=\".oob\" data-noun=\"installations\" placeholder=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" aria-label=\"Search squadrons, wings, aircraft, bases\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"unitfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"unitfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"oobwrap\" id=\"oobwrap\">\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Maputo City active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique)\">\n<div><span>Maputo-Mavalane &middot; FQMA<\/span><em>Mozambique Air Force<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt>Escola Pr&#225;tica de Avia&#231;&#227;o (EPA, School of Practical Aviation)<small>Flying and technical school &middot; active<\/small><\/dt>\n<dd>Aerostar Festival, Cessna 152, Cessna 172, Piper Seneca<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"oob\" data-x=\"Sofala Province active Mozambique Air Force (For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique)\">\n<div><span>Beira &middot; FQBR<\/span><em>Mozambique Air Force<\/em><\/div>\n<dl>\n<dt class=\"was\">Base A&#233;rea N.&#186; 10 (Portuguese Air Force)<\/dt>\n<dd class=\"was\">Transport aircraft (types not stated)<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"unitfind\">No unit matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Mozambique Air Force milestones, 1914 to today<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1975<\/div>\n<p>Independence from Portugal; the air force is formed with Cuban and Soviet support.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1977<\/div>\n<p>Civil war between the FRELIMO government and RENAMO begins; Soviet military training support starts the same year.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1982<\/div>\n<p>Zimbabwe intervenes on the government side to protect its transport routes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1983<\/div>\n<p>Deliveries of 48 MiG-21bis from the USSR begin.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1985<\/div>\n<p>The service is renamed For&#231;a A&#233;rea Popular de Liberta&#231;&#227;o (FAPL), a name kept until 1990.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1986<\/div>\n<p>19 October: President Samora Machel is killed when his Tu-134 crashes near the South African border; the cause is still disputed.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1987<\/div>\n<p>June: Lt Gen Ant&#243;nio Hama Thai, former chief of the air force, becomes Chief of General Staff; Col Jo&#227;o Bernardo Honwana takes over the air force.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1992<\/div>\n<p>4 October: Rome General Peace Accords; the ceasefire takes effect on 15 October. Most MiG-21s are by now unserviceable.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1994<\/div>\n<p>August: the FADM are formed from government and RENAMO forces.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2012<\/div>\n<p>July: Portugal hands over the second of two FTB-337G Milirole aircraft.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2013<\/div>\n<p>September: a Hawker 850XP joins for VIP work; November: two An-26Bs bought from Ukraine and eight MiG-21s due back from overhaul.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2014<\/div>\n<p>July: Aerostar ships the last of eight overhauled MiG-21s; Brazil offers Tucanos (the deal is cancelled in 2016).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2017<\/div>\n<p>October: insurgents attack Moc&#237;mboa da Praia, starting the Cabo Delgado war.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2019<\/div>\n<p>25 September: a Russian An-124 lands two Mi-17s at Nacala for the Wagner Group, which withdraws in March 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2021<\/div>\n<p>2 March: Amnesty&rsquo;s report on war crimes in Cabo Delgado, including by Dyck Advisory Group helicopter crews. July: Rwandan forces and SAMIM (from 15 July) deploy.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2022<\/div>\n<p>December: the first Paramount Mwari deploys to northern Mozambique; a CN235M and L-410 arrive from Paramount.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2024<\/div>\n<p>April: Botswana leaves SAMIM; the mission ends in July for lack of funds. September: the first Mwari passes 400 flying hours.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">2025<\/div>\n<p>27 February: an Airbus C295W, FA655, arrives in Maputo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Combat record<\/div>\n<h2>Every war the Mozambique Air Force has fought<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Sorties and losses where the record gives them, and an honest blank where it does not.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip dark\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>2<\/b><span>conflicts<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1977<\/b><span>First<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Aircraft lost<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>0<\/b><span>Killed<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<ul class=\"gl cml\">\n<li><b>Mozambican Civil War<\/b> <span class=\"de\">1977&ndash;1992<\/span> Flew Soviet-supplied MiG-21bis jets and helicopters for the government against the RENAMO insurgency<\/li>\n<li><b>Insurgency in Cabo Delgado<\/b> <span class=\"de\">2017&ndash;<\/span> Supports ground forces with helicopters, transport and, since December 2022, Mwari reconnaissance aircraft; much of the armed air work in 2019&ndash;2021 was done by private contractors hired by the government<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a class=\"cbig\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/mozambique-air-force\/combat-record\/\">Open the full combat record<\/a><\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"makers\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The manufacturers<\/div>\n<h2>Who built the Mozambique Air Force fleet<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every company behind the aircraft on this page has its own page: the story, every type it built, the numbers and the other air forces that fly them.<\/p>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Current fleet and orders<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mil\/\">Mil<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/aerospatiale\/\">A&#233;rospatiale<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/aero\/\">Aero Vodochody<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/aerostar\/\">Aerostar<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/airbus\/\">Airbus<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/antonov\/\">Antonov<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/casa\/\">CASA<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/cessna\/\">Cessna<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/hawker-beechcraft\/\">Hawker Beechcraft<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/iptn\/\">IPTN<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/let\/\">Let Kunovice<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mikoyan\/\">Mikoyan<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/paramount\/\">Paramount Group<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/piper\/\">Piper<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/reims-aviation\/\">Reims Aviation<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about the Mozambique Air Force<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>What is the Mozambique Air Force called in Portuguese?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">For&#231;a A&#233;rea de Mo&#231;ambique, abbreviated FAM, as given by Wikipedia; Portuguese is the country&rsquo;s official language. From 1985 to 1990 it was called the For&#231;a A&#233;rea Popular de Liberta&#231;&#227;o (FAPL), the People&rsquo;s Liberation Air Force.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>When was the Mozambique Air Force founded?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">In 1975, after independence from Portugal, with support from Cuba and the Soviet Union. No exact founding day was found in a source that could be checked, so only the year is given.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What aircraft does the Mozambique Air Force fly?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">FlightGlobal&rsquo;s counts, as cited by Wikipedia, list eight <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21s<\/a>, two <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\">Mi-24<\/a> (Mi-25) gunships, four Mi-8\/17s, two Gazelles, an <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\">L-39<\/a> trainer, Paramount Mwari surveillance aircraft and a handful of transports. An Airbus C295W joined in February 2025.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Does Mozambique still fly MiG-21s?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">On paper, yes: Aerostar in Romania overhauled six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM trainers in 2013&ndash;2014, and FlightGlobal still listed eight in 2023. No source checked for this page shows them flying operations in the Cabo Delgado war, so their real serviceability is unknown.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What is the Mwari and why does Mozambique fly it?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The Mwari is a South African reconnaissance and light strike aircraft built by Paramount Group. Mozambique was its launch customer: three were ordered, the first deployed to the north in December 2022, and by September 2024 it had flown 400 hours on reconnaissance and surveillance against the insurgency, according to defenceWeb.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who was the Dyck Advisory Group and what did Amnesty find?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">A South African private military company hired by the government to fly armed helicopters in Cabo Delgado. Amnesty International&rsquo;s report of 2 March 2021 found that its crews fired machine guns from helicopters and dropped grenades indiscriminately into crowds, and repeatedly fired at hospitals, schools and homes, which Amnesty said violated international humanitarian law. Those are Amnesty&rsquo;s findings; the replies of DAG and the government were not found in the sources consulted.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Did Russian mercenaries fly in Mozambique?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Wikipedia, citing media reports, says the Wagner Group arrived in 2019 &mdash; two Mi-17s were flown into Nacala on 25 September 2019 &mdash; lost men in ambushes and withdrew in March 2020, its operation considered a failure. Russia has not confirmed these details.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Who helps Mozambique fight in Cabo Delgado?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Rwanda has had troops there since July 2021, about 2,500 troops and police by 2024 under a bilateral agreement. SADC&rsquo;s mission, SAMIM, deployed from 15 July 2021 with troops and aircraft from several member states and left in July 2024 for lack of funds.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What did the air force do in the civil war?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">It was the government&rsquo;s air arm against RENAMO from 1977 to 1992 and received 48 MiG-21bis from the USSR from 1983. Detailed records of its operations and losses are not available in sources that could be checked, so this page gives none.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>Where is the Mozambique Air Force based?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">Wikipedia names Beira, Nacala and Nampula as its main bases; headquarters, VIP aircraft and the Mavalene flying school are in Maputo, where the new C295 was delivered.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Mozambique Air Force called in Portuguese?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"For\\u00e7a A\\u00e9rea de Mo\\u00e7ambique, abbreviated FAM, as given by Wikipedia; Portuguese is the country\\u2019s official language. From 1985 to 1990 it was called the For\\u00e7a A\\u00e9rea Popular de Liberta\\u00e7\\u00e3o (FAPL), the People\\u2019s Liberation Air Force.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"When was the Mozambique Air Force founded?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"In 1975, after independence from Portugal, with support from Cuba and the Soviet Union. No exact founding day was found in a source that could be checked, so only the year is given.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What aircraft does the Mozambique Air Force fly?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"FlightGlobal\\u2019s counts, as cited by Wikipedia, list eight MiG-21s, two Mi-24 (Mi-25) gunships, four Mi-8\/17s, two Gazelles, an L-39 trainer, Paramount Mwari surveillance aircraft and a handful of transports. An Airbus C295W joined in February 2025.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Does Mozambique still fly MiG-21s?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"On paper, yes: Aerostar in Romania overhauled six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM trainers in 2013\\u20132014, and FlightGlobal still listed eight in 2023. No source checked for this page shows them flying operations in the Cabo Delgado war, so their real serviceability is unknown.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What is the Mwari and why does Mozambique fly it?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The Mwari is a South African reconnaissance and light strike aircraft built by Paramount Group. 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Those are Amnesty\\u2019s findings; the replies of DAG and the government were not found in the sources consulted.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Russian mercenaries fly in Mozambique?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Wikipedia, citing media reports, says the Wagner Group arrived in 2019 \\u2014 two Mi-17s were flown into Nacala on 25 September 2019 \\u2014 lost men in ambushes and withdrew in March 2020, its operation considered a failure. Russia has not confirmed these details.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Who helps Mozambique fight in Cabo Delgado?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Rwanda has had troops there since July 2021, about 2,500 troops and police by 2024 under a bilateral agreement. SADC\\u2019s mission, SAMIM, deployed from 15 July 2021 with troops and aircraft from several member states and left in July 2024 for lack of funds.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What did the air force do in the civil war?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"It was the government\\u2019s air arm against RENAMO from 1977 to 1992 and received 48 MiG-21bis from the USSR from 1983. Detailed records of its operations and losses are not available in sources that could be checked, so this page gives none.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Where is the Mozambique Air Force based?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"Wikipedia names Beira, Nacala and Nampula as its main bases; headquarters, VIP aircraft and the Mavalene flying school are in Maputo, where the new C295 was delivered.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"gallery\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Read the aircraft the Mozambique Air Force flew<\/h2>\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">Every type with a page in the Book of Beasts, in service first, then by the year it left the fleet.<\/p>\n<div class=\"acgrid\"><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\"><span class=\"im ph2\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21bis and MiG-21UM<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-24-hind\/\"><span class=\"im ph3\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mil Mi-24 (Mi-25)<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mi-8-hip\/\"><span class=\"im ph4\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Mil Mi-8\/Mi-17<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><a class=\"acard\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/l-39-albatros\/\"><span class=\"im ph8\"><\/span><span class=\"tx\"><b>Aero L-39 Albatros<\/b><em>In service<\/em><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/afr41\/3545\/2021\/en\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Amnesty International: &ldquo;What I saw is death&rdquo;: War crimes in Mozambique&rsquo;s forgotten cape (AFR 41\/3545\/2021, 2 March 2021)<\/a><span>More than 1,300 civilians killed and 500,000 displaced since October 2017; DAG fired machine guns and dropped grenades indiscriminately from helicopters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2021\/03\/mozambique-civilians-killed-as-war-crimes-committed-by-armed-group-government-forces-and-private-military-contractors-new-report\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Amnesty International: Mozambique: Civilians killed as war crimes committed by armed group, government forces and private military contractors (March 2021)<\/a><span>53 witnesses on DAG operations; hospital at Moc&#237;mboa da Praia destroyed by DAG helicopters in June 2020; government hired DAG to fight with armed helicopters.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/african-news\/mozambique-air-force-gets-a-c295\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Mozambique Air Force gets a C295 (28 February 2025)<\/a><span>C295W FA655, Seville 24 February, Maputo 27 February 2025; CN235M and L-410 from Paramount in late 2022; Mi-24, Mi-8\/17, Gazelle; three Mwari, in use since December 2022.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/aerospace\/aerospace-aerospace\/aerostar-completes-mozambican-mig-21-upgrade\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Aerostar completes Mozambican MiG-21 upgrade (8 July 2014)<\/a><span>Six MiG-21bis and two MiG-21UM; L-39 overhaul; light aircraft list; Hawker 850XP; Mavalene school in Maputo; poor serviceability since 1975.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defenceweb.co.za\/tag\/mozambique-air-force\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: articles tagged Mozambique Air Force<\/a><span>Headlines and dates: second FTB-337G from Portugal (5 July 2012); VIP jet (1 November 2013); eight overhauled MiG-21s (4 November 2013); two An-26s (7 November 2013); MiGs stuck in Germany (7 April 2014).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/aerospace\/aerospace-aerospace\/mwari-spotted-in-mozambique-as-launch-customer-revealed\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Mozambique revealed as Mwari launch customer (17 March 2023)<\/a><span>FA-402 (ex ZU-MWA) around Nacala; first delivery December 2022, second February 2023; Paramount supplied refurbished Gazelle, Mi-8\/17, Mi-24, L-410 and CN235M.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/aerospace\/aerospace-aerospace\/mwari-demonstrates-operational-impact-in-mozambique\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Mwari demonstrates operational impact in Mozambique (23 September 2024)<\/a><span>Three ordered; first deployed December 2022; 400 flying hours; new crews in training.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/african-news\/botswana-exits-samim-as-rwanda-grows-troop-numbers\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Botswana exits SAMIM as Rwanda grows troop numbers (9 April 2024)<\/a><span>SAMIM to leave in July 2024 for lack of funds; Rwanda about 2,500 troops and police; about EUR 20 million EU funding.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.defenceweb.co.za\/tag\/dag\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: articles tagged DAG<\/a><span>Headlines only: contractor in Mozambique set for longer stay; another private military contractor aircraft (a DAG Bat Hawk) down in Mozambique.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/defenceweb.co.za\/aerospace\/aerospace-aerospace\/mozambican-air-force-to-get-eight-overhauled-mig-21s\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">defenceWeb: Mozambican Air Force to get eight overhauled MiG-21s (4 November 2013)<\/a><span>The Escola Pr&#225;tica de Avia&#231;&#227;o at &quot;the Air Force&rsquo;s base at Maputo-Mavalene International Airport&quot;; Portuguese advisers; light aircraft listed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-10-01. Order of Battle pages are regenerated from a single dataset; if a number here disagrees with a Book of Beasts page, this page is the more recent of the two.<\/p>\n<p class=\"verified\">Photographs: Photo: Department of Defense. American Forces Information Service. Defense Visual Information Cen \/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) &middot; Photo: Landolso \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC0) &middot; Photo: Filip.vidinovski \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: SGT. Kimberly Yearyean \/ Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) &middot; Photo: Jakub Ha&#322;un \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Lubos Sramek \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 4.0) &middot; Photo: Airwolfhound from Hertfordshire, UK \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) &middot; Photo: Articseahorse \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) &middot; Photo: Gleb Osokin &#8211; Russian AviaPhoto Team \/ Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w17-hero-mozambique-air-force.jpg)!important}#mfam .ph2{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w16-mz-t-470.jpg)!important}#mfam 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