Barnes Wallis is remembered for the bouncing bomb. In the decade after the war he worked on something stranger: an aircraft with no tail at all, steered only by moving its wings. The Vickers Swallow was meant to fly from Britain to Australia without stopping, at more than twice the speed of sound. It never flew at full size, but it was more than a drawing, and its ideas crossed the Atlantic.

A post on Instagram sums up the project accurately. Here is the longer story, including what happened after the British government walked away.

From Wild Goose to Swallow

Wallis started with a simple, radical idea. A conventional aircraft uses a tail fin and a rudder for directional control and a tailplane for pitch. Wallis wanted to do all of it by moving the wings: sweeping them back or forward changed the balance of the aircraft, and moving them unevenly turned it. In 1946 he set out the theory in a paper on controlling an aircraft by its aerodynamic properties, and Vickers turned it into a research programme called Wild Goose.

Wild Goose was tested with progressively larger radio-controlled models, some launched from a catapult. The RAF was interested in it as the basis for a long-range anti-aircraft missile, and the Ministry of Supply and Ministry of Defence funded trials. In 1954 Wallis applied the same ideas to a much bigger, supersonic design. Its arrowhead shape, with slender wings pivoting at the rear of the fuselage, gave it its name: Swallow.

An Airliner, Then a Bomber

Wallis first saw the Swallow as an airliner that could fly the Kangaroo Route from Britain to Australia without stopping. As the 1950s went on, it was pitched more and more as a military aircraft: a supersonic successor to the Vickers Valiant, the first of the RAF’s V-bombers, and a candidate for Operational Requirement 330 for a supersonic reconnaissance bomber. Vickers’ official bid for OR.330 was a different design, and the Swallow was not selected, but the RAF funded a smaller research version.

Testing continued with wind-tunnel models and remotely piloted, rocket-powered flying models. According to the Barnes Wallis Foundation, the scale models reached Mach 2.5 in flight. By the summer of 1956 Vickers believed the flight tests had answered the main technical questions.

Cancelled in 1957

The money ran out first. Developing a full-size bomber or airliner was expected to take about ten years, and Vickers could not pay for it alone. In 1957 the Defence White Paper by Duncan Sandys argued that missiles would soon replace manned military aircraft, and in June 1957 the Ministry withdrew its funding. Formal work on the Swallow stopped that year.

The American Chapter

That was not quite the end. In late 1958, under NATO’s Mutual Weapons Development Programme, Wallis’s variable-geometry research was shared with the United States, and a joint programme ran at NASA’s Langley Research Center. John Stack and other NASA engineers were enthusiastic. But by June 1959 the tests had found pitch-up problems in some flight conditions and more drag than expected, and the US Department of Defense would not commit money. The tailless Swallow was finished.

Langley’s own engineers carried on with variable sweep using a conventional tail and wing pivots placed further out on the wing. That work fed into the designs that followed, including the General Dynamics F-111, the first production swing-wing combat aircraft. How much of the F-111 can be credited to Wallis is still argued, but the Swallow was part of the path that led there.

What the Viral Post Gets Right

All of it. The Swallow was a Vickers-Armstrongs project led by Barnes Wallis in the 1950s; its variable-sweep wings provided pitch and directional control without a conventional tail; it was first meant as a non-stop Britain–Australia airliner and later as a supersonic Valiant replacement; remotely piloted models were flown but no full-size aircraft was built; and government funding was withdrawn in 1957. The only thing missing is the sequel: the joint work with NASA that kept the idea alive until 1959.

Visualizza questo post su Instagram

Sources: Wikipedia, Vickers Swallow; Barnes Wallis Foundation, Supersonic and Hypersonic Flight; E. C. Polhamus and T. A. Toll, “Research Related to Variable Sweep Aircraft Development”, NASA TM-83121 (1981); James R. Hansen, Engineer in Charge (NASA SP-4305); RAF Museum Cosford.