Dominican Air Force
The Dominican Air Force — Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana — grew from a 1932 army air arm into Trujillo’s showpiece of some 240 aircraft, bombed its own capital in the 1965 civil war, flew the world’s last military Mustangs until 1984, and today guards the island’s skies against drug flights with eight Super Tucanos from San Isidro.
The Dominican Air Force story: Trujillo’s showpiece, the 1965 civil war and the last Mustangs
1928–1947: an army air arm under Trujillo
Dominican military aviation was born under the shadow of an occupation. The US Marines governed the country from 1916 to 1924, and in 1928, according to the Spanish Wikipedia, Law 904 set aside 125,000 dollars to organise an air arm. It took shape in 1932, two years after Rafael Leonidas Trujillo seized power in a military revolt against President Horacio Vásquez, when decree 283 created the Arma de Aviación del Ejército Nacional inside the army; its first engineers and cadets were trained in Havana. The first aircraft, three Vought Corsair observation biplanes, arrived in 1933. For a decade it stayed tiny — English Wikipedia counts only about a dozen aircraft bought by 1942, when it was renamed the Compañía de Aviación del Ejército Nacional. General Andrews airfield in Santo Domingo opened on 22 January 1944.
1948–1961: the dictator’s air force
Trujillo’s fear of exile invasions, and his access to US surplus after the 1947 Rio Treaty, turned the air arm into the biggest in the Caribbean. English Wikipedia lists 25 P-47D Thunderbolts and 30 AT-6 trainers from the United States. Decree 4918 of 15 February 1948 made it a separate service, the Cuerpo de Aviación Militar Dominicana; the air force still counts its anniversaries from February 1948. Sweden then supplied the jets and fighters it was retiring: 25 Vampires in 1952 and dozens of P-51D Mustangs. In 1953 the dictator opened a new main base east of the capital and named it after himself. By the mid-1950s Wikipedia credits the force with about 240 aircraft. Britannica describes a dictatorship held together by Trujillo’s command of the army and the murder of opponents, which in 1937 ordered the massacre of thousands of Haitian migrants. The air force was that regime’s instrument as much as a defence: Trujillo’s son Ramfis gave his name to its largest squadron, according to the Spanish Wikipedia.
1961–1965: pilots’ revolt and civil war
Trujillo was assassinated on 30 May 1961. When members of his family tried to hold on to power that November, the air force at San Isidro turned against them in what Dominicans call the pilots’ revolt of 19 November 1961, according to the Spanish Wikipedia; the base dropped Trujillo’s name and in 1962 the service became the Fuerza Aérea Dominicana. On 24 April 1965 reformist officers and civilians seized the National Palace to restore Juan Bosch, the elected president ousted in 1963, and called themselves Constitutionalists. The conservative Loyalists, led by General Elías Wessín y Wessín from San Isidro, struck back the next day. According to English Wikipedia, Loyalist P-51s and Vampires strafed, bombed and rocketed the capital and the palace, and one Mustang was shot down by ground fire — by Wikipedia’s account the last P-51 ever lost in battle.
1966–2000: the last Mustangs and the lean years
On 28 April 1965 the United States intervened, landing Marines and then paratroops of the 82nd Airborne at San Isidro; the Library of Congress country study says President Johnson acted “in the stated belief that the Constitutionalists were dominated by communists”, and that US forces eventually totalled 20,000 before an OAS peace force took over. For the Constitutionalists, the intervention stopped a return to constitutional rule; for Washington and the Loyalists, it prevented a second Cuba. After 1965 the money dried up. Wikipedia counts 110 aircraft in 1963 and about 80 in the early 1980s; the Vampires were retired in 1974 and the Mustangs only in 1984, the last in military service anywhere. Eight A-37B Dragonflies arrived in 1984 for drug interdiction and served until 2001. Hurricane Georges wrecked much of San Isidro on 22 September 1998.
2001–2023: Super Tucanos and the war on drug flights
The modern air force was rebuilt around one job: stopping drug flights from South America. Eight ENAER T-35B Pillán trainers arrived in 1999–2000. Embraer’s order for ten Super Tucanos, cut to eight in January 2009, was delivered from December 2009 to October 2010. English Wikipedia reports that illicit air tracks into the country fell by more than 80 per cent once the A-29Bs and new ground radars were in place, and the air force has kept intercepting the few that still come: in March 2021, according to the drug agency DNCD, a Super Tucano was launched against a twin-engine Turbo Commander from South America that crashed in a cane field in La Altagracia, killing its two occupants. Huey helicopters, many of them donated by the United States since 1994, and Bell OH-58s carry most of the daily work.
2024–2026: Pilláns, AW169s and a home-built trainer
Since 2024 the service has been renewing on a small budget. The United States donated a surveillance Cessna worth more than US$8 million in February 2024; four Leonardo AW169 twin-engine helicopters arrived from March 2024 to 2025; and in July 2024 Spain sold seven retired T-35 Pilláns at 140,000 euros each to rebuild a trainer fleet of which, by the air force’s own account, only three were airworthy. The most unusual project is the TP-75 Dulus, a turbocharged piston trainer and patroller built with the Italian firm Flying Legend and assembled at San Isidro: five existed by August 2025, when one flew nonstop to Colombia. The eight Super Tucanos remain the only combat aircraft. Whether the service can keep them, the Hueys and the 1970s light transports flying is the open question for the next decade.
The Dominican Air Force in numbers
خدمة
- الاسم الأصلي
- Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana (FARD)Fuerza Aérea Dominicana (FAD) from 1962; Cuerpo de Aviación Militar Dominicana from 1948
- تأسست
- 15 February 1948 (lineage from 1932)Decree 4918 of 15 February 1948 made the air arm a separate service; the 77th anniversary was celebrated in February 2025. English Wikipedia gives 15 January 1948 in its text. Decree 283 of 1932 created the army’s aviation arm
- جزء من
- Armed Forces of the Dominican RepublicUnder the Ministry of Defence, alongside the Army and Navy
- المقر الرئيسي
- San Isidro Air BaseAbout 25 km east of Santo Domingo; opened 23 March 1953 as Base Aérea Presidente Trujillo
- قائد
- Maj. Gen. Enmanuel Souffront TamayoNamed by Infodefensa on 25 August 2026; his predecessor in February 2026 was Maj. Gen. Floreal Suárez Martínez
- وزير الدفاع
- Lt. Gen. Carlos Antonio Fernández OnofrePer Infodefensa, August 2026
قوة
- طائرات حربية
-
- Embraer A-29B Super Tucano — 8
All eight delivered by October 2010
- مدربين
-
- ENAER T-35B Pillán — up to 15 owned
- TP-75 Dulus — 5 assembled (August 2025)
- Cessna T-41D / 172 — 3
Only three of the original eight T-35s were airworthy in July 2024, by the air force’s account; seven ex-Spanish T-35s were bought then
- طائرات الهليكوبتر
-
- Bell UH-1H / Huey II — 14–20
- Bell OH-58 / 206 — about 10
- Leonardo AW169 — 4 bought
- Schweizer 333, Robinson R22/R44, Bell 430, EC155, AS365 — small numbers
English Wikipedia lists 14 UH-1H; the Spanish Wikipedia about 20. One AW169 was damaged on 22 April 2026
- Transport and patrol
-
- CASA C-212-400 — 3
- Cessna 208B Grand Caravan — 2
- Tecnam P2006T MMA — 1
- Light twins and executive jets — about 10
Per English Wikipedia’s inventory, which draws on FlightGlobal
- Peak strength
- About 240 aircraft (mid-1950s)Wikipedia: about 240 aircraft by 1956 (the Spanish Wikipedia says 1955, with 3,500 personnel); 110 in 1963; about 80 in the early 1980s
- الأفراد
- No current official total was found on a reachable page
بنية تحتية
- القاعدة الرئيسية
- San Isidro (MDSI)Runway 03/21, 2,134 m; most units, aircraft and helicopters
- Other air bases
-
- Puerto Plata — Northern Command
- Barahona
Named by English Wikipedia; unit dispositions not published
- Historic airfield
- General Andrews, Santo DomingoOpened 22 January 1944, before San Isidro
- قادرة على الطيران اليوم
- No jets in serviceThe last jets, the A-37Bs, were retired in 2001
- Command and control
- Intelligence Directorate centre, San IsidroInaugurated February 2026
How the Dominican Air Force is organised
One of the three services of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic under the Ministry of Defence, commanded from San Isidro, east of Santo Domingo, with further bases named by English Wikipedia at Puerto Plata (Northern Command) and Barahona. The eight A-29B Super Tucanos delivered in 2009–2010 are its only combat aircraft, flown against drug flights from South America; Huey and OH-58 helicopters and four new AW169s carry most of the daily work. The trainer fleet is being rebuilt with seven ex-Spanish T-35 Pilláns bought in 2024 and the TP-75 Dulus, assembled at San Isidro.
Dominican Air Force
One of the three services of the Armed Forces of the Dominican Republic, beside the Army and Navy, under the Ministry of Defence. Infodefensa named Maj Gen Enmanuel Souffront Tamayo as commander on 25 August 2026; Maj Gen Floreal Suárez Martínez held the post in February 2026, and the date of the handover was not found. An intelligence command and control centre opened at San Isidro in February 2026.
Combat squadron “Dragones”
The eight A-29B Super Tucanos delivered from December 2009 to October 2010, the only Dominican combat aircraft, flown against drug flights from South America. The Spanish Wikipedia says the squadron was reactivated in 2010; its basing at San Isidro is inferred from Wikipedia’s statement that most units are there, not from an official order of battle.
Helicopter units
UH-1H and Huey II helicopters, 14 according to English Wikipedia and about 20 according to the Spanish Wikipedia, about ten Bell OH-58s and four Leonardo AW169s delivered from March 2024, one of them damaged near San Isidro on 22 April 2026; a Bell 430, an EC155 and an AS365 fly VIP transport. Squadron names and numbers were not confirmed.
Military aviation school
Pilots progress from the Cessna T-41 to the T-35B Pillán and the TP-75 Dulus before the A-29, as Zona Militar describes it. Seven retired Spanish T-35s were bought in July 2024, when only three of the original eight were airworthy by the air force’s account, and five TP-75s had been assembled with Flying Legend by August 2025.
Transport and patrol aircraft
Three CASA C-212-400s, two Cessna 208B Caravans, a Tecnam P2006T patrol aircraft and about ten light twins and executive jets, per English Wikipedia; the United States donated a surveillance Cessna worth more than US$8 million in February 2024. Basing is not published.
Northern Command and Barahona
English Wikipedia names Puerto Plata, at Gregorio Luperón International Airport, as the air force’s Northern Command, and a third base at Barahona. Which aircraft, if any, are permanently based at either was not published.
What the Dominican Air Force flies today
كل نوع متاح برسوم، ويرتبط بصفحته في كتاب الوحوش إن وجدت. تشير الأرقام إلى الطائرات المسجلة، وليس الطائرات المتاحة في يوم معين.
| يكتب | دور | في الخدمة | منذ | الوحدات | ملحوظات | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embraer A-29B Super Tucanoفي الخدمة | Light attack and air interdiction | 8 | 2009 | Ten ordered, cut to eight in January 2009; all eight formally received by October 2010. | ||
| ENAER T-35B Pillánفي الخدمة | مدرب أساسي | 1999 | 3–15. Eight bought in 1999, of which three were airworthy in July 2024 by the air force’s account; seven ex-Spanish aircraft bought then for EUR 980,000, giving 15 owned.
أكثرHow many of the Spanish aircraft are flying was not published. |
|||
| Flying Legend / FARD TP-75 Dulusفي الخدمة | Trainer and patrol | 5 | 2023 | Five assembled by August 2025; English Wikipedia counts three with seven more planned, the Spanish Wikipedia ten in the 2023 project. | ||
| Cessna T-41D / 172 and other light singlesفي الخدمة | Primary training and liaison | Three T-41D/172 per English Wikipedia, plus single Cessna 182, 206 and 210. | ||||
| CASA C-212-400 Aviocarفي الخدمة | النقل التكتيكي | 3 | 2000 | Arrived after the Pilláns, around 2000, per English Wikipedia; exact year not confirmed. | ||
| Cessna 208B Grand Caravan and other surveillance and light transportsفي الخدمة | Transport and surveillance | Two Cessna 208B per English Wikipedia; a further Cessna worth more than US$8 million donated by the United States in February 2024.
أكثرAlso a Tecnam P2006T MMA patrol aircraft, Turbo Commander 690Bs, Piper twins, Cessna 404/411 and Citation and Gulfstream II executive jets. |
||||
| Bell UH-1H Iroquois / Huey IIفي الخدمة | طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض | 1994 | 14–20: English Wikipedia lists 14 UH-1H, the Spanish Wikipedia about 20 including Huey II conversions. | |||
| Bell OH-58 Kiowa / 206في الخدمة | مروحية مراقبة خفيفة | 2004 | About 10 per English Wikipedia; the Spanish Wikipedia notes four ex-Canadian CH-136 (Bell 206A-1) in 2004. | |||
| Leonardo AW169في الخدمة | طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض والنقل | 4 | 2024 | Four bought in 2023; first delivered March 2024, last two in 2025. One damaged in an accident near San Isidro on 22 April 2026 (crew unhurt). | ||
| Bell 430, Eurocopter EC155 and AS365 Dauphinفي الخدمة | Presidential and VIP transport | 3 | One of each per English Wikipedia. | |||
| Schweizer 333, Robinson R22/R44 and Bell TH-67في الخدمة | التدريب على قيادة طائرات الهليكوبتر | 2003 | Three Schweizer 333, four R22, two R44 and two TH-67 per English Wikipedia; the Spanish Wikipedia says four Schweizers came in 2003–2004. |
عند الطلب
| يكتب | تم الطلب | التسليم الأول | ملحوظات | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flying Legend / FARD TP-75 Dulus (further aircraft)عند الطلب | 2023 | Spanish Wikipedia speaks of a 2023 project for ten; five had been assembled by August 2025. The remaining number and schedule were not published. |
Every type the Dominican Air Force has retired
14 types, from the Vought O2U Corsair to the Cessna A-37B Dragonfly. تمثل الأرقام القصوى عدد الطائرات التي تم استلامها على مدار فترة الخدمة بأكملها، وليس قوة الأسطول في أي تاريخ محدد.
| يكتب | دور | قمة | تم تقديمه | تم استبداله بـ | ملحوظات | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cessna A-37B Dragonfly | Light attack and interdiction | 8 | 1984–2001 | A-29B Super Tucano | Replaced the Mustangs; used against drug flights from 1985, per the Spanish Wikipedia. The last Dominican jets. | |
| Douglas C-47 Skytrain | ينقل | C-212-400 | Last three retired in 1998, per the Spanish Wikipedia. | |||
| North American P-51D / F-51D Mustang | مقاتلة قاذفة | 1948–1984 | A-37B Dragonfly | 32–51. English Wikipedia’s air force article says 32 from Sweden in 1952; the Spanish Wikipedia 42 from Sweden; the P-51 article six in 1948, 44 ex-Swedish and one more. | ||
| de Havilland Vampire F.1 / FB.50 | Jet fighter-bomber | 1952–1974 | 25 ex-Swedish in 1952; the Spanish Wikipedia adds 17 FB.50s in 1957. | |||
| Douglas A-26B Invader | قاذفة قنابل خفيفة | 5 | 1959–1968 | Per the Spanish Wikipedia. | ||
| طائرة ريبابليك بي-47 دي ثندربولت | مقاتلة قاذفة | 25 | 1947–1958 | P-51D, Vampire | Supplied by the United States after the Rio Treaty; retirement year per the Spanish Wikipedia. | |
| دي هافيلاند موسكيتو | مقاتلة قاذفة | |||||
| بريستول بوفايتر | مقاتلة قاذفة | |||||
| بوينغ بي-17 فلاينغ فورتريس | قاذفة قنابل | |||||
| طائرة كونسوليديتد بي بي واي كاتالينا | Patrol flying boat | |||||
| North American AT-6 / T-6 Texan | مدرب متقدم | 1947– | 30 from the United States after 1947 per English Wikipedia; the Spanish Wikipedia counts 87 of all variants. | |||
| North American T-28S Fennec | مدرب وهجوم خفيف | |||||
| Vought O2U Corsair | Observation biplane | 3 | 1933– | The first aircraft of the air arm, per the Spanish Wikipedia. | ||
| Other former types: BT-13 Valiant, Alouette II/III, Sikorsky H-19, Hughes OH-6, SA 360 Dauphin | التدريب والمروحيات |
Where the Dominican Air Force flies from
الدبابيس السوداء تمثل القواعد النشطة، أما الدبابيس المجوفة فتمثل المطارات التي تم إغلاقها. Almost the whole air force flies from San Isidro, opened by Trujillo in 1953 under his own name, the Loyalist stronghold of the 1965 civil war and the landing ground of the US 82nd Airborne that April. Puerto Plata’s Northern Command is at Gregorio Luperón International Airport on the north coast, and General Andrews in Santo Domingo, the base before San Isidro, has closed. Entries with no published aerodrome data, Barahona and General Andrews, carry no pin.
The Dominican Republic
One of the 3 bases above sits outside the Dominican Republic, so the world map has to pull back until the home airfields cannot be told apart. The same pins again, without the overseas base.
| قاعدة | منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي (ICAO) | حالة | المدرج | الوحدات والطائرات |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BarahonaBarahona Province | نشيط | |||
| Puerto PlataNorthern CommandPuerto Plata Province | MDPP | نشيط | 08/263,081 m | |
| San IsidroSanto Domingo Province (Santo Domingo Este) | MDSI | نشيط | 03/212134 مترًا |
|
لا توجد قاعدة جوية مطابقة لهذا البحث.
Who is stationed where in the Dominican Air Force
الوحدات الجوية حسب القاعدة، والوحدات الحالية أولاً. The air force publishes no squadron list, so San Isidro’s units are given as Wikipedia and Zona Militar describe them: the “Dragones” Super Tucano combat squadron, the helicopter units and the military aviation school. The Super Tucanos’ assignment to San Isidro is inferred from Wikipedia’s statement that most units are based there, and the entry says so. No units are published for Puerto Plata or Barahona.
- Combat squadron (A-29B Super Tucano)Dragones · Light attack and interdiction squadron · active
- Embraer A-29B Super Tucano
- Helicopter unitsUtility, VIP and training helicopters · active
- Bell UH-1H / Huey II, Bell OH-58, Leonardo AW169
- Pilot training (Escuela Militar de Aviación)التدريب على الطيران · نشط
- ENAER T-35B Pillán, TP-75 Dulus, Cessna T-41
لا توجد وحدة مطابقة لهذا البحث.
Dominican Air Force milestones, 1914 to today
Law 904 sets aside 125,000 dollars to organise military aviation, four years after the end of the US occupation, according to the Spanish Wikipedia.
Decree 283 creates the Arma de Aviación del Ejército Nacional inside the army.
The first aircraft, three Vought Corsair biplanes, arrive.
26 October: renamed Compañía de Aviación del Ejército Nacional.
22 January: General Andrews airfield opens in Santo Domingo.
15 February: decree 4918 makes the air arm a separate service, the Cuerpo de Aviación Militar Dominicana; P-47Ds and Mustangs arrive.
25 Vampire jets and a large batch of P-51D Mustangs are bought from Sweden.
23 March: Base Aérea Presidente Trujillo (today San Isidro) opens east of the capital.
June: aircraft including Vampires attack the exile landings from Cuba at Constanza, Maimón and Estero Hondo.
30 May: Trujillo is assassinated. 19 November: the pilots’ revolt at San Isidro helps end the family’s hold on power; the base drops his name.
The service is renamed Fuerza Aérea Dominicana.
25–26 April: Loyalist Mustangs and Vampires attack Constitutionalist positions in Santo Domingo; from 28–30 April US Marines and the 82nd Airborne land, the paratroops at San Isidro.
The last 12 Vampires are retired.
The last Mustangs leave military service, the last in the world; eight A-37B Dragonflies arrive.
22 September: Hurricane Georges devastates San Isidro.
December: the first two of eight Super Tucanos are delivered; all eight are received by October 2010.
March: the first AW169 helicopters arrive. July: seven retired Spanish T-35 Pilláns are bought.
February: a new intelligence command and control centre opens at San Isidro. August: Maj. Gen. Enmanuel Souffront Tamayo is named as commander.
The Dominican Air Force in combat
الطلعات الجوية والخسائر حيثما يسمح السجل بذلك، وفراغ تام حيثما لا يسمح بذلك.
- The Luperón landing 1949 Its first combat operation, against an exile air expedition aimed at Trujillo
- The Constanza, Maimón and Estero Hondo landings 1959 Attacked an armed expedition from Cuba that aimed to overthrow Trujillo
- The Dominican Civil War and US intervention 1965 Loyalist air force at San Isidro strafed, bombed and rocketed Constitutionalist positions, including the National Palace
- Air interdiction of drug flights 1985–present Intercepting unauthorised aircraft from South America, with A-37Bs from 1985 and Super Tucanos since 2009
Everything people ask about the Dominican Air Force
What is the Dominican Air Force called in Spanish?
What aircraft does the Dominican Air Force fly?
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What is the TP-75 Dulus?
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Read the aircraft the Dominican Air Force flew
كل نوع له صفحة في كتاب الوحوش، في الخدمة أولاً، ثم حسب السنة التي غادر فيها الأسطول.
كل حقيقة، تم التحقق منها
- Library of Congress Country Studies: Dominican Republic — Civil War and United States Intervention, 1965Revolt of 24 April 1965; Constitutionalists and Loyalists; Wessin y Wessin; Loyalist bombing runs; US intervention 28 April with up to 20,000 troops; the US stated reason; OAS peace force; García Godoy provisional president 3 September 1965. Country study published 1989.
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Rafael TrujilloTrujillo in power 1930–1961; seized power in a military revolt in 1930; the 1937 massacre of Haitian migrants; assassinated 30 May 1961.
- US Southern Command: US Government donates aircraft to Dominican Republic to combat narcotics trafficking (20 February 2024)A Cessna aircraft worth more than US$8 million handed to the Ministry of Defence at San Isidro; names Maj. Gen. Carlos R. Febrillet Rodríguez as air force commander.
- Infodefensa: La Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana reporta el accidente de un helicóptero Leonardo AW169 (27 April 2026)Four AW169s bought in 2023, first delivered March 2024, last pair in 2025; accident near San Isidro on 22 April 2026, crew unhurt.
- Infodefensa: La Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana inaugura el nuevo Centro de Comando y Control (28 February 2026)Intelligence Directorate command and control centre at San Isidro; Maj. Gen. Floreal Suárez Martínez named as commander general.
- Infodefensa: República Dominicana refuerza su Armada y Fuerza Aérea con nuevo armamento (27 August 2026)Ceremony of 25 August 2026; Defence Minister Lt. Gen. Carlos Antonio Fernández Onofre; air force commander Maj. Gen. Enmanuel Souffront Tamayo; small arms for the air force.
- Zona Militar: Conociendo el TP-75 Dulus, entrevista con el director de Asuntos Internacionales de la Fuerza Aérea Dominicana (10 August 2025)TP-75 Dulus assembled by the air force with Flying Legend of Italy; five assembled; 287 km/h, 1,166 km range; ferry flight to Colombia; A-29B in service since 2009. Interview with Col. Rubén Guillermo Mejía del Carmen.
- Zona Militar: España concreta la venta de siete T-35 Pillán dados de baja por el Ejército del Aire a República Dominicana (22 July 2024)Seven ex-Spanish T-35s at EUR 140,000 each; eight bought in 1999, three operational according to the air force; 15 in all after the sale; training path T-41, T-35, TP-75, A-29.
- Zona Militar: República Dominicana: Super Tucano intercepta un vuelo ilegal, el avión perseguido se estrella (15 March 2021)DNCD statement: an A-29B launched to intercept a Rockwell 690B from South America, which crashed near Batey Palo Bonito, La Altagracia; two dead.
- Zona Militar: Cuatro paracaidistas de elite colombianos participaron en el 77° aniversario de la Fuerza Aérea de República Dominicana (23 February 2025)77th anniversary celebrated at San Isidro on 10–15 February 2025, which counts from February 1948.
تم التحقق من الأرقام بتاريخ 2026-10-01. يتم إعادة إنشاء صفحات ترتيب المعركة من مجموعة بيانات واحدة؛ إذا كان هناك رقم هنا يختلف عن صفحة كتاب الوحوش، فإن هذه الصفحة هي الأحدث من بين الصفحتين.
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