Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force
The Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force (Defensa Antiaérea y Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria, DAAFAR) was built in 1959 from Batista’s army air force and a handful of rebel aircraft, sank the invasion ships at the Bay of Pigs two years later, became the Soviet Union’s best-armed air force in the Americas and flew in Angola and Ethiopia — and in 2026, by FlightGlobal’s count, it has no fighter in day-to-day use, only a few transports, helicopters and three L-39 trainers.
The Cuban air force story: Sea Furies at the Bay of Pigs, MiGs in Angola and an air force without fuel
1913–1958: an army air corps in the American mould
Cuban military flying began, by English Wikipedia’s account, on 5 July 1913, when the Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba was formed with a single Curtiss F flying boat; its first squadron followed on 18 May 1919 with nine Curtiss JN-4D Jennies. It grew in the American mould: by 1939 a pursuit squadron flew Vought O2U Corsairs, Curtiss Hawk IIs and Vought Kingfishers. After Fulgencio Batista’s coup the corps was reorganised on 23 April 1952 as the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba (FAEC), recombining army and naval flying, and the United States supplied training, transports and fighters — P-47 Thunderbolts, B-26 Invaders, T-33 jets. As the revolution spread, the FAEC bought 17 refurbished Sea Furies from Hawker in 1958 (15 FB.11 and two T.20). It was an air force fighting a civil war, and it did not save the regime: Santa Clara fell on 1 January 1959, and Batista fled within twelve hours.
1959–1961: the revolution’s air force and the Bay of Pigs
The new government inherited most of Batista’s aircraft and merged them with the rebels’ own Fuerza Aérea Rebelde, mainly transports and light aircraft but including three P-51 Mustangs and a T-28. Arrests of former officers and a lack of spare parts left few aircraft flying. On 15 April 1961 eight exile-flown B-26s, launched from Nicaragua and painted in Cuban markings, struck Ciudad Libertad, San Antonio de los Baños and Santiago de Cuba; the John F. Kennedy Library says they "missed many of their targets and left most of Castro’s air force intact". From 17 April the survivors — Sea Furies, B-26s and T-33s, the only jets — attacked the landing at Playa Girón, sinking the Rio Escondido and badly damaging the Houston. By Wikipedia’s count Brigade 2506 lost nine B-26s, and it surrendered on 19 April.
1961–1963: MiGs, missiles and a Soviet regiment
Soviet equipment followed within weeks. Twenty MiG-15 fighters and four trainers arrived at the end of May 1961 and were assembled at San Antonio de los Baños from 6 June; Enrique Carreras became the first Cuban to fly one, on 24 June, according to the Latin American Aviation Historical Society. Twelve MiG-19s came from November 1961. In 1962 Moscow sent a whole fighter regiment with about 40 MiG-21F-13s, 42 Il-28 bombers and SA-2 missile batteries. During the missile crisis Cuban pilots had no radar of their own; the Smithsonian’s account says they scrambled only once, a MiG-19 after an RF-101 Voodoo. The U-2 shot down near Banes on 27 October 1962 was hit by SA-2 missiles fired by Soviet forces. The Il-28s went home; the MiG-21s stayed, and the first Cuban MiG-21 regiment formed on 10 August 1963.
1964–1991: a Soviet client air force at war in Africa
For the next quarter-century Cuba re-equipped from the Soviet Union: about a hundred MiG-17s from 1964, MiG-23BN fighter-bombers from 1978, MiG-23MF interceptors in the mid-1980s and, from October 1989, twelve MiG-29s and two MiG-29UB trainers of a planned 45. It also sent them abroad. A Cuban air contingent was in Angola from December 1975, first with MiG-17Fs and a squadron of MiG-21MFs flown in by An-22; a MiG-21 squadron went to Ethiopia in December 1977. In southern Angola Cuban MiG-21s and later MiG-23MLs fought the South African Air Force until 1988, and the claims of both sides still differ. The cost was high and the record contested: Wikipedia gives 2,016 Cuban dead in Angola from all causes between 1975 and 1991.
1991–2009: collapse, defections and the 1996 shoot-down
The Soviet collapse ended deliveries and subsidies at once. On 20 March 1991 Major Orestes Lorenzo Pérez flew a MiG-23BN to Naval Air Station Key West; two more pilots defected in September 1993, one to Key West in a MiG-21 and one to Guantánamo in a MiG-23. On 24 February 1996 a MiG-29UB, with a MiG-23 nearby, shot down two Cessna 337s of the Miami exile group Brothers to the Rescue, killing four men. The ICAO investigation found that both were destroyed in international airspace, nine and ten nautical miles outside Cuba’s territorial airspace; the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights found in 1999 that Cuba had violated the right to life. Cuba maintained that the aircraft had repeatedly violated its airspace and had been warned. By 2007 the IISS counted 8,000 personnel, 41 combat-capable aircraft and about 189 in store.
2010–2026: an air force without fuel or fighters
English Wikipedia reports that Raúl Castro ordered full training for the MiG-29 pilots in 2010, at 200 to 250 hours a year; no official confirmation was found. The trend since then has run the other way. FlightGlobal counted five MiG-29s in operation in 2022; its directory for 2026 lists no Cuban fighter at all, only four An-24/26 transports, nine Mi-8/17 and four Mi-35 helicopters and three L-39s, because it leaves out aircraft not in day-to-day use. In 2026 the island lost its Venezuelan oil after the US operation in Caracas, aviation fuel ran short, and on 20 May 2026 the US Justice Department charged Raúl Castro and five others, among them the MiG-29 pilot of 1996, over the shoot-down. What remains is a service with a proud combat record, skilled pilots and a fleet that depended on a patron that no longer exists.
The Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force in numbers
Servis
- Rodné jméno
- Defensa Antiaérea y Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria (DAAFAR)Spelling as set by the project brief for the official name; English Wikipedia writes "Defensa Anti-Aérea". The Ministry of the Revolutionary Armed Forces site (minfar.gob.cu) could not be reached to confirm it
- Založeno
- 1959The revolutionary air force (FAR) was formed in 1959 from Batista’s FAEC and the rebel air arm. Lineage: Cuerpo de Aviación 5 July 1913; FAEC 23 April 1952. The date on which air force and air defence were merged as DAAFAR was not confirmed
- Část
- Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR)Minister: Corps General Álvaro López Miera since April 2021; Chief of the General Staff: Lieutenant General Roberto Legrá Sotolongo
- Velitelství
- HavanaSeat of the Revolutionary Armed Forces; the air force’s own headquarters is not published in the sources reached
- Velitel
- English Wikipedia lists Maj. Gen. Pedro Mendiondo Gómez as a notable commander, undated; Infobae reported that he died in office in August 2013. His successor in 2026 could not be confirmed
- Air zones
- Three: Western, Central, EasternEnglish Wikipedia places them at San Antonio de los Baños, the Santa Clara region and Camagüey/Santiago de Cuba; the Cuban government does not publish its order of battle
Pevnost
- Personál
- About 8,000 (2007)The IISS figure for 2007 quoted by English Wikipedia; no newer public figure was found. The whole Revolutionary Armed Forces were estimated at 50,000 active in 2022
- Bojovníci
-
- MiG-29 — 0 in day-to-day use (FlightGlobal 2026); 3–14 held, none operational (Wikipedia)
- MiG-23 — 0 in day-to-day use; 24 held, none operational (Wikipedia)
- MiG-21 — 0 in day-to-day use; 11 held, none operational (Wikipedia)
Sources disagree: FlightGlobal’s 2026 directory lists no Cuban fighter because it excludes stored aircraft; English Wikipedia’s table marks all as non-operational; the Revolutionary Armed Forces article gives an undated 6 MiG-29, 40 MiG-23 and 12 MiG-21. FlightGlobal counted five MiG-29s in operation in 2022
- Transports
-
- An-24/An-26 — 4
FlightGlobal 2026; Wikipedia splits them as one An-24 and three An-26
- Vrtulníky
-
- Mi-8/Mi-17 — 9
- Mi-35 — 4
FlightGlobal 2026; Wikipedia gives two Mi-8P and seven Mi-17
- Trenéři
-
- L-39C Albatros — 3
The only jet aircraft FlightGlobal counts as in use
- Fuel and flying in 2026
- Acute shortageVenezuelan oil stopped after the US operation in Caracas in January 2026, and aviation fuel ran short; a US licence of 26 February 2026 for Venezuelan oil excluded entities tied to the Cuban military. No official figure for flying hours has been published
- Combat aircraft in 2007
- 41 combat-capable, about 189 storedIISS 2007 as quoted by Wikipedia; the Revolutionary Armed Forces article says 188 stored
Infrastruktura
- Hlavní letecké základny
-
- San Antonio de los Baños — fighter base west of Havana
- Holguín — military base beside Frank País airport
- Santa Clara — helicopters beside Abel Santamaría airport
- San Julián — Pinar del Río
- Playa Baracoa — government and transport flying west of Havana
Roles as given by English Wikipedia; Cuba publishes no base list
- Closed air base
- Ciudad Libertad (Columbia), HavanaCuba’s main airport until 1930, bombed on 15 April 1961, now a school
- Former military use of civil airports
-
- Santiago de Cuba (Antonio Maceo) — An-2, An-26, Mi-8 and Mi-24 in the past
- Camagüey (Ignacio Agramonte) — Mi-17 transport helicopters in the past
English Wikipedia describes both in the past tense; current military use was not confirmed
- Zpevněné přístřešky
- HolguínWikipedia describes barracks and bunkers for fighter aircraft on the north side of the airport, built during the Cold War
- Foreign base on Cuban soil
- Guantánamo Bay (US Navy)Leased in 1903 with no expiry; Leeward Point Field (MUGM) is the airfield. Cuba regards the base as illegally occupied and has deposited no rent cheque since 1959, by Fidel Castro’s account the one cashed that year by confusion
How the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force is organised
The air and air defence service of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, organised by English Wikipedia’s account into Western, Central and Eastern Air Zones; Cuba publishes no order of battle, and no commander could be confirmed for 2026. FlightGlobal’s 2026 directory counts no Cuban fighter in day-to-day use, only four An-24/26 transports, nine Mi-8/17 and four Mi-35 helicopters and three L-39C trainers; the MiG-29s, MiG-23s and MiG-21s still held are treated as non-operational by both FlightGlobal and Wikipedia. The IISS counted about 8,000 personnel in 2007, the latest figure found.
Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force
The air and air defence service of the Revolutionary Armed Forces, whose minister is Corps General Álvaro López Miera, in post since April 2021. No official page confirming who commands the service in 2026 could be reached; English Wikipedia names Maj Gen Pedro Mendiondo Gómez as a notable commander, without dates, but Infobae reported that he died in office as chief in August 2013. The Revolutionary Armed Forces have their seat in Havana; the service’s own headquarters is not published.
Western, Central and Eastern Air Zones
The three air zones English Wikipedia names: the Western at San Antonio de los Baños, the Central in the Santa Clara region and the Eastern at Camagüey or Santiago de Cuba. The Cuban government does not publish its order of battle.
Fighter units of the Western Air Zone
English Wikipedia places the zone’s fighter regiments, with MiG-29s and MiG-23s, at San Antonio; regiment numbers are not given. Of the 14 MiG-29s delivered from October 1989, FlightGlobal counted five in operation in 2022 and none in day-to-day use in 2026, and Wikipedia marks every MiG-29, MiG-23 and MiG-21 still held as non-operational.
Helicopter squadron
Mi-17s and Mi-24/Mi-35s beside Abel Santamaría airport, as English Wikipedia describes it; Cuba publishes neither unit number nor strength. FlightGlobal’s 2026 count for the whole service is nine Mi-8/17 and four Mi-35.
Executive and transport flying
English Wikipedia lists VIP and transport squadrons and an air defence headquarters at Playa Baracoa, with Yak-40s, An-26s, An-2s and Mi-8s, while also calling the base inactive; FlightGlobal counts four An-24/26 in day-to-day use in 2026 and no longer the Yak-40 or An-2.
Jet trainers
Three L-39C Albatros, the only jets FlightGlobal counts as in day-to-day use in 2026. Their delivery date, original number and base are not published.
What the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force flies today
Každý typ na obvinění, propojený s jeho stránkou v Knize zvířat, kde nějaký existuje. Počty se vztahují na letadla v evidenci, nikoli na letadla dostupná v daný den.
| Typ | Role | V provozu | Od | Jednotky | Poznámky | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mikoyan MiG-29 and MiG-29UBV provozu | Fighter (stored) | 1989 | Fourteen delivered (12 MiG-29 9.12B, two MiG-29UB).
VíceFlightGlobal counted five in operation in 2022 and none in day-to-day use in its 2026 directory; English Wikipedia lists 3–14 held, all non-operational. |
|||
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23BN, MF, ML and UBV provozu | Fighter-bomber and interceptor (stored) | 1978 | LAAHS gives 45 MiG-23BN and two MiG-23UB from September 1978 and 15 MiG-23MF in the mid-1980s; English Wikipedia lists 24 MiG-23ML/UB held, all non-operational; FlightGlobal 2026 lists none in day-to-day use. | |||
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21F-13, PFM, MF, bis and UMV provozu | Fighter (stored) | 1962 | About 40 MiG-21F-13s came with the Soviet regiment of 1962; later variants followed in numbers not confirmed.
VíceEnglish Wikipedia lists 11 MiG-21MF/bis held, all non-operational; FlightGlobal 2026 lists none in day-to-day use. |
|||
| Antonov An-24 and An-26V provozu | Doprava | 4 | FlightGlobal 2026 gives four An-24/26; English Wikipedia splits them as one An-24 and three An-26. | |||
| Mil Mi-8 a Mi-17V provozu | Transportní vrtulník | 9 | FlightGlobal 2026; Wikipedia lists two Mi-8P and seven Mi-17. | |||
| Mil Mi-35 (Mi-24 family)V provozu | Útočný vrtulník | 4 | FlightGlobal 2026 and Wikipedia (as of 2024) both give four. | |||
| Aero L-39C AlbatrosV provozu | Proudový cvičný letoun | 3 | FlightGlobal 2026 and Wikipedia both give three. |
Every type the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force has retired
17 types, from the Curtiss F flying boat and Curtiss JN-4D Jenny to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F and MiG-17AS. Špičkové hodnoty se vztahují na počet draků letadel převzatých do provozu po celou dobu jejich životnosti, nikoli na počet letadel v daný den.
| Typ | Role | Vrchol | Obsluhováno | Nahrazeno | Poznámky | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17F and MiG-17AS | Stíhací bombardér | 100 | 1964–1981 | "A total of 100 or so", per LAAHS; Wikipedia gives 75 in service in 1979. | ||
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19P | Bojovník | 12 | 1961–1966 | Eight arrived in November 1961; 12 in all, per LAAHS. | ||
| Iljušin Il-28 | Lehký bombardér | 42 | 1962–1962 | 42 received in 1962 and returned to the Soviet Union after the missile crisis. | ||
| Republic P-47D Thunderbolt | Stíhací bombardér | Two non-operational P-47s were destroyed at Ciudad Libertad on 15 April 1961. | ||||
| Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15bis, MiG-15R and MiG-15UTI | Bojovník | 24 | 1961– | Twenty fighters and four trainers in the first delivery of May 1961; about 30 trainers were eventually acquired, per LAAHS.
VíceBy October 1962, 36 MiG-15bis and MiG-15Rbis were dispersed across four bases. |
||
| Hawker Sea Fury FB.11 and T.20 | Stíhací bombardér | 17 | 1958– | 15 FB.11 and two T.20, refurbished ex-Fleet Air Arm aircraft. | ||
| Lockheed T-33A | Jet trainer, armed | Wikipedia’s Bay of Pigs article counts one destroyed at San Antonio on 15 April 1961. | ||||
| Douglas B-26 Invader | Bombardér | Batista’s forces at Santa Clara in December 1958 listed seven B-26s; Wikipedia counts three FAR B-26s destroyed at San Antonio on 15 April 1961. | ||||
| Severoamerický P-51D Mustang | Bojovník | |||||
| North American T-28 Trojan | Armed trainer | 1 | One, with the rebel Fuerza Aérea Rebelde. | |||
| Douglas C-47 Skytrain | Doprava | A C-47 was destroyed at Santiago de Cuba on 15 April 1961. | ||||
| Severoamerický T-6 Texan | Trenér | |||||
| Curtiss Hawk II, Vought O2U Corsair and Vought Kingfisher | Fighter, observation and floatplane | |||||
| Curtiss F flying boat and Curtiss JN-4D Jenny | First military aircraft and trainers | 10 | 1913– | One Curtiss F (1913) and nine JN-4Ds (1919). | ||
| Zlin Z 226 and Z 326 | Základní trenér | |||||
| Antonov An-2, An-32, Ilyushin Il-14, Il-62 and Yakovlev Yak-40 | Doprava | |||||
| Mil Mi-1, Mi-4A and Mi-14 | Helikoptéra |
Where the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force flies from
Černé špendlíky označují aktivní základny, duté špendlíky označují uzavřená letiště. San Antonio de los Baños, built by the United States in 1942, is the main fighter base; Holguín has Cold War shelters for fighters, and Santa Clara is a helicopter base, by English Wikipedia’s account. Santiago de Cuba and Camagüey are civil airports with past military use, and Ciudad Libertad in Havana, bombed on 15 April 1961, is now a school. Cuba publishes no base list, so coordinates and roles come from Wikipedia rather than the Cuban AIP.
| Báze | ICAO | Postavení | Dráha | Jednotky a letadla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CamagüeyIgnacio Agramonte AirportCamagüey Province | MUCM | Aktivní | 07/253 000 m | |
| HolguínHolguín Province | MUHG | Aktivní | 05/233,238 m | |
| Playa BaracoaArtemisa Province (Caimito municipality) | MUPB | Aktivní | 03/212,305 m |
|
| San Antonio de los BañosArtemisa Province (until 2011 Havana Province) | MUSA | Aktivní | 05/233 596 mkonkrétní12/302 482 mkonkrétní01/192 400 mkonkrétní |
|
| San JuliánPinar del Río Province | MUSJ | Aktivní | 01/192,041 mkonkrétní08/262,584 mkonkrétní | |
| Santa ClaraVilla Clara Province | MUSC | Aktivní | 08/263 017 m |
|
| Santiago de CubaAntonio Maceo AirportSantiago de Cuba Province | MUCU | Aktivní | 10/284,002 m01/191 400 m | |
| Ciudad LibertadColumbiaHavana (Playa municipality) | MULB | ZAVŘENO | 08/262,065 m |
Tomuto vyhledávání neodpovídá žádná letecká základna.
Who is stationed where in the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force
Létající jednotky podle základny, aktuální jednotky jako první. Cuba does not publish regiment numbers, so units are listed as English Wikipedia describes them: the Western Air Zone’s fighters at San Antonio de los Baños, a helicopter squadron at Santa Clara and executive and transport flying at Playa Baracoa. The Soviet 32nd Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment of 1962–1963 is listed and marked as not Cuban. Where accounts disagree, as on where that regiment’s MiG-21s were based, the entry says so.
- Fighter units of the Western Air ZoneFighter units · active
- MiG-29 a MiG-29UB, MiG-23
- 32nd Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Forces)1962–1963
- MiG-21F-13
- Helicopter squadronvrtulníková letka · aktivní
- Mi-17, Mi-24/Mi-35
- Executive and transport flyingTransport units · active
- Yak-40, An-26, Mi-8
Žádná jednotka neodpovídá tomuto vyhledávání.
Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force milestones, 1914 to today
5 July: the Cuerpo de Aviación del Ejército de Cuba is formed with one Curtiss F flying boat.
18 May: the first squadron forms with nine Curtiss JN-4D Jennies.
23 April: after Batista’s coup the corps becomes the Fuerza Aérea del Ejército de Cuba (FAEC), recombining army and naval flying.
The FAEC buys 17 refurbished Hawker Sea Furies as the revolution spreads.
1 January: Batista flees; the revolutionary air force is formed from the FAEC and the rebels’ Fuerza Aérea Rebelde.
15–19 April: exile B-26s strike three airfields; the surviving FAR aircraft sink the Rio Escondido and damage the Houston at the Bay of Pigs.
Late May: the first MiG-15s arrive; Enrique Carreras makes the first Cuban MiG flight on 24 June.
A Soviet regiment brings about 40 MiG-21F-13s; 42 Il-28s are received and later withdrawn. 27 October: a Soviet SA-2 battery shoots down a US U-2 near Banes.
10 August: the first Cuban MiG-21 regiment is formed after the Soviet regiment hands over its aircraft.
5 October: Lieutenant Eduardo Guerra Jiménez lands a MiG-17 at Homestead AFB, Florida, undetected.
December: Cuban MiG-17s and MiG-21MFs deploy to Angola.
December: a Cuban MiG-21 squadron deploys to Ethiopia during the Ogaden war.
September: the first MiG-23BNs arrive at San Antonio de los Baños.
28 May: Brigadier General Rafael del Pino, deputy chief of the air force, defects to Key West in a Cessna 402.
27 June: Cuban MiG-23s bomb the Calueque dam in southern Angola.
October: the first of 14 MiG-29s arrive; the planned total of 45 is never reached.
24 February: a MiG-29UB shoots down two Brothers to the Rescue Cessna 337s; four men are killed.
20 May: the US Justice Department charges Raúl Castro and five others over the 1996 shoot-down; FlightGlobal’s directory lists no Cuban fighter in day-to-day use.
The Cuban air force in combat, 1956 to 1996
Výpady a ztráty tam, kde je statistika udává, a poctivá prázdnota tam, kde ne.
- The Cuban Revolution 1956–1958 Supported Batista’s army against the rebel columns with bombers, fighters and transports
- The Bay of Pigs invasion 1961 Survived the opening air strike and then attacked the invasion fleet and the exile B-26s
- The Cuban missile crisis 1962 Dispersed its MiG-15s and MiG-19s and ordered anti-aircraft fire on low-flying US reconnaissance aircraft; Soviet units operated the MiG-21s, Il-28s and SA-2s
- The Cuban intervention in Angola 1975–1991 Flew air defence, ground attack and transport for the Angolan government (MPLA) against the FNLA, UNITA and the South African Defence Force
- The Ogaden War 1977–1978 A Cuban MiG-21 squadron flew ground attack for Ethiopia against the Somali army
Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force news from Afterburner
Everything MiGFlug’s magazine has published on the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force and the aircraft it flies. Tento seznam se obnovuje sám – nové příběhy Afterburneru se zde zobrazují automaticky.
Everything people ask about the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force
What is the Cuban air force called in Spanish?
What aircraft does the Cuban air force fly in 2026?
Does Cuba still have working MiG-29s?
What did the Cuban air force do at the Bay of Pigs?
Did Cuba shoot down the U-2 in the missile crisis?
Did Cuban pilots fight in Angola?
Why did Cuba shoot down the Brothers to the Rescue planes in 1996?
Have Cuban military pilots defected to the United States?
Is Guantánamo Bay a Cuban air base?
Read the aircraft the Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force flew
Každý typ se stránkou v Knize zvířat, nejprve v provozu a poté v roce, kdy opustil flotilu.
Každý fakt, ověřený
- Latin American Aviation Historical Society: The Cuban MiGs (Rubén Urribarres, 15 April 2018)Delivery dates and numbers for every MiG type; Angola and Ethiopia deployments; 1969 and 1991 defections.
- FlightGlobal: World Air Forces 2026 directory (Craig Hoyle)Cuba: An-24/26 4, Mi-8/17 9, Mi-35 4, L-39 3; no fighters; excludes aircraft not in day-to-day use. Edition identified via Wikipedia’s citation.
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Report No. 86/99, Case 11.589, Armando Alejandre Jr. et al. v. Cuba (29 September 1999)Copy at the University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Findings on the right to life; Cuba did not reply.
- US Department of Justice: superseding indictment charging Raúl Castro and five others (20 May 2026)Defendants, charges, the US account of the shoot-down.
- John F. Kennedy Presidential Library: The Bay of PigsUS official library account of the air strike, the cancelled second strike, losses and the prisoner exchange.
- Air & Space / Smithsonian: Cuba During the Missile Crisis (Rafael Lima, November 2012)1961–1962 deliveries, bases, the "Fire on the Indians" order, the single scramble.
- Al Jazeera: Cuba says 32 Cubans killed during US raids on Venezuela (5 January 2026)Cuba’s statement via Prensa Latina.
- Al Jazeera: US to allow Venezuelan oil sales to Cuba as alarm grows in the Caribbean (26 February 2026)Licence excludes entities tied to the Cuban military; fuel shortages including aviation fuel.
- Infobae: Murió el jefe de la Fuerza Aérea de Cuba en un accidente (27 August 2013)Division General Pedro Mendiondo Gómez, head of the DAAFAR, died aged 68 of injuries from a road accident in August 2013.
Údaje ověřeny 1. října 2026. Stránky s pořadím bitev jsou regenerovány z jednoho datového souboru; pokud se zde uvedené číslo neshoduje se stránkou Knihy zvířat, je tato stránka z těchto dvou novější.
Photographs: Photo: ZemplinTemplar / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Landolso / Wikimedia Commons (CC0) · Photo: SGT. Kimberly Yearyean / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Staff Sgt. Manuel J. Martinez / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Balon Greyjoy / Wikimedia Commons (CC0) · Photo: SDASM Archives / Wikimedia Commons (No restrictions) · Photo: Greg Goebel / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo: United States Air Force / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Tony Hisgett / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0)