Lent Mirage 5s to Egypt; they were flown by Egyptian pilots of the 69th Squadron at Tanta.

Libya’s first Mirages went to war before Libyan pilots were ready to fly them in combat. According to Wikipedia’s Mirage 5 article, Egyptian pilots and 19 Libyan Mirage 5Ds plus two reconnaissance aircraft formed the 69th Squadron at Tanta during the October 1973 war. Libyan officers travelled to Tanta during the war and tried to negotiate the aircraft’s return, but the Egyptian command refused, and the Mirages only went back to Libya in 1974. The episode is a reminder of how quickly the Libyan air force was equipped after 1969 — and how far its aircraft ran ahead of its trained crews.

תוֹצָאָה Egypt returned the aircraft in 1974.

Whether any Libyan pilots also flew in the war, and how many of the Mirages were lost, was not confirmed.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force (aircraft lent to Egypt)

אֵיפֹה

מצרים וסיני

בַּצַד

מצרים וסוריה

נֶגֶד

יִשְׂרָאֵל

כְּלִי טַיִס

Mirage 5D, Mirage 5DR

מקורות

ויקיפדיה

Flew Mirage 5s in close air support of Libyan ground forces.

Four years after lending its Mirages to Egypt, Libya fought it. In the brief border war of 1977, according to Wikipedia’s Mirage 5 article, Libya used its Mirages for close air support, and Egypt claimed to have shot down three or four of them in air combat. The sources checked give no Libyan account of the air fighting, and no independently confirmed loss figure.

תוֹצָאָה A short war; the sources checked give no air force outcome beyond the claims.

Loss figures are Egyptian claims only.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force

אֵיפֹה

Libyan–Egyptian border

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

מִצְרַיִם

כְּלִי טַיִס

Mirage 5

אֲבֵדוֹת

Egypt claimed three to four Libyan Mirages shot down in air combat; Libyan figures were not found.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה

Sent a Tu-22 to bomb Mwanza in Tanzania in support of its Ugandan allies.

Gaddafi sent troops and aircraft to prop up Idi Amin. The air force’s contribution, according to Wikipedia’s Tu-22 article, was a single Tu-22 raid on the Tanzanian town of Mwanza on 29 March 1979, which achieved nothing. It was the first known combat use of Libya’s new supersonic bombers, which would be used much more heavily in Chad.

תוֹצָאָה The raid failed.

Only the Tu-22 raid is recorded in the sources checked; other air force activity in Uganda was not confirmed.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force

אֵיפֹה

Tanzania and Uganda

בַּצַד

Uganda

נֶגֶד

Tanzania

כְּלִי טַיִס

טו-22

גיחות

1One recorded bombing sortie on 29 March 1979.

אֲבֵדוֹת

No loss recorded in the sources checked.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה

Bombed Chadian and Sudanese targets, supported Libyan garrisons from Ouadi Doum and Faya-Largeau, and flew Tu-22 raids on N’Djamena.

Chad was the Libyan air force’s real war. Tu-22s flew their first Chad mission on 9 October 1980, and in September 1981 a raid on Omdurman in Sudan killed three civilians, according to Wikipedia’s Tu-22 article. After France launched Operation Épervier, a single Tu-22 flew low across the desert on 17 February 1986 and bombed N’Djamena airport, hitting the runway; it probably crashed on the way home. The air bridge depended on Ouadi Doum in northern Chad, and when Chadian forces in Toyota pick-ups overran it in March 1987 the losses were heavy: Wikipedia lists 11 L-39s, two Tu-22s, three Mi-25s and two SF.260s destroyed or captured, and Libyan aircraft later bombed the abandoned equipment. On 5 September 1987 Chad raided Maaten al-Sarra inside Libya and claimed about 32 aircraft destroyed, including MiG-21s, MiG-23s, Su-22s and Mi-24s. Two days later a Tu-22 attacking N’Djamena was shot down by a French Hawk battery. Wikipedia’s account of the campaign blames divided commands and a regime that feared its own officers.

תוֹצָאָה Ceasefire on 11 September 1987, after OAU mediation by Kenneth Kaunda.

Chadian loss claims are not independently confirmed. Wikipedia says the Tu-22 shot down in 1987 had an East German crew; this was not confirmed elsewhere and the crew is not named here.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force

אֵיפֹה

Chad, northern Libya and Sudan

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

Chad and France

כְּלִי טַיִס

טו-22, סו-22, מיג-21, מיג-23, Mirage 5, מיראז' F1, L-39, SF.260, Mi-24/25

גיחות

Libya had about 60 combat aircraft plus Mi-24s committed in 1987, per Wikipedia.

אֲבֵדוֹת

At Ouadi Doum in March 1987, Wikipedia lists two SF.260s, three Mi-25s, two Tu-22Bs and 11 L-39s destroyed or captured; Chad claimed about 32 aircraft destroyed at Maaten al-Sarra on 5 September 1987, with 1,000 Libyans killed and 300 captured. One Tu-22 was shot down by a French Hawk battery on 7 September 1987.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה · ויקיפדיה · ויקיפדיה

Intercepted US Navy aircraft over waters Libya claimed as its own.

Libya had claimed the whole Gulf of Sidra as territorial waters since 1973, with a boundary at 32°30’N that Gaddafi called the Line of Death; the United States rejected the claim and sailed through it. On 19 August 1981 two Libyan Su-22s met two F-14A Tomcats of the US Navy’s VF-41. According to the US account summarised by Wikipedia, a Libyan pilot fired an AA-2 Atoll missile that missed, and the F-14s shot down both Su-22s with AIM-9L Sidewinders.

תוֹצָאָה No US loss.

The account of who fired first is the US account; a Libyan official version was not found in the sources checked.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force

אֵיפֹה

Gulf of Sidra

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

אַרצוֹת הַבְּרִית

כְּלִי טַיִס

סו-22

גיחות

2Two Su-22s engaged.

אֲבֵדוֹת

2 מטוסיםBoth Su-22s shot down; the US Navy’s report says both pilots ejected and were recovered.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה

Defended against US strikes on Benina airfield and the Tripoli military airfield; aircraft were hit on the ground.

On 15 April 1986 US Air Force and US Navy aircraft struck targets in Tripoli and Benghazi, including Benina airfield and the former Wheelus base. Wikipedia’s summary of US results lists numbers of MiG-23s, Il-76 transports and Mi-8 helicopters destroyed on the ground. Only one of the attacking aircraft was lost: an F-111 shot down over the Gulf of Sidra, killing Captains Fernando Ribas-Dominicci and Paul Lorence.

תוֹצָאָה Libyan air defences failed to stop the raid.

ב-Afterburner SR-71 מעל לוב, 1986: בריצתו של בריאן שול מעבר לטילים של קדאפי

Libyan aircraft losses are US claims and the published tables disagree.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force and air defence

אֵיפֹה

טריפולי ובנגאזי

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

אַרצוֹת הַבְּרִית

כְּלִי טַיִס

מיג-23, Il-76, Mi-8

גיחות

Not applicable; no Libyan fighters engaged.

אֲבֵדוֹת

US accounts summarised by Wikipedia list MiG-23s, Il-76s, Mi-8s and other aircraft destroyed on the ground; the exact figures vary. Libya reported about 40 casualties at first, later about 60 in all. One US F-111 was shot down and both crew killed.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה · ויקיפדיה

Two MiG-23s approached US carrier aircraft.

On 4 January 1989 two Libyan MiG-23s flew towards two F-14As of VF-32 from the USS John F. Kennedy about 40 miles north of Tobruk. According to the US account, the MiGs repeatedly turned towards the Tomcats under ground control, and the F-14s shot both down. The Pentagon later released imagery it said showed the MiGs carried air-to-air missiles. Libya said the aircraft were unarmed reconnaissance planes on a routine mission over international waters.

תוֹצָאָה No US loss.

The two sides’ accounts of the MiGs’ armament and intent differ.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force

אֵיפֹה

Mediterranean north of Tobruk

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

אַרצוֹת הַבְּרִית

כְּלִי טַיִס

מיג-23

גיחות

2Two MiG-23s.

אֲבֵדוֹת

2 מטוסיםBoth MiG-23s shot down; both pilots were seen to eject, recovery not known.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה

Government aircraft attacked rebel areas until the no-fly zone; crews defected; rebels flew captured aircraft from Benina.

The revolt broke the air force in a week. On 21 February 2011 two colonels flew Mirage F1s 502 and 508 from Okba Ben Nafi to Malta, saying they had been ordered to bomb protesters in Benghazi. On 23 February a Su-22 crew ejected near Ajdabiya instead of attacking the city, and rebels took Benina, destroying one Mi-24 and capturing a Mi-25D and a Mi-14. From 1 to 19 March, Wikipedia records, the rebel air arm flew 38 combat sorties. UN Security Council resolution 1973 of 17 March authorised a no-fly zone; France, the US and Britain began strikes on 19 March, and NATO took command on 31 March. Its Operation Unified Protector lasted 222 days and flew more than 26,000 sorties, 42 per cent of them strike sorties. On 23 March Air Vice-Marshal Greg Bagwell told the BBC the Libyan air force no longer existed as a fighting force. Airwars, counting all belligerents in 2011, assesses 1,166 to 2,519 civilian deaths as fairly reported or confirmed; NATO said it confirmed none from its own strikes.

תוֹצָאָה ממשלת קדאפי נפלה בשנת 2011.

Government aircraft losses in 2011 are not published as a confirmed total. Airwars’ civilian figures cover all parties, not NATO alone.

טיסה עבור

Libyan Arab Air Force (government), defecting crews and the rebel air arm

אֵיפֹה

לוב

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

NATO and partner air forces and anti-Gaddafi forces

כְּלִי טַיִס

מיראז' F1, סו-22, מיג-23, G-2 Galeb, Mi-24/25

גיחות

3838 combat sorties flown by the rebel air arm between 1 and 19 March, per Wikipedia. NATO flew more than 26,000 sorties.

אֲבֵדוֹת

Wikipedia says rebels lost two jets and a helicopter and eight pilots and gunners killed in March. Many government aircraft were destroyed by coalition strikes; no reliable total was found.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה · התעופה · נאט"ו · ויקיפדיה · מלחמות אוויר

Both air arms flew strikes with ex-Gaddafi jets and helicopters; foreign-supplied drones and aircraft decided the 2019–2020 war for Tripoli.

Khalifa Haftar launched Operation Dignity on 16 May 2014 and the air force divided with the country. Haftar’s air arm, led from January 2015 by Saqr Geroushi, flew old MiG-21s, MiG-23s and Mirages from Benina; the Tripoli and Misrata side kept Mitiga, Misrata and its own aircraft. Outsiders joined early: in August 2014 the United States said the UAE and Egypt had bombed Tripoli. When the LNA advanced on Tripoli on 4 April 2019 it struck Mitiga, the capital’s only working airport, repeatedly. HRW attributes the 2 July 2019 Tajoura detention centre strike, which killed at least 44 migrants, and the 4 August 2019 Murzuq strikes, which killed more than 40, to the LNA; the LNA first said it had hit a weapons depot at Tajoura and later denied involvement. HRW reported that the UAE supplied the LNA with armed drones and Turkey supplied Tripoli; on 13 April 2019 Libya Observer, citing unnamed military sources and flight trackers, reported two cargo aircraft from Abu Dhabi landing at Benina with UAE drone operators. HRW also reported that a UAE-supplied drone killed 26 cadets in Tripoli in January 2020. In May 2020 AFRICOM said at least 14 MiG-29s and several Su-24s had flown from Russia via Syria to Al Jufra, flown by contractors. A UN Panel of Experts report of March 2021, as summarised by Wikipedia, said a Turkish-made Kargu-2 drone had hunted down and attacked LNA forces in 2020.

תוֹצָאָה Tripoli’s forces took Al Watiya on 18 May 2020 and pushed the LNA back to Sirte and Al Jufra; a permanent ceasefire was signed in Geneva on 23 October 2020.

Most strike and loss claims come from the side that made them. Tajoura deaths: at least 44 (HRW) or at least 53 (Wikipedia). The January 2020 cadet strike: 26 killed (HRW) or 28 (Wikipedia). The LNA’s air chief Saqr al-Jaroushi promised "the largest aerial campaign in Libyan history" on 21 May 2020; Russia’s position on the AFRICOM statement was not found in the sources checked.

טיסה עבור

LNA air arm; Tripoli and Misrata-aligned air units

אֵיפֹה

Benghazi, Derna, Tripoli, Misrata, Sirte, the Fezzan

בַּצַד

UAE, Egypt and Russian contractors (LNA side, per US and HRW statements) and Turkey (Tripoli side)

נֶגֶד

אֶחָד אֵת הַשֵׁנִי

כְּלִי טַיִס

מיג-21, מיג-23, מיראז' F1, סו-22, L-39, G-2 Galeb, Mi-24/35, Bayraktar TB2, Wing Loong

גיחות

HRW cites about 900 drone deployments by all parties.

אֲבֵדוֹת

Wikipedia records manned losses on both sides, among them a Tripoli L-39 (10 April 2019), MiG-21MF (14 April 2019) and Mirage F1 (7 May 2019) and an LNA MiG-23ML (December 2019), and many drones; no reliable totals exist.

מקורות

ויקיפדיה · ויקיפדיה · ארגון Human Rights Watch · ארגון Human Rights Watch · ארגון Human Rights Watch · התעופה · התעופה · התעופה · ויקיפדיה · מלחמות אוויר · ויקיפדיה · Libya Observer

Drone strikes on targets the government described as smuggling and trafficking gangs.

In late May 2023 the Government of National Unity began drone strikes in and around Zawiya, west of Tripoli. Its spokesman Mohamed Hammouda said the operation was launched on the direct orders of Prime Minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibah to purge the west coast of trafficking criminals and gangs; targets reported by Libya Review included militia headquarters and fuel smugglers. On 28 May the Presidential Council’s deputy head, Abdullah al-Lafi, said that "our Turkish friends have a prominent role" in helping start the operations. The eastern-based House of Representatives condemned the strikes.

תוֹצָאָה The House of Representatives condemned the strikes.

Casualty figures and the drone type were not confirmed. Turkey’s role is as described by the Presidential Council official; no Turkish statement was found.

טיסה עבור

Tripoli government (GNU) forces

אֵיפֹה

Zawiya and the western coast

בַּצַד

אין זרוע אווירית של בעלות הברית

נֶגֶד

Armed groups in Zawiya, per the GNU

כְּלִי טַיִס

רחפנים חמושים

מקורות

Libya Review · Libya Review