{"id":31960,"date":"2026-10-08T14:08:27","date_gmt":"2026-10-08T12:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/?page_id=31960"},"modified":"2026-10-08T18:29:15","modified_gmt":"2026-10-08T16:29:15","slug":"rumpler","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/migflug.com\/tr\/aircraft-manufacturers\/rumpler\/","title":{"rendered":"Rumpler"},"content":{"rendered":"<style>body.page-id-31960 h1.entry-title.main_title{display:none} body.page-id-31960 #main-content .container{padding-top:0} body.page-id-31960 #left-area{padding-bottom:0} body.page-id-31960{overflow-x:hidden} body.page-id-31960 #sidebar{display:none} body.page-id-31960 #left-area{width:100%!important;float:none;padding:0} body.page-id-31960 #main-content .container::before{display:none!important;background:none!important} html{overflow-x:hidden} #mfam{width:100vw;margin-left:calc(50% - 50vw);background:#fff;color:#14181f;line-height:1.7;font-family:'Gilroy 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.finflash{width:46px;height:46px} #mfam .rondel.wide{width:88px;height:33px} #mfam .finflash.tall{width:38px;height:46px} #mfam .mark .mk{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.7px;text-transform:uppercase;color:rgba(255,255,255,.55);line-height:1.5;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .mark .mk b{display:block;color:#fff;letter-spacing:.2px;text-transform:none;font-size:14.5px;margin-top:2px} #mfam .statstrip .stat{border-top:3px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .statstrip .stat:first-child{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:first-child{padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;vertical-align:top} #mfam .tthumb{display:block;width:150px;height:100px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam table.oobt.fleet{table-layout:fixed;min-width:1072px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-th{width:172px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-type{width:198px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-role{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-num{width:78px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-yr{width:64px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-units{width:154px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-srv{width:104px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-rep{width:150px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet col.c-fd{width:118px} #mfam table.oobt.fleet th{white-space:normal} #mfam table.oobt.fleet.ord{min-width:900px} #mfam .ndet{display:inline} #mfam .ndet summary{display:inline;cursor:pointer;color:var(--link);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.4px;list-style:none} #mfam .ndet summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ndet summary::after{content:' \\203A'} #mfam .ndet[open] summary{display:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{color:var(--txt2)} #mfam table.oobt.former .tthumb{filter:saturate(.55)} #mfam table.oobt.former tr:hover .tthumb{filter:none} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{overflow-wrap:anywhere} #mfam table.oobt.fleet td:last-child{font-size:12.5px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .de{color:var(--txt3);font-size:12.5px;font-family:'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;letter-spacing:0;text-transform:none} #mfam .orgcard .de{margin:-3px 0 8px} #mfam .oob dt .de,#mfam table.oobt .de{white-space:nowrap} #mfam .qbar{display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:center;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:22px 0 0} #mfam .qin{flex:1 1 280px;max-width:460px;padding:11px 13px;font:400 15px\/1.4 'Gilroy regular',Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0d1117;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;outline:0;-webkit-appearance:none;appearance:none} #mfam .qin:focus{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .qin::-webkit-search-cancel-button{display:none} #mfam .qcnt{font-size:12.5px;letter-spacing:.4px;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .qbtn{padding:10px 13px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--txt2);border:1px solid #d3d8e0;border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4} #mfam .qbtn:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .qhide{display:none!important} #mfam .qnone{display:none;padding:20px 2px;color:var(--txt2);font-size:15px} #mfam .qnone.on{display:block} #mfam .oob>div{cursor:pointer;user-select:none;align-items:center} #mfam .oob>div:focus-visible{outline:2px solid var(--blue);outline-offset:-2px} #mfam .oob>div>i{position:relative;flex:none;width:13px;height:13px;margin-left:auto;opacity:.75} #mfam .oob>div>i::before,#mfam .oob>div>i::after{content:'';position:absolute;background:#fff;left:0;top:6px;width:13px;height:1.5px} #mfam .oob>div>i::after{transform:rotate(90deg)} #mfam .oob.open>div>i::after{transform:rotate(0)} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob>dl{display:none} #mfam .oobwrap.coll .oob.open>dl{display:grid} #mfam table.oobt.cbt td{vertical-align:top} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.crow td{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.cbt tr.cdet>td{border-bottom:1px solid var(--line);padding:0 16px 20px;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam tr.cdet{display:none} #mfam tr.cdet.on{display:table-row} #mfam .cwho{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cserv{display:block;font-size:12.5px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.45;margin-top:3px} #mfam .cbx{padding:6px 11px;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.1px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;background:#fff;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;cursor:pointer;line-height:1.4;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .cbx:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .cdin{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1.6fr 1fr;gap:26px;padding-top:2px;max-width:none} #mfam .cdin p{font-size:16.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0 0 11px;max-width:66ch} #mfam .cdin p.crole{color:#0d1117} #mfam .cdl{margin:0} #mfam .cdl dt{font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-top:12px} #mfam .cdl dt:first-child{margin-top:0} #mfam .cdl dd{margin:3px 0 0;font-size:14.5px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.55} #mfam .cdl dd a{color:#0d1117;border-bottom:1px solid #c3cddb} #mfam .cdl dd a:hover{color:var(--blue-ink);border-bottom-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ccav{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3);line-height:1.55;margin-top:12px;padding-left:11px;border-left:2px solid var(--line);max-width:64ch} #mfam .clink{display:inline-block;margin:0 14px 0 0;font-size:13.5px} #mfam .cwar{font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .statstrip.dark{margin:22px 0 4px} #mfam ul.gl.cml{margin-top:18px!important} #mfam ul.gl.cml li{line-height:1.6} #mfam ul.gl.cml li b{color:#0d1117;font-weight:400;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cbig{display:inline-block;margin-top:22px;padding:13px 22px;background:var(--blue);color:#fff!important;border:1px solid var(--blue);border-radius:0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none} #mfam .cbig:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .badge{height:66px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .badge.big{height:112px} #mfam .mjc{height:96px;width:auto;display:block;flex:none;filter:drop-shadow(0 2px 9px rgba(0,0,0,.5))} #mfam .mcol{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:18px} #mfam .tthumb.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 6px,#e9eef5 6px,#e9eef5 12px)} #mfam .cflag{display:inline-block;width:16px;height:16px;vertical-align:-3px;margin-right:7px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:200px 20px} #mfam .nflag{display:inline-block;width:18px;height:12px;vertical-align:1px;margin-left:8px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:242px 16px} #mfam .st{display:table;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:2px 7px;margin:8px 0 0;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border:1px solid currentColor;white-space:nowrap} #mfam .st.on{color:var(--green)} #mfam .st.out{color:var(--amber)} #mfam .st.ord{color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn{display:table;margin:8px 0 0;padding:4px 10px;font-size:10.5px;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;color:#fff!important;background:var(--blue);border:1px solid var(--blue);white-space:nowrap;max-width:100%} #mfam .flybtn:hover{background:var(--blue-ink);border-color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .flybtn.ghost{background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)!important;letter-spacing:.9px;white-space:normal;max-width:11em} #mfam table.oobt.former td .flybtn.ghost{color:var(--blue-ink)!important} #mfam .flybtn .via{opacity:.72;letter-spacing:.8px} #mfam table.oobt td a.flybtn{border-bottom:0} #mfam table.oobt.former td a.flybtn{color:#fff!important} #mfam #structure,#mfam #former,#mfam #oob,#mfam #faq{background:var(--bg2)} #mfam .ngrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:20px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .ncard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden;text-decoration:none} #mfam .ncard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .ncim{display:block;height:158px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .ncim.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .ncbody{display:block;padding:16px 18px 20px} #mfam .ncbody time{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .nct{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.32;color:#0d1117;margin:9px 0 8px} #mfam .ncard:hover .nct{color:var(--link)} #mfam .ncx{display:block;font-size:14px;line-height:1.55;color:var(--txt2)} #mfam .ncgo{display:block;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link);margin-top:14px} #mfam .nmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:26px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--link)} @media(max-width:960px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:620px){#mfam .ngrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam #gallery{background:#0d1117} #mfam #gallery h2{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .spx-lede{color:#9aa3b8} #mfam #gallery .kicker{color:var(--blue)} #mfam #gallery .acard{background:#161b24;border-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .tx b{color:#fff} #mfam #gallery .acard .im{background-color:#242c38} #mfam #gallery .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#1b212b,#1b212b 8px,#232a35 8px,#232a35 16px)} #mfam .org{margin-top:34px} #mfam .cmdcard{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:26px;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-left:4px solid var(--red);padding:22px 26px} #mfam .cface{display:block;flex:none;width:128px;height:128px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat;border:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cface.mono{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--blue-dim);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:44px;letter-spacing:1px;border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .cmdtx{flex:1 1 auto;min-width:0;text-align:left} #mfam .crank{display:block;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.8px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdtx b{display:block;font-size:21px;color:#0d1117;margin:3px 0 4px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmeta{display:block;font-size:13px;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .cmdorg{flex:none;text-align:left;padding-left:22px;border-left:1px solid var(--line)} #mfam .cmdorg span{display:block;font-size:13.5px;color:#0d1117;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .cmdorg em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12.5px;color:#8b94a5;margin-top:3px} #mfam .oloc{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin:0 0 9px} #mfam .orgcard,#mfam .orgcard h4,#mfam .orgcard p,#mfam .orgcard .de{text-align:left} #mfam .orgrow{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:16px} #mfam .orgcard{background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);border-top:3px solid var(--blue);padding:20px 22px} #mfam .orgcard.wide{grid-column:1\/-1} #mfam .orgcard h4{margin:0 0 7px;font-size:16.5px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .orgcard p{font-size:14px;color:var(--txt2);max-width:none} #mfam .orgcard .tag{display:inline-block;font-size:10px;letter-spacing:1.4px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);border:1px solid var(--blue);padding:2px 8px;margin-bottom:11px;font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .orgcard.new{border-top-color:var(--red)} #mfam .orgcard.new .tag{color:var(--red);border-color:var(--red)} #mfam .tfgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);gap:22px;margin-top:18px} #mfam .tfcol{border-top:1px solid var(--line);padding-top:14px} #mfam .tfcol h4{margin:0 0 3px;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117} #mfam .tfn{font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;margin-bottom:8px} #mfam .tfcol p{font-size:13.5px;color:var(--txt2);margin:0} #mfam .tfmore{display:inline-block;margin-top:12px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;border-bottom:1px solid var(--blue)} #mfam .tfmore:hover{color:#0d1117;border-bottom-color:#0d1117} #mfam .ucol{margin-top:12px} #mfam .ucol summary{list-style:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:1.3px;text-transform:uppercase;color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;padding:7px 0} #mfam .ucol summary::-webkit-details-marker{display:none} #mfam .ucol summary::after{content:' +';font-family:inherit} #mfam .ucol[open] summary::after{content:' \\2013'} #mfam .ucol summary:hover{color:#0d1117} #mfam a.unit{text-decoration:none} #mfam a.unit:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);background:var(--blue-dim)} #mfam table.oobt tr.flash td{background:var(--blue-dim);transition:background .45s} @media(max-width:900px){#mfam .tfgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}} #mfam .units{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin-top:15px} #mfam .unit{font-size:12.5px;padding:5px 11px;background:var(--bg2);border:1px solid var(--line);color:var(--txt2);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif} #mfam .acgrid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:16px;margin-top:32px} #mfam .acard{display:block;background:#fff;border:1px solid var(--line);overflow:hidden} #mfam .acard:hover{border-color:var(--blue)} #mfam .acard .im{display:block;height:132px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat} #mfam .acard .im.none{background:repeating-linear-gradient(45deg,#f3f6fa,#f3f6fa 8px,#e9eef5 8px,#e9eef5 16px)} #mfam .acard .tx{display:block;padding:14px 16px} #mfam .acard .tx b{display:block;font-size:15px;color:#0d1117;line-height:1.3} #mfam .acard .tx em{display:block;font-style:normal;font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin-top:5px;font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums} #mfam .acard:hover .tx b{color:var(--blue-ink)} @media(max-width:1000px){#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .tthumb{width:118px;height:79px}#mfam .badge.big{height:84px}#mfam .mjc{height:74px}#mfam .mcol{gap:14px}#mfam .acgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .orgrow{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .marks{gap:20px}#mfam .photocred{position:static;display:block;padding:0 24px 12px;text-align:left;max-width:none}} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .cmdcard{flex-wrap:wrap;gap:14px}#mfam .cmdorg{padding-left:0;border-left:0;flex-basis:100%}#mfam .specgrid,#mfam .specgrid.three{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cols{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .relgrid{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .statstrip{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr}#mfam .oob dl{grid-template-columns:1fr}#mfam .cdin{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:18px}#mfam .oob dd{text-align:left}#mfam .frow{grid-template-columns:110px 1fr 56px;gap:10px}#mfam .srclist{columns:1}#mfam .oobmap{height:440px}#mfam .oobmap.home{height:400px}} #mfam .pqband{background:#0d1117;padding:56px 0} #mfam .pqband .wrap{max-width:1120px} #mfam 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.satlbx{position:absolute;top:18px;right:22px;color:rgba(255,255,255,.72);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:10.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase} #mfam .satcap{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:baseline;gap:22px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;font-size:13px;line-height:1.5;color:var(--txt3)} #mfam .satcap b{font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Gilroy,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',Roboto,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:400;color:var(--txt)} @media(max-width:820px){#mfam .satimg{height:380px}} @media(max-width:680px){#mfam .qa summary{padding:18px 14px;font-size:17px}#mfam .qa details .a{padding:0 14px 20px}#mfam section{padding:44px 0}} #mfam .mfshare{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:12px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin:0 0 6px} #mfam .mfsh-btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:9px 15px;background:transparent;border:1px solid var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:11.5px;letter-spacing:1.6px;text-transform:uppercase;cursor:pointer;line-height:1} #mfam .mfsh-btn:hover{background:var(--blue);color:#fff} #mfam .mfsh-btn svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:none;stroke:currentColor;stroke-width:1.8} #mfam .mfsh-net{display:none;align-items:center;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap} #mfam .mfshare.on .mfsh-net{display:flex} #mfam .mfsh-net a,#mfam .mfsh-net button{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;width:34px;height:34px;border:1px solid var(--line);background:#fff;color:#3d4654;cursor:pointer;padding:0} #mfam .mfsh-net a:hover,#mfam .mfsh-net button:hover{border-color:var(--blue);color:var(--blue-ink)} #mfam .mfsh-net svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor} #mfam .mfsh-said{font-size:12px;color:var(--green);font-family:'Gilroy semiBold',Helvetica,sans-serif;letter-spacing:.6px}#mfam .mlogo{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:#fff;padding:10px 16px;height:68px;margin:0 0 18px;border:1px solid #e2e7ee}#mfam .mlogo .li{display:block;background:center\/contain no-repeat}#mfam .mlogo.sm{position:absolute;left:14px;top:96px;height:52px;padding:6px 10px;margin:0}#mfam .mlogo.sm img{max-height:38px;max-width:120px}#mfam .mlogo.xs{height:28px;padding:2px 6px;margin:0 10px 0 0;vertical-align:middle;border:0;background:transparent}#mfam .mlogo.xs img{max-height:24px;max-width:72px}#mfam .mrel{position:relative;padding-top:0}#mfam .mrel .mim{display:block;height:130px;margin:-26px -26px 44px;background:#eef1f6 center\/cover no-repeat}#mfam a.mname{display:inline-flex;align-items:center}#mfam span.acard{cursor:default}#mfam .pcred{font-size:12px;color:var(--txt3);margin:10px 0 28px;line-height:1.5}<\/style>\n<div id=\"mfam\">\n<div class=\"hero photo\">\n<div class=\"heroimg ph1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap hero-in\">\n<div class=\"crumb\"><a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/air-forces\/\">Order of Battle<\/a> &middot; <a href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\">Aircraft manufacturers<\/a> &middot; Germany<\/div>\n<h1>Rumpler<\/h1>\n<div class=\"native\">Edmund Rumpler Luftfahrzeugbau &middot; Rumpler-Luftfahrzeugbau GmbH &middot; Rumpler-Werke GmbH<\/div>\n<p class=\"sub\">A Viennese car engineer built Germany&rsquo;s best-known pre-war aeroplane on someone else&rsquo;s design, flew spy planes above Allied fighters, then built a teardrop car with a drag coefficient of 0.28.<\/p>\n<div class=\"statstrip\">\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>1908<\/b><span>Founded<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>Defunct 1926<\/b><span>Status<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"stat\"><b>6<\/b><span>Aircraft on record<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"photocred\">Photo: Wikimedia Commons (Public domain)<\/div>\n<div class=\"accent\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"chips\"><span class=\"chip\"><b>Country<\/b>Germany<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founded<\/b>1908-11-10<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Founders<\/b>Edmund Rumpler<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Headquarters<\/b>Johannisthal, Berlin<\/span><span class=\"chip\"><b>Status<\/b>Defunct 1926<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"mfshare\"><button type=\"button\" class=\"mfsh-btn\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"5\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"6\" cy=\"12\" r=\"3\"\/><circle cx=\"18\" cy=\"19\" r=\"3\"\/><path d=\"M8.6 10.6l6.8-4M8.6 13.4l6.8 4\"\/><\/svg>Share<\/button><span class=\"mfsh-net\"><\/span><span class=\"mfsh-said\"><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section id=\"story\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The story<\/div>\n<h2>Rumpler: the company and the aircraft that made its name<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A car man catches the flying bug<\/h3>\n<p>Edmund Rumpler came to aeroplanes from cars. Born in Vienna in 1872, he had worked with Hans Ledwinka on the first Tatra car, served as technical director at Adler, and in 1903 patented a swing-axle rear suspension later taken up by others. The Wright brothers changed his course. In August 1906 he opened an engineering office in Berlin, and on 10 November 1908 added an aircraft department, Edmund Rumpler Luftfahrzeugbau; within months it had become a limited company. From 1910 it worked from a building on the northern edge of the <span class=\"imp\">Johannisthal airfield<\/span>, Berlin&rsquo;s cradle of flight.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Etrich&rsquo;s dove, Rumpler&rsquo;s name<\/h3>\n<p>Its first hit was borrowed. On 10 October 1910 the Etrich-Rumpler Taube, a licence-built copy of the Austrian Igo Etrich&rsquo;s bird-winged monoplane, flew at Johannisthal. Etrich&rsquo;s name soon vanished from the paperwork; the aircraft was sold as the Rumpler Taube, and when the German patent office declined to protect the design, Rumpler <span class=\"imp\">stopped paying royalties<\/span>. Etrich dropped his lawsuit when war broke out. The Taube made headlines regardless: on 9 July 1914 the Rumpler works pilot Guido Linnekogel took one to a world altitude record of 6,570 m, and in China Gunther Pl&#252;schow flew a Rumpler Taube over besieged Tsingtao.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">Spying from 24,000 feet<\/h3>\n<p>The war turned Rumpler into a serious manufacturer. The C.I two-seater of 1915 served from the Western Front to Palestine and was built by four other firms under licence. A branch, the Bayerische Rumpler-Werke, opened at Augsburg in 1916 and delivered its first aircraft on 1 July 1917. Rumpler&rsquo;s speciality became altitude. The C.VII Rubild photographic version could work as high as 7,300 m, carrying oxygen and electrically heated suits, and was <span class=\"imp\">practically immune<\/span> to interception above 5,500 m. By 1918 the company employed about 3,300 people in Berlin and Augsburg, and the Berlin works alone had turned out 3,060 aircraft since 1908.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">The teardrop car<\/h3>\n<p>Versailles banned German aircraft building, so Rumpler applied what he had learned to the road. The Tropfenwagen, or teardrop car, appeared at the Berlin motor show in September 1921: pointed at both ends, wind-tunnel tested at G&#246;ttingen, with a mid-mounted six-cylinder engine and curved glass. Tested again in the 1970s it showed a drag coefficient of 0.28, a figure to <span class=\"imp\">astonish later engineers<\/span>. Buyers were less impressed. About 100 were built, most of them Berlin taxis, and several met a fiery end in Fritz Lang&rsquo;s film Metropolis. Its chassis inspired the Benz Tropfenwagen racers of 1923.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"sh\">A ruined name<\/h3>\n<p>The money ran out. The Augsburg company went bankrupt in 1923 and sold its halls to the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke on 30 July 1926, where the Bf 109 would later be born. The Berlin company stopped car production in 1925 and was wound up in 1926. After Hitler came to power in 1933, Rumpler, who was Jewish, was briefly imprisoned and his career ruined. He died in 1940, and the Nazis destroyed his records. Today a street in Augsburg, the Rumplerstrasse, marks the site of the old works.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"pull\">A Viennese car engineer built Germany&rsquo;s best-known pre-war aeroplane on someone else&rsquo;s design, flew spy planes above Allied fighters, then built a teardrop car with a drag coefficient of 0.28.<cite>Rumpler &middot; verified 2026-10-03<\/cite><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"glance\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">At a glance<\/div>\n<h2>Rumpler in numbers<\/h2>\n<div class=\"specgrid three\">\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The company<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>In short<\/dt>\n<dd>Founded 1908<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Aircraft department of Edmund Rumpler&rsquo;s Berlin engineering office, 10 November 1908<\/li>\n<li>Rumpler-Werke AG from 21 September 1917, capital 3.5 million marks<\/li>\n<li>Augsburg subsidiary founded 24 October 1916<\/li>\n<li>About 3,300 employees in 1918<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Production<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Best known for<\/dt>\n<dd>Rumpler Taube and C-types<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>3,060 aircraft built in Berlin, 1908&ndash;1918<\/li>\n<li>About 350 built at Augsburg, 1917&ndash;1918<\/li>\n<li>C.VII Rubild high-altitude photo reconnaissance<\/li>\n<li>About 100 Tropfenwagen cars<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>Today<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Now<\/dt>\n<dd>Defunct since 1926<\/p>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>Augsburg halls sold to BFW in 1926<\/li>\n<li>Two Tropfenwagen survive, in Munich and Berlin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"spectable\">\n<h4>The numbers<\/h4>\n<dl>\n<dt>Aircraft built in Berlin<\/dt>\n<dd>3,060<span class=\"gnote\">1908&ndash;1918<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Aircraft built in Augsburg<\/dt>\n<dd>about 350<span class=\"gnote\">1917&ndash;1918<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Employees<\/dt>\n<dd>about 3,300<span class=\"gnote\">1918<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Share capital of Rumpler-Werke AG<\/dt>\n<dd>3.5 million marks<span class=\"gnote\">1917<\/span><\/dd>\n<dt>Tropfenwagen built<\/dt>\n<dd>about 100<\/dd>\n<dt>Tropfenwagen drag coefficient<\/dt>\n<dd>0.28<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"fleet\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The aircraft<\/div>\n<h2>Every notable Rumpler aircraft<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tscroll\">\n<table class=\"oobt\" id=\"mfrtbl\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Aircraft<\/th>\n<th>Role<\/th>\n<th>First flight<\/th>\n<th>Built<\/th>\n<th>Status<\/th>\n<th>Note<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler Taube<\/td>\n<td>Monoplane trainer and reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1910<\/td>\n<td>about 200<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Licence-built Etrich Taube; German WP credits Rumpler with about 200<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler C.I<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>One of the first German C-types; also built by Germania, M&#228;rkische, Hannover and Rinne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler G.I, G.II and G.III<\/td>\n<td>Twin-engine bomber<\/td>\n<td>1915<\/td>\n<td>about 222<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler 6B<\/td>\n<td>Floatplane fighter<\/td>\n<td>1916<\/td>\n<td>88<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Shot down the British airship C-17 in 1917<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler C.IV<\/td>\n<td>Reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Ceiling 6,400 m; 300 built by Pfalz as the Pfalz C.I<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rumpler C.VII and Rubild<\/td>\n<td>High-altitude reconnaissance<\/td>\n<td>1917<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><span class=\"pill was\">Retired<\/span><\/td>\n<td>Rubild photo version operated up to 7,300 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"people\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Places, people, records<\/div>\n<h2>Where Rumpler built, who led it, what it achieved<\/h2>\n<div class=\"cols\">\n<div>\n<h3>Factories<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Johannisthal works<\/b> &middot; Johannisthal, Berlin &mdash; From 1910 on the northern edge of the airfield<\/li>\n<li><b>Bayerische Rumpler-Werke<\/b> &middot; Haunstetter Strasse, Augsburg &mdash; Founded 24 October 1916, first aircraft 1 July 1917; sold to BFW 30 July 1926<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>People<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li><b>Edmund Rumpler<\/b> &middot; founder (1872&ndash;1940) &mdash; Austrian-born engineer; imprisoned by the Nazis in 1933<\/li>\n<li><b>Guido Linnekogel<\/b> &middot; works pilot &mdash; World altitude record of 6,570 m in a Taube, 1914<\/li>\n<li><b>August Riedinger<\/b> &middot; investor in the Augsburg subsidiary<\/li>\n<li><b>Otto Meyer<\/b> &middot; manager of the Augsburg works<\/li>\n<li><b>Melli Beese<\/b> &middot; student pilot, 1911 &mdash; Taken on for publicity purposes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Records and firsts<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"gl\">\n<li>World altitude record of 6,570 m by Guido Linnekogel in a Rumpler Taube, 9 July 1914<\/li>\n<li>Tropfenwagen drag coefficient of 0.28, measured in the 1970s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"timeline\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Timeline<\/div>\n<h2>Rumpler, year by year<\/h2>\n<div class=\"tl\">\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1906<\/div>\n<p>Edmund Rumpler opens an engineering office in Berlin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1908<\/div>\n<p>Aircraft department Edmund Rumpler Luftfahrzeugbau founded<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1909<\/div>\n<p>Becomes Rumpler-Luftfahrzeugbau GmbH<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1910<\/div>\n<p>First flight of the Etrich-Rumpler Taube at Johannisthal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1914<\/div>\n<p>Linnekogel sets a world altitude record in a Taube<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1915<\/div>\n<p>Rumpler C.I and G.I enter service<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1916<\/div>\n<p>Bayerische Rumpler-Werke founded in Augsburg<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<p>First Augsburg-built aircraft completed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1917<\/div>\n<p>Rumpler-Werke AG formed<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1921<\/div>\n<p>Tropfenwagen unveiled at the Berlin motor show<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1923<\/div>\n<p>Augsburg company bankrupt<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1925<\/div>\n<p>Car production ends after about 100 Tropfenwagen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"tl-item\">\n<div class=\"yr\">1926<\/div>\n<p>Augsburg halls sold to BFW; Berlin company wound up<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"lineage\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">The family tree<\/div>\n<h2>Before and after Rumpler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/bfw\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Came after<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW)<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Bought the Augsburg halls and airfield, 30 July 1926 (site only)<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Bayerische Flugzeugwerke (BFW) page<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Questions &amp; Answers<\/div>\n<h2>Everything people ask about Rumpler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"qa\">\n<details open>\n<summary>Did Rumpler design the Taube?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">No. The Taube was designed by Igo Etrich. Rumpler built it under licence from 1910, first as the Etrich-Rumpler Taube, then sold it under its own name and stopped paying royalties when the German patent office would not protect the design.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Rumpler Rubild?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">The photographic version of the Rumpler C.VII reconnaissance aircraft. Stripped of its forward gun, it could operate up to about 7,300 m, where few Allied fighters could reach it.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What was the Rumpler Tropfenwagen?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">A teardrop-shaped car shown in Berlin in 1921, with a mid-mounted engine and a drag coefficient later measured at 0.28. About 100 were built, mostly as taxis.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<details>\n<summary>What happened to the Rumpler company?<\/summary>\n<div class=\"a\">With aircraft building banned after the First World War, Rumpler turned to cars. The Augsburg branch went bankrupt in 1923 and the Berlin company was wound up in 1926.<\/div>\n<\/details>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\", \"@type\": \"FAQPage\", \"mainEntity\": [{\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"Did Rumpler design the Taube?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"No. The Taube was designed by Igo Etrich. Rumpler built it under licence from 1910, first as the Etrich-Rumpler Taube, then sold it under its own name and stopped paying royalties when the German patent office would not protect the design.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Rumpler Rubild?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"The photographic version of the Rumpler C.VII reconnaissance aircraft. Stripped of its forward gun, it could operate up to about 7,300 m, where few Allied fighters could reach it.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What was the Rumpler Tropfenwagen?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"A teardrop-shaped car shown in Berlin in 1921, with a mid-mounted engine and a drag coefficient later measured at 0.28. About 100 were built, mostly as taxis.\"}}, {\"@type\": \"Question\", \"name\": \"What happened to the Rumpler company?\", \"acceptedAnswer\": {\"@type\": \"Answer\", \"text\": \"With aircraft building banned after the First World War, Rumpler turned to cars. The Augsburg branch went bankrupt in 1923 and the Berlin company was wound up in 1926.\"}}]}<\/script><hr class=\"divider\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Continue the tour<\/div>\n<h2>Around Rumpler<\/h2>\n<div class=\"relgrid\"><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/dornier\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Germany<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Dornier<\/span><span class=\"rp\">The Lake Constance firm that built a 12-engine flying boat for 169 people, dodged Versailles by building in Italy and Switzerland, and went bankrupt twelve days after&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Dornier page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/mbb\/\"><span class=\"rk\">Germany<\/span><span class=\"rh\">Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB)<\/span><span class=\"rp\">West Germany&rsquo;s postwar aerospace champion fused Messerschmitt, Bolkow and the Hamburg shipbuilders&rsquo; aircraft arm, built the helicopter that could loop, and&hellip;<\/span><span class=\"go\">Read the Messerschmitt-B&#246;lkow-Blohm (MBB) page<\/span><\/a><a class=\"rel\" href=\"https:\/\/migflug.com\/aircraft-manufacturers\/\"><span class=\"rk\">The index<\/span><span class=\"rh\">All aircraft manufacturers<\/span><span class=\"rp\">Every company that built an aircraft flown by the air forces in the Order of Battle, current and historic.<\/span><span class=\"go\">Open the list<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<hr class=\"divider\">\n<section style=\"padding:48px 0 64px\">\n<div class=\"wrap\">\n<div class=\"kicker\">Sources &amp; Further Reading<\/div>\n<h2>Every fact, checked<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"srclist\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler-Werke\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler-Werke &mdash; Wikipedia (German)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_C.I\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler C.I &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_G.I\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler G.I &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_6B\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler 6B &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Etrich_Taube\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Etrich Taube &mdash; Wikipedia (German)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_C.IV\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler C.IV &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_Tropfenwagen\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler Tropfenwagen &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler_C.VII\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler C.VII &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edmund_Rumpler\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Edmund Rumpler &mdash; Wikipedia<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rumpler\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Rumpler &mdash; Wikipedia (English)<\/a><span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"verified\">Verified 2026-10-03.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<style>#mfam .ph1{background-image:url(https:\/\/ml5psubhxdln.i.optimole.com\/cb:78--.b845\/w:auto\/h:auto\/q:96\/f:best\/https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/w25-hero-mfr-rumpler.jpg)!important}<\/style>\n<style>#mfam .nflag{background-image:url(https:\/\/migflug.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/aircraft-manufacturer-country-flags-v4.png)!important}#mfam .nf0{background-position:-2px -2px}#mfam .nf1{background-position:-24px -2px}#mfam .nf2{background-position:-46px -2px}#mfam 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el=document.getElementById(\"shr-data\");var js=decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(el.getAttribute(\"data-js\"))));var sc=document.createElement(\"script\");sc.text=js;document.body.appendChild(sc);})();<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Order of Battle &middot; Aircraft manufacturers &middot; Germany Rumpler Edmund Rumpler Luftfahrzeugbau &middot; Rumpler-Luftfahrzeugbau GmbH &middot; Rumpler-Werke GmbH A Viennese car engineer built Germany&rsquo;s best-known pre-war aeroplane on someone else&rsquo;s design, flew spy planes above Allied fighters, then built a teardrop car with a drag coefficient of 0.28. 1908Founded Defunct 1926Status 6Aircraft on record Photo: [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":31477,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_notices":[],"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-31960","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is 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