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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero\">\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/cuban-revolutionary-air-and-air-defense-force\/\">Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force<\/a><\/div>\n<h1>The Cuban air force in combat, 1956 to 1996<\/h1>\n<p class=\"sub\">Batista&rsquo;s air force, which fought the rebels in 1956&ndash;1958, was the predecessor of today&rsquo;s service. Claims from the Bay of Pigs and from the air war with South Africa in Angola come from each side and are rarely independently confirmed, and each is given with the side that makes it. In the 1962 missile crisis the U-2 lost near Banes was shot down by Soviet missiles, not by Cuban forces. The 1996 shoot-down of two Brothers to the Rescue Cessnas is included: the ICAO investigation found both were destroyed in international airspace and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights found that Cuba violated the right to life, while Cuba maintained that the aircraft had repeatedly violated its airspace and had been warned. Where a consolidated sortie or loss figure exists in the official record it is given here; where accounts disagree, the range is shown and the disagreement named. Blank cells are blank because no figure could be verified, not because the fighting was small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"combat\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<p class=\"spx-lede\">From Batista&rsquo;s war against the rebels to the Brothers to the Rescue shoot-down of 1996.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qbar\"><input class=\"qin\" type=\"search\" id=\"warfind\" data-filter=\"#combattbl\" data-item=\"tbody tr.crow\" data-noun=\"conflicts\" placeholder=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" aria-label=\"Search conflicts, countries, aircraft, years\" autocomplete=\"off\" spellcheck=\"false\"><button class=\"qbtn\" type=\"button\" data-clear=\"warfind\">Clear<\/button><span class=\"qcnt\" data-count=\"warfind\"><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt cbt\" id=\"combattbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Conflict<\/th>\n<th>Years<\/th>\n<th>Against<\/th>\n<th>Main aircraft<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Sorties<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align:right\">Aircraft lost<\/th>\n<th><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd0\" data-x=\"Sierra Maestra and central Cuba Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Cuba (FAEC) No allied air arm B-26 Invader Sea Fury P-47D T-33\">\n<td>The Cuban Revolution<span class=\"cwho\">Batista&rsquo;s air force against the rebels<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Cuba (FAEC)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1956&ndash;1958<\/td>\n<td>26th of July Movement<\/td>\n<td>B-26 Invader, Sea Fury, P-47D<span class=\"cwho\">and 1 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd0\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd0\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Supported Batista&rsquo;s army against the rebel columns with bombers, fighters and transports.<\/p>\n<p>Batista&rsquo;s air force was equipped for a conventional war and used in a civil one. Its order of battle in the last weeks of the regime included B-26 bombers &mdash; Wikipedia&rsquo;s table for the battle of Santa Clara lists seven &mdash; and in 1958 it bought 17 refurbished Sea Furies from Hawker. None of this stopped the rebel columns. The rebels built a small air arm of their own, the Fuerza A&#233;rea Rebelde, mainly transports and light aircraft that carried arms and men to the Sierra, plus three P-51 Mustangs and a T-28. When Batista fled on 1 January 1959 both fleets passed to the new government, which arrested many of the old regime&rsquo;s officers and soon found itself short of pilots and spare parts.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Santa Clara fell on 1 January 1959 and Batista fled within twelve hours; the rebels took over the air force and its aircraft.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Air operations of 1957&ndash;1958 are poorly documented in the sources reached; no Cuban official account could be retrieved.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea del Ej&#233;rcito de Cuba (FAEC)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Sierra Maestra and central Cuba<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>26th of July Movement<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>B-26 Invader, Sea Fury, P-47D, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/t-33-shooting-star\/\">T-33<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No sortie count published.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\"><\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Santa_Clara\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Sea_Fury\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd1\" data-x=\"Playa Gir&#243;n and Playa Larga, Matanzas; Cuban airfields Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR) No allied air arm Hawker Sea Fury Lockheed T-33 Douglas B-26\">\n<td>The Bay of Pigs invasion<span class=\"cwho\">Playa Gir&#243;n<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1961<\/td>\n<td>Brigade 2506 (supported by the United States)<\/td>\n<td>Hawker Sea Fury, Lockheed T-33, Douglas B-26<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd1\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd1\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Survived the opening air strike and then attacked the invasion fleet and the exile B-26s.<\/p>\n<p>The invasion plan depended on destroying Castro&rsquo;s small air force on the ground. On 15 April 1961 eight B-26 bombers flown by Cuban exiles took off from Nicaragua, painted in FAR markings, and struck Ciudad Libertad, San Antonio de los Ba&#241;os and Santiago de Cuba. The Kennedy Library&rsquo;s verdict is that they &quot;missed many of their targets and left most of Castro&rsquo;s air force intact&quot;, and when photographs of the repainted aircraft exposed US involvement, President Kennedy cancelled a second strike. When the brigade landed on 17 April, the handful of serviceable FAR aircraft &mdash; Sea Furies, B-26s and T-33 jets, the only jets Cuba had &mdash; went for the ships: the Rio Escondido was sunk and the Houston badly damaged. The T-33s are credited with several of the slower exile B-26s; Rafael del Pino is credited with two, and Sea Fury pilots Enrique Carreras Rojas and Douglas Rudd with one each. By 19 April the brigade, its supplies lost and without air cover, had surrendered. Castro later released the prisoners in December 1962 in exchange for 53 million dollars&rsquo; worth of baby food and medicine.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The brigade surrendered on 19 April. The Kennedy Library says the Cuban planes &quot;sank two escort ships, and destroyed half of the exile&rsquo;s air support&quot;; Wikipedia&rsquo;s A-26 article counts nine brigade B-26s lost with ten Cuban exile and four American aircrew.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Aircraft claims on both sides are from Wikipedia and pilot biographies, not from official Cuban or US tallies; no Cuban official air-battle figures could be retrieved (minfar.gob.cu and EcuRed did not respond). Cuban losses are also contested: 176 killed is the figure given, other estimates run far higher.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Playa Gir&#243;n and Playa Larga, Matanzas; Cuban airfields<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Brigade 2506 (supported by the United States)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>Hawker Sea Fury, Lockheed T-33, Douglas B-26<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Rafael del Pino&rsquo;s biography credits him alone with 25 combat missions; no FAR total was published in the sources reached.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">On 15 April the exile strike destroyed, by Wikipedia&rsquo;s count, three B-26s, a Sea Fury and a T-33 at San Antonio de los Ba&#241;os plus aircraft at Santiago and two non-operational P-47s at Ciudad Libertad; the Sea Fury article counts two Sea Furies lost on the ground. In the battle the FAR lost a Sea Fury in the air and a B-26 with four crew to fire from an invasion ship. Overall casualties: Brigade 2506 114 killed and 1,202 captured; Cuban forces 176 killed (the figure in Wikipedia&rsquo;s infobox), with much higher militia estimates that Wikipedia itself calls vague.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/learn\/about-jfk\/jfk-in-history\/the-bay-of-pigs\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Douglas_A-26_Invader\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hawker_Sea_Fury\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_T-33\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rafael_del_Pino_(pilot)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Revolutionary_Air_and_Air_Defense_Force\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciudad_Libertad_Airport\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd2\" data-x=\"Cuba Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR), alongside Soviet forces Alongside Soviet Union MiG-15bis MiG-19 MiG-21F-13 (Soviet-flown)\">\n<td>The Cuban missile crisis<span class=\"cwho\">the October crisis<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR), alongside Soviet forces<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1962<\/td>\n<td>United States<\/td>\n<td>MiG-15bis, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-19-farmer\/\">MiG-19<\/a>, MiG-21F-13 (Soviet-flown)<\/td>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd2\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd2\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd2\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Dispersed its MiG-15s and MiG-19s and ordered anti-aircraft fire on low-flying US reconnaissance aircraft; Soviet units operated the MiG-21s, Il-28s and SA-2s.<\/p>\n<p>In 1962 Moscow turned Cuba into a forward base: a fighter regiment with about 40 MiG-21F-13s, 42 Il-28 bombers that Wikipedia says came with tactical nuclear bombs, and SA-2 batteries at eight sites. The Cuban air force itself had only its new MiG-15s and MiG-19s and too few trained pilots to fill the squadrons. By October 1962, LAAHS says, 36 MiG-15bis and MiG-15Rbis were dispersed to San Antonio de los Ba&#241;os, Santa Clara, Camag&#252;ey and Holgu&#237;n. On 26 October, by Rafael Lima&rsquo;s account, Rafael del Pino sent a coded order to San Antonio, Santa Clara and Holgu&#237;n &mdash; &quot;Fire on the Indians&quot; &mdash; and Fidel Castro ordered all anti-aircraft weapons to fire on any US aircraft. Without radar the Cuban pilots could only hope for a visual sighting, and they scrambled once. On 27 October US Navy RF-8A Crusaders on low-level runs were fired on, and a Soviet SA-2 battery shot down the U-2 of Major Rudolf Anderson near Banes &mdash; the only fatal shoot-down of the crisis, and not a Cuban one.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> The Soviet missiles and Il-28 bombers were withdrawn and the US quarantine ended on 20 November 1962; the MiG-21s were later handed to Cuba.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">In Afterburner<\/span> <a class=\"clink\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/afterburner\/rudolf-anderson-u2-shootdown-cuban-missile-crisis\/\">The Only Man Killed by Enemy Fire in the Cuban Missile Crisis<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Lima and English Wikipedia place the Soviet MiG-21 regiment differently: Lima at Santa Clara, Wikipedia&rsquo;s San Antonio article at San Antonio de los Ba&#241;os. Its regimental number is given as 213th by Wikipedia and 231st by LAAHS.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR), alongside Soviet forces<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Cuba<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Soviet Union<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>United States<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>MiG-15bis, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-19-farmer\/\">MiG-19<\/a>, MiG-21F-13 (Soviet-flown)<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>1<span class=\"cwho\">Rafael Lima&rsquo;s account in Air &amp; Space says the Cubans scrambled only once, a MiG-19 after a USAF RF-101.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft<span class=\"cwho\">No Cuban aircraft lost in combat. The US U-2 shot down on 27 October was hit by SA-2 missiles fired by Soviet forces; its pilot, Major Rudolf Anderson, was killed.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/air-space-magazine\/cuba-during-the-missile-crisis-31990119\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Air &amp; Space \/ Smithsonian<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_Missile_Crisis\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.laahs.com\/the-cuban-migs\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Latin American Aviation Historical Society<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilyushin_Il-28\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Antonio_de_los_Ba%C3%B1os_Airfield\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd3\" data-x=\"Angola and the border with South West Africa (Namibia) Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR) expeditionary air force Alongside MPLA government of Angola and Soviet Union MiG-17F MiG-21MF MiG-23ML Mi-24 Mi-8\">\n<td>The Cuban intervention in Angola<span class=\"cwho\">Operation Carlota and the war with South Africa<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR) expeditionary air force<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1975&ndash;1991<\/td>\n<td>South Africa, UNITA and FNLA<\/td>\n<td>MiG-17F, MiG-21MF, MiG-23ML<span class=\"cwho\">and 2 more<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd3\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd3\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd3\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Flew air defence, ground attack and transport for the Angolan government (MPLA) against the FNLA, UNITA and the South African Defence Force.<\/p>\n<p>Cuban air power arrived in Angola in December 1975: LAAHS records nine MiG-17Fs and a MiG-15UTI under Major Jos&#233; A. Montes and a squadron of twelve MiG-21MFs flown in by An-22. Rafael del Pino commanded the first expeditionary air force until 1977; on 13 March 1976, LAAHS says, he destroyed a Fokker F-27 with an S-24 rocket. The air war with South Africa was fought on the southern front. On 6 November 1981 a South African Mirage F1CZ shot down a Cuban MiG-21MF with cannon fire, South Africa&rsquo;s first confirmed air kill since Korea (Wikipedia names the Cuban pilot as Lieutenant Danacio Valdez; LAAHS as Major Leonel Ponce). From the mid-1980s about 50 MiG-23MLs flown by Cubans changed the balance. On 27 September 1987 Alberto Ley Rivas fired R-23R missiles at a pair of Mirage F1s; Captain Arthur Piercy&rsquo;s aircraft was damaged and crashed on landing. Cubans claimed six MiG-23 air victories in all, one of them confirmed as destroyed by Wikipedia&rsquo;s count. On 27 June 1988 MiG-23s bombed the Calueque dam; Wikipedia&rsquo;s Cuito Cuanavale article says 12 South African soldiers of 8 SAI were killed.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Both sides claimed victory at Cuito Cuanavale; the New York Accords of December 1988 led to the Cuban withdrawal, completed in 1991.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">Kill and loss claims come from each side and are rarely independently confirmed; the Calueque death toll and the Cuban MiG-23 victory count are given as published, not verified.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR) expeditionary air force<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Angola and the border with South West Africa (Namibia)<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>MPLA government of Angola and Soviet Union<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>South Africa, UNITA and FNLA<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>MiG-17F, MiG-21MF, MiG-23ML, Mi-24, Mi-8<\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">No total published. Wikipedia&rsquo;s MiG-21 article says Cuban pilots flew up to three sorties a day around Cuito Cuanavale.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">2,016 Cuban dead from all causes, 1975&ndash;1991 (786 in combat, 524 of disease, 706 in accidents), the figure Wikipedia gives; air force losses are not separated. South African sources claim six FAR aircraft shot down around Cuito Cuanavale with seven Cuban aircrew killed and three captured; South Africa lists its own losses there as two Mirage F1s and a Bosbok.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laahs.com\/the-cuban-migs\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Latin American Aviation Historical Society<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuban_intervention_in_Angola\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Cuito_Cuanavale\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rafael_del_Pino_(pilot)\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd4\" data-x=\"Ogaden, Ethiopia Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR) Alongside Ethiopia and Soviet Union MiG-21\">\n<td>The Ogaden War<span class=\"cwho\">Cuba in Ethiopia<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1977&ndash;1978<\/td>\n<td>Somalia<\/td>\n<td><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd4\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd4\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd4\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">A Cuban MiG-21 squadron flew ground attack for Ethiopia against the Somali army.<\/p>\n<p>Cuba sent up to 17,000 troops to Ethiopia at the peak of the offensive in January 1978, by Wikipedia&rsquo;s count. LAAHS records that a squadron of Cuban MiG-21s arrived in December 1977 and, in hundreds of flights, destroyed &quot;numerous Somalian tanks and artillery pieces&quot;. The big airmobile assault behind the Marda Pass in March 1978, which put Cuban paratroops behind the Somali lines, was flown by 20 Mi-8s and 10 Mi-6s with Soviet crews. The Ethiopian air force&rsquo;s own claims of Somali MiGs destroyed are Ethiopian claims and are not attributed to the Cubans.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Somali forces withdrew after the battles around Jijiga and the Marda Pass in March 1978.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The Cuban air role in Ethiopia rests on one aviation-history source (LAAHS); no Cuban official account was retrieved.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (FAR)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Ogaden, Ethiopia<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>Ethiopia and Soviet Union<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Somalia<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-21-fishbed\/\">MiG-21<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">&quot;Hundreds of flights&quot;, per LAAHS.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd><span class=\"cwho\">Wikipedia gives 163&ndash;400 Cubans killed and 250 wounded in the war, all arms; air force losses are not separated.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laahs.com\/the-cuban-migs\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Latin American Aviation Historical Society<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ogaden_War\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"crow\" data-more=\"cd5\" data-x=\"Florida Straits north of Havana Defensa Antia&#233;rea y Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (DAAFAR) No allied air arm MiG-29UB MiG-23\">\n<td>The Brothers to the Rescue shoot-down<span class=\"cwho\">24 February 1996<\/span><span class=\"cserv\">Defensa Antia&#233;rea y Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (DAAFAR)<\/span><\/td>\n<td>1996<\/td>\n<td>Brothers to the Rescue (civilian aircraft)<\/td>\n<td>MiG-29UB, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><\/td>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td>0<\/td>\n<td><button class=\"cbx\" type=\"button\" data-more=\"cd5\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"cd5\">Detail<\/button><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"cdet\" id=\"cd5\">\n<td colspan=\"7\">\n<div class=\"cdin\">\n<div>\n<p class=\"crole\">Intercepted and shot down two civilian Cessna 337s of a Miami exile group; a third escaped.<\/p>\n<p>Brothers to the Rescue, founded in Miami in 1991 by Jos&#233; Basulto to look for rafters, had by 1996 also dropped leaflets over Cuba. Cuba says light aircraft entered its airspace and dropped leaflets on 9 and 13 January 1996, and that it had protested violations since May 1994. On 24 February 1996 three of the group&rsquo;s Cessna 337s flew south; a MiG-29UB shot two of them down with air-to-air missiles while a MiG-23 orbited nearby, and Basulto&rsquo;s aircraft escaped. The ICAO investigation, reporting on 20 June 1996, found that both aircraft were destroyed in international airspace, nine and ten nautical miles outside Cuban territorial airspace, and that means other than interception, such as radio, had been available but not used. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (Report 86\/99, 29 September 1999) found that Cuba violated the right to life and the right to a fair trial; Cuba did not reply to it. Cuba&rsquo;s position, as put by Miguel Alfonso Mart&#237;nez of its foreign ministry, was that these were &quot;not common civilian aircraft&quot; and that &quot;they were warned&quot;. On 20 May 2026 the US Justice Department unsealed a superseding indictment charging Ra&#250;l Castro, the MiG-29 pilot Lorenzo Alberto P&#233;rez-P&#233;rez and four others with murder and conspiracy to kill US nationals.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"cwar\">Outcome<\/span> Condemned by UN Security Council Resolution 1067 (27 July 1996) after the ICAO investigation; the IACHR found Cuba in breach of the right to life in 1999; US indictments followed in 2003 and, against Ra&#250;l Castro and five others, on 20 May 2026.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ccav\">The aircraft involved are reported differently: Wikipedia&rsquo;s shoot-down article gives one MiG-29UB and one MiG-23, LAAHS a MiG-23UB with MiG-29UBs, and the Brothers to the Rescue article MiG-29UBs. The IACHR record places the shoot-downs about 18 and 30.5 miles offshore; ICAO puts them nine and ten nautical miles beyond the 12-mile limit. A Cuban official response to the 2026 indictment could not be retrieved.<\/span><\/div>\n<div>\n<dl class=\"cdl\">\n<dt>Flying for<\/dt>\n<dd>Defensa Antia&#233;rea y Fuerza A&#233;rea Revolucionaria (DAAFAR)<\/dd>\n<dt>Where<\/dt>\n<dd>Florida Straits north of Havana<\/dd>\n<dt>Alongside<\/dt>\n<dd>No allied air arm<\/dd>\n<dt>Against<\/dt>\n<dd>Brothers to the Rescue (civilian aircraft)<\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft<\/dt>\n<dd>MiG-29UB, <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft\/mig-23-flogger\/\">MiG-23<\/a><\/dd>\n<dt>Sorties<\/dt>\n<dd>2<span class=\"cwho\">One MiG-29UB and one MiG-23, per English Wikipedia; other accounts differ.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Losses<\/dt>\n<dd>0 aircraft &middot; 0 killed<span class=\"cwho\">No Cuban losses. Two Cessna 337s (N2456S and N5485S) destroyed and four men killed: Armando Alejandre Jr., Carlos Costa, Mario de la Pe&#241;a and Pablo Morales.<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Sources<\/dt>\n<dd><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996_shootdown_of_Brothers_to_the_Rescue_aircraft\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"http:\/\/hrlibrary.umn.edu\/cases\/86-99.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/united-states-unseals-superseding-indictment-charging-raul-castro-and-five-castro-regime-co\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Department of Justice<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brothers_to_the_Rescue\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Wikipedia<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.laahs.com\/the-cuban-migs\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Latin American Aviation Historical Society<\/a><\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p class=\"qnone\" data-none=\"warfind\">Nothing matches that search.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every figure, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.laahs.com\/the-cuban-migs\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Latin American Aviation Historical Society: The Cuban MiGs (Rub&#233;n Urribarres, 15 April 2018)<\/a><span>Delivery dates and numbers for every MiG type; Angola and Ethiopia deployments; 1969 and 1991 defections.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/hrlibrary.umn.edu\/cases\/86-99.html\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Report No. 86\/99, Case 11.589, Armando Alejandre Jr. et al. v. Cuba (29 September 1999)<\/a><span>Copy at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Findings on the right to life; Cuba did not reply.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.justice.gov\/opa\/pr\/united-states-unseals-superseding-indictment-charging-raul-castro-and-five-castro-regime-co\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">US Department of Justice: superseding indictment charging Ra&#250;l Castro and five others (20 May 2026)<\/a><span>Defendants, charges, the US account of the shoot-down.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/learn\/about-jfk\/jfk-in-history\/the-bay-of-pigs\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library: The Bay of Pigs<\/a><span>US official library account of the air strike, the cancelled second strike, losses and the prisoner exchange.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/air-space-magazine\/cuba-during-the-missile-crisis-31990119\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Air &amp; Space \/ Smithsonian: Cuba During the Missile Crisis (Rafael Lima, November 2012)<\/a><span>1961&ndash;1962 deliveries, bases, the &quot;Fire on the Indians&quot; order, the single scramble.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Figures verified 2026-10-01. <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/cuban-revolutionary-air-and-air-defense-force\/\">Back to the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px 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Claims from the Bay of Pigs and from the air war with South Africa in Angola come from each side [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":29479,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-29481","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force combat record | MiGFlug<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/tr\/hava-kuvvetleri\/cuban-revolutionary-air-and-air-defense-force\/savas-kaydi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force combat record | MiGFlug\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Order of Battle &middot; Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force The Cuban air force in combat, 1956 to 1996 Batista&rsquo;s air force, which fought the rebels in 1956&ndash;1958, was the predecessor of today&rsquo;s service. 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