Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris — History, Specs & Stories

MS.760 Paris
Aircraft Museum · Trainer · MS.760 Paris

Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris
The First Jet Taxi

France’s little four-seat twin-jet trained and carried military pilots for four decades, fought in an Argentine naval revolt and is often described as the first business jet.

1954First flight
About 220Aircraft built
5Military operators
2 × MarboréTurbojets, side by side
Photo: Chris Lofting / GFDL 1.2 via Wikimedia Commons
RoleLiaison, instrument and advanced trainerEra1950s to 2000sEngine2 × Turbomeca Marboré turbojetsOriginFrance · Morane-Saulnier, TarbesStatusRetiredWant to fly a real military jet?

The Story

The MS.760 Paris: how a losing trainer became the first jet taxi

In the early 1950s the Armée de l’Air wanted a jet basic trainer, and Morane-Saulnier at Tarbes answered with the MS.755 Fleuret, a side-by-side two-seater powered by a pair of tiny Turbomeca Marboré turbojets. It lost the competition to the tandem Fouga Magister. Rather than abandon the work, the company stretched the cabin to four seats under a single sliding canopy and created the MS.760 Paris. Test pilot Jean Cliquet took the prototype F-WGVO into the air on 29 July 1954, and the result was something nobody else was building: a small, fast, jet-powered aircraft for moving a handful of people. It was a light jet built to carry people rather than weapons.

The military saw the point at once. The Armée de l’Air ordered the Paris for liaison and training, the Aéronavale took 14 for instrument training and pilot proficiency, and the flight-test centre bought its own. Argentina ordered 48 in 1957, with 36 assembled locally by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones, and Brazil took around 30. For a generation of French officers the Paris was the jet that carried them between bases and kept their instrument ratings current, a job it did with little fuss. The improved Paris II added more powerful Marboré VI engines, extra fuel and air conditioning, but the formula stayed the same. Its side-by-side front seats suited instrument instruction, and its rear seats suited staff officers.

The Paris also reached for a civil market that did not yet exist. Beechcraft signed up to sell it in North America in 1955 and flew a demonstrator for some 500 hours across the United States and Canada, yet only a couple of American sales followed. A few Paris jets went to wealthy private owners, including the Italian oil company ENI, whose chairman Enrico Mattei died in one in 1962. Military service lasted far longer than anyone planned: the French Navy flew the type until 1997, and Argentina retired its last in 2007, after 48 years. Production ended at around 220 aircraft, a modest total for a design that anticipated the business-jet age by a decade.

Four seats, two jets and a sliding canopy: the officers’ taxi that arrived years before the Learjet.MS.760 Paris — Tarbes, 1954
01The MS.760 Paris in Argentina: trainer, liaison jet and bomber

Argentina was the Paris’s biggest export customer. The Fuerza Aérea Argentina ordered 48 in late 1957; a dozen came from France and 36 were assembled under licence by the Fábrica Militar de Aviones at Córdoba, giving the country an early lesson in jet production. Some Argentine aircraft were fitted with nose machine guns and racks for rockets and light bombs, which turned a liaison trainer into a modest strike aircraft.

That capability was used in anger. During the Argentine naval revolt of April 1963, loyalist air force Paris jets bombed rebel positions, including a rebel-held radio station and the naval air base at Punta Indio, where aircraft were destroyed on the ground. It is one of the very few occasions on which a four-seat liaison jet has flown combat sorties.

The Paris then settled into decades of training and communications work. Argentina kept it flying long after France had moved on, and the last examples were retired in 2007 after 48 years of continuous service. Several retired Argentine airframes were later sold to private buyers in the United States, which is why so many of the surviving Paris jets have Argentine histories.

02The MS.760 Paris in French service: forty years of quiet work

In France the Paris was never glamorous, and that was its strength. The Armée de l’Air used it for liaison, staff transport and training, flying senior officers between bases far faster than the piston twins it replaced. The flight-test centre used it as a chase and communications aircraft.

The Aéronavale’s 14 aircraft served first with Flottille 11.S from 1959, then, from 1970, from Lann-Bihoué as Escadrille 2.S, renamed 57.S in 1981. Their role was instrument flying and proficiency training for naval pilots, a jet classroom in which aircrew from desk jobs and maritime patrol could keep their hands in. The navy retired its Paris fleet in October 1997 at Landivisiau after almost four decades.

French sources credit the Armée de l’Air with around 45 years of Paris operations, which would put its final flights in the early 2000s; published dates vary. Either way, few jets of the 1950s served any air arm for so long in an unchanged role.


Design & Engineering

What makes the MS.760 Paris special

01

Two tiny turbojets in the fuselage

The Paris uses two Turbomeca Marboré centrifugal turbojets mounted side by side in the rear fuselage, each giving about 3.9 kN (880 lbf) in the Marboré II. Twin engines gave a margin of safety that mattered for a liaison aircraft carrying officers, and burying them in the fuselage kept the wing clean. The whole tail unit could be detached for access to the engines, a sensible touch for maintenance crews working on a fleet that would fly for decades.

02

Four seats under one canopy

Most jet trainers of the period seated two in tandem. The Paris put a pilot and passenger side by side in front, with two more seats behind, all under a single sliding canopy. The cabin was pressurised and, on the Paris II, air-conditioned. That layout made it equally useful as an instrument trainer, with instructor beside student, and as a small staff transport, which is exactly how most of its operators used it.

03

A business jet before the term existed

When Beechcraft quoted a US-built Paris at about $210,000 in 1958, there was no direct competitor: nobody else was offering a small, pressurised jet for four people. The type is therefore often described as the first business jet. It was too small and too thirsty to win that market once the Lockheed JetStar, Sabreliner and Learjet arrived, but it showed what a light jet could do years before they did.

03The MS.760 Paris’s armament: a liaison jet with teeth

The Paris was designed for transport and training, but it could be armed. The standard provision was for two machine guns in the nose and underwing racks for four 90 mm rockets or two 50 kg bombs. Argentine aircraft used this fit for weapons training and, in 1963, for real attacks. French aircraft were generally unarmed. The modest load and lack of armour meant the Paris was never a serious attack aircraft, but the capability gave smaller air forces a cheap way to teach weapons delivery in a jet.

04The MS.760 Paris family: from Fleuret to Paris III
  • MS.755 Fleuret: two-seat side-by-side jet trainer, flown in January 1953; lost to the Fouga Magister.
  • MS.760A Paris I: initial production version with Marboré II engines.
  • MS.760B Paris II: Marboré VI engines, larger fuel tanks and air conditioning.
  • MS.760C Paris III: six-seat development, flown at Tarbes in February 1964 by Lucien Colomes; a single prototype only.
  • C-41: Brazilian Air Force designation for the Paris.

Technical Data

Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris specifications

Specifications

Crew
1–2 pilots
Capacity
2–3 passengers (four seats in total)
Length
10.05 m (33 ft 0 in)
Wingspan
10.15 m (33 ft 4 in) over tip tanks
Height
2.60 m (8 ft 6 in)
Wing area
18.0 m² (194 sq ft)
Empty weight
1,945 kg (4,288 lb)
Max take-off weight
3,470 kg (7,650 lb)
Powerplant
2 × Turbomeca Marboré II turbojets, 3.9 kN (880 lbf) each (Paris I)
Maximum speed
650 km/h (404 mph) at sea level
Cruise speed
570 km/h (354 mph) at 5,000 m
Range
1,500 km (930 mi) at 7,000 m
Service ceiling
10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Climb rate
11.5 m/s (2,264 ft/min)
Take-off run
750 m (2,460 ft)
Armament
Provision for 2 nose machine guns, 4 × 90 mm rockets or 2 × 50 kg bombs

Costs & production

Unit cost
About $210,000 for a US-built Paris, as quoted by Beechcraft in January 1958, including spares, tooling and training
Cost per flight hour
No official military figure. Private operators of refurbished examples describe it as expensive for its size because two early turbojets burn a lot of fuel; a hedged estimate is in the low thousands of US dollars per hour, based on fuel burn and the cost of keeping 1950s engines airworthy
Production
About 220 in total, including 36 assembled in Argentina; roughly 150 Paris I and II from French lines
Programme
1954–early 1960s production; military service from 1959 to 2007
05The MS.760 Paris’s operators: who flew it
  • France: Armée de l’Air (liaison and training), Aéronavale (14 aircraft, 1959–1997) and the flight-test centre.
  • Argentina: 48 aircraft, 36 assembled locally; retired 2007.
  • Brazil: around 30 aircraft as the C-41.
  • Netherlands: a small batch of Paris IIs in the 1960s and early 1970s.
  • Civil: corporate and private owners, including ENI in Italy and the College of Aeronautics at Cranfield.
06The MS.760 Paris’s operating costs: a thirsty little jet

The Marboré was an excellent engine for its day but, like all early centrifugal turbojets, it was thirsty, and the Paris carried two of them. That fuel bill, rather than the purchase price, was what limited its civil appeal once more efficient business jets arrived. For air forces the sums were different: a Paris was far cheaper to run than a fighter, and using it for instrument and proficiency flying saved hours on expensive frontline types. No authoritative per-hour figure has been published, so treat any number as an estimate.


Timeline

The MS.760 Paris from Tarbes to retirement

1953

Fleuret flies

The two-seat MS.755 Fleuret flies in January but loses the French trainer competition to the Fouga Magister.

1954

Paris prototype flies

Jean Cliquet flies the four-seat MS.760 prototype F-WGVO on 29 July.

1955

Beechcraft deal

Beechcraft agrees to market the Paris in North America; orders follow from the French Air Force.

1957

Argentina orders 48

Argentina orders 48 aircraft, 36 of them to be assembled locally.

1959

Navy service begins

The first Paris is delivered to the Aéronavale on 9 February.

1962

Mattei crash

ENI chairman Enrico Mattei is killed when his Paris crashes near Bascapè on 27 October.

1963

Combat in Argentina

Loyalist Paris jets bomb rebel targets, including Punta Indio, during the April naval revolt.

1964

Paris III flies

The six-seat Paris III prototype flies at Tarbes in February; it never enters production.

1997

French Navy retires it

The Aéronavale retires its Paris fleet at Landivisiau in October.

2007

Argentina retires the last

The Fuerza Aérea Argentina ends 48 years of Paris service.

2009

A civil afterlife

JetSet International buys more than 30 retired airframes and the type certificate for refurbishment.


Stories & Eyewitnesses

Stories & eyewitnesses: the MS.760 Paris

Record

Jean Cliquet and F-WGVO

On 29 July 1954 a four-seat jet took off from Tarbes.

Read the full story
Morane-Saulnier’s test pilot Jean Cliquet flew the prototype MS.760, registered F-WGVO and later F-BGVO, on 29 July 1954. It was a small aeroplane with an unusual idea: two jet engines, four seats and a pressurised cabin, at a time when jets were almost entirely military and almost entirely single- or two-seat. The flight launched a type that would remain in military service for more than half a century.
Design

Born from defeat

The Paris exists because the Fleuret lost to the Magister.

Read the full story
The MS.755 Fleuret flew in January 1953 as Morane-Saulnier’s bid for the French Air Force jet trainer contract. The air force preferred the tandem seating of the Fouga Magister, which went on to be built in huge numbers. Tarbes salvaged its investment by turning the Fleuret into a four-seater. The loser of one competition became the pioneer of a whole new category.
Business

Beechcraft’s American tour

A demonstrator flew 500 hours across North America and sold almost nothing.

Read the full story
In 1955 Beechcraft and Morane-Saulnier agreed to market the Paris in North America, with plans for a version powered by the Continental J69. A demonstrator logged some 500 hours touring the United States and Canada, and in January 1958 Beechcraft quoted about $210,000 for a US-built aircraft. Only two American sales resulted. Beechcraft withdrew in early 1961 as larger corporate jets such as the Lockheed JetStar and Sabreliner came to market.
People

Bill Lear and the Paris

The future father of the Learjet was photographed with a Paris.

Read the full story
The Museum of Flight in Seattle holds, among the papers of William P. Lear, a photograph of Lear standing with a Morane-Saulnier MS.760A Paris. Lear would go on to create the Learjet, the aircraft that made the business jet a mass-market product. The photograph is a reminder that the little French jet was on the radar of the people who later built that industry.
Accident

The death of Enrico Mattei

In 1962 a Paris carrying Italy’s most powerful oilman crashed near Milan.

Read the full story
Enrico Mattei, the head of the Italian state oil company ENI, used the company’s Paris jets for travel. On 27 October 1962 his aircraft crashed near Bascapè while approaching Milan Linate, killing Mattei, his pilot and an American journalist. It was first treated as an accident. A judicial investigation reopened in the 1990s concluded that the aircraft had been brought down by a bomb, though those responsible have never been identified.
Combat

Bombing Punta Indio

In April 1963 Argentine Paris jets went to war against their own navy.

Read the full story
During the Argentine naval revolt of April 1963, rebel navy units seized installations including the naval air station at Punta Indio. Air force Paris jets, armed with their light rockets, guns and bombs, attacked the rebels, striking a radio station and the airfield and destroying aircraft on the ground. The revolt collapsed within days. It remains the Paris’s only real combat record.
Training

The navy’s instrument classroom

For 38 years naval pilots kept current in the Paris.

Read the full story
The Aéronavale received its first Paris on 9 February 1959 and eventually flew 14. Based latterly at Lann-Bihoué with Escadrille 2.S, later 57.S, the aircraft gave naval aviators instrument training and proficiency flying in a jet. The last were retired at Landivisiau in October 1997, an unusually long career for a type that had first flown in 1954.
People

Concorde’s taxi

The only Paris III carried Concorde test pilots between sites.

Read the full story
The six-seat Paris III, flown in February 1964 by Lucien Colomes with engineer Jean Burolleau, never reached production. Instead the single prototype became a company liaison aircraft for Sud Aviation and Aérospatiale, linking Toulouse, the Istres test centre and Concorde sites. Test pilots including André Turcat, Jean Pinet and Gilbert Defer flew it. In September 2019 it returned to Tarbes, where it had first flown.
Service

48 years in Argentina

Argentina flew the Paris longer than anyone.

Read the full story
Argentina’s Paris fleet entered service at the end of the 1950s and kept working through the decades as a trainer and liaison jet. The Fuerza Aérea Argentina finally retired the type in 2007, after 48 years. Its aircraft, many of them assembled at Córdoba, were among the last military Paris jets anywhere.
Survivor

The Paris’s civil afterlife

Retired military jets found new owners.

Read the full story
In 2009 JetSet International bought more than 30 retired French and Argentine airframes, along with the type certificate, tooling and documentation from SOCATA, with plans to refurbish them for private buyers. French sources counted around 50 Paris jets still on civil registers in 2017. Others are preserved, including an example in the collection of Ailes Anciennes Toulouse.

Gallery

The MS.760 Paris in pictures

MS.760 Paris
MS.760 ParisPhoto: Chris Lofting / GFDL 1.2 via Wikimedia Commons
MS.760 Paris
MS.760 ParisPhoto: Alan Wilson from Peterborough, Cambs, UK / CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons
MS.760 Paris
MS.760 ParisPhoto: Jorge Souto / CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Operations

Where the MS.760 Paris flies and flew


Service Record

The MS.760 Paris’s record

The Paris was a liaison and training aircraft, and most of its long career was spent moving officers and keeping pilots current. Its one real combat episode came in Argentina in April 1963, when armed Paris jets attacked rebel navy positions during a short-lived revolt.

1963Combat sorties in Argentina
48 yearsArgentine service, 1959–2007
38 yearsFrench Navy service

See how training and combat types compare in the military aircraft statistics database. Figures are approximate.


Questions & Answers

Everything people ask about the MS.760 Paris

Can I fly in a Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris?
MiGFlug does not offer flights in the MS.760 Paris, but you can fly several genuine military jets today, from the L-39 Albatros to the MiG-21, see MiGFlug’s jet flights.
Was the MS.760 Paris the first business jet?
It is often described that way. When it first flew in 1954 it was the only small twin-jet aircraft built to carry a handful of people, and Beechcraft marketed it to business customers in North America, but it sold only in small numbers to civil buyers.
How many MS.760 Paris were built?
About 220 in total, including 36 assembled under licence in Argentina.
Which air forces flew the MS.760 Paris?
France (air force and navy), Argentina, Brazil and the Netherlands, plus a few civil and research operators.
Did the MS.760 Paris see combat?
Yes, once. Argentine Air Force Paris jets attacked rebel targets, including the Punta Indio naval air station, during the naval revolt of April 1963.
What engines does the MS.760 Paris use?
Two Turbomeca Marboré turbojets mounted side by side in the rear fuselage: the Marboré II on the Paris I and the more powerful Marboré VI on the Paris II.
When was the MS.760 Paris retired?
The French Navy retired its fleet in 1997 and Argentina retired the last military examples in 2007. Some survive in private hands.

Sources & Further Reading

Every fact, checked