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القوات الجوية الملكية البروناوية

القوات الجوية الملكية البروناوية

Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei

The Royal Brunei Air Force (Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei) began in 1965 as a helicopter air wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment, flying doctors into the interior with borrowed pilots and British help, became a separate service on 1 October 1991, and in 2026 is a helicopter-and-transport force of S-70i Black Hawks and four new C295MWs, with no combat jets and a British Gurkha garrison and a Singaporean helicopter detachment on its soil.

0طائرات حربية
2قواعد جوية نشطة
1965تأسست
8الأنواع المتقاعدة
Photo: Pangalau / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)
دولةBruneiتأسست1965حالةنشيطالمقر الرئيسيRimba Air Force Base, Brunei-MuaraقائدHaszahaidi Ahmad Daud
القصة

The Royal Brunei Air Force story: flying doctors, Black Hawks and a force without fighters

1965–1984: flying doctors, hired pilots and the RAF

Brunei’s air force began as a medical service. According to the published history summarised on Wikipedia, the Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment was formed in 1965 to fly doctors to villages in the interior, first with two Sikorsky S-55s flown by pilots of a contractor, the Worldwide Helicopter Company. In 1966 three Royal Air Force pilots with three RAF Westland Whirlwinds took over. The wing, renamed the Helicopter Platoon, received five Bell 206 JetRangers in 1967. The service itself now counts 2026 as its Diamond Jubilee, its 60th anniversary, which dates it to 1966 rather than 1965; the official pages checked do not explain the difference. For most of its first two decades Brunei was a British protectorate, and the air wing was small, dependent on hired and British pilots, and built for medical and liaison flying rather than war.

The British connection: Gurkhas, Seria and the Army Air Corps

The British connection explains much of the Royal Brunei Air Force. On 8 December 1962 the TNKU, the armed wing of the Brunei People’s Party, rose against Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III; Gurkhas, Highlanders and Royal Marines flown and shipped in from Singapore, supported by RAF transports and naval helicopters from HMS Albion, put the revolt down within nine days. A British garrison stayed. Since independence in 1984 it has remained at the Sultan’s request under renewable five-year agreements, paid for in part by Brunei: a Royal Gurkha Rifles battalion at Tuker Lines near Seria, a jungle warfare school, and a helicopter flight at Medicina Lines — the Army Air Corps’ No. 7 Flight with Bell 212s, then RAF Pumas from 2022 and, according to Wikipedia, AAC Jupiter HC.2s in 2026. British Army technicians of the REME maintained the Brunei Bolkows until 1993.

1984–2012: independence, a separate air force and the worst day

Brunei took full responsibility for its own defence in 1984, and the air wing grew. An Air Technical Training School opened in 1980; No. 2 Squadron formed with six Bölkow Bo 105s in 1981, the first armed helicopters, able to fire rockets; No. 3 Squadron flew SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 trainers from 1982; No. 2 Wing took over ground-based air defence from 1 September 1983. On 1 October 1991, with the Sultan’s consent, the Air Wing became the Royal Brunei Air Force. Bell 212s carried troops, and a single CN-235 transport, built in Indonesia, is still flying. The low point came on 20 July 2012, when a Bell 212 returning from jungle training crashed at Ulu Rampayoh in the Labi area of Belait district: 12 of the 14 on board, six of them cadets, were killed. A local newspaper called it the worst tragedy in the history of Brunei’s defence, and the Bell 212 fleet was retired within two years.

2013–2022: Black Hawks in, Bolkows out

The Black Hawk replaced it. Brunei ordered 12 Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawks with an option for ten more; the first four were flown in by Antonov on 27 November 2013 and unveiled at the BRIDEX show before the Sultan, and all 12 were due by the end of 2014. By September 2023 the service could report that 51 Squadron had kept its 12 S-70is flying for almost ten years and over 13,000 flight hours without a major accident, and that year Brunei hosted the International Black Hawk Operators Conference. The Bo 105s went on 5 February 2022, after 41 years, 36 pilots and 32,000 flying hours. In 2021 the service took Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack drones for maritime surveillance over Brunei’s waters in the South China Sea, according to Janes as cited by Wikipedia; a UAS squadron building was begun at Rimba in 2024.

2024–2026: C295s, H145Ms and a force without fighters

The years since 2024 have been about transport and replacing the Bolkow. The first two Airbus C295MWs arrived on 24 January 2024; by April 2026 the fleet had flown 518 flights across eight Southeast Asian countries, including disaster relief to the Philippines after Typhoon Trami in October 2024, and the last two, TUDB 504 and 505, were ferried from Seville and received on 20 April 2026. In May 2024 Brunei ordered six Airbus H145M helicopters for close air support and observation to fill the Bo 105’s role; their delivery was not confirmed on the official pages checked in September 2026. What Brunei does not have is a combat jet: plans for BAE Hawks were repeatedly delayed and a C-130J purchase discussed with Lockheed Martin in 2015 had not materialised by 2024, according to Wikipedia. Air defence rests on Mistral missiles and a radar, and the service’s closest partners, Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand, train with it and, in Singapore’s case, base helicopters in Brunei.

The British connection explains much of the Royal Brunei Air Force.Royal Brunei Air Force · verified 2026-09-30

لمحة سريعة

The Royal Brunei Air Force in numbers

خدمة

الاسم الأصلي
Tentera Udara Diraja BruneiThe Malay name; abbreviated TUDB, the prefix painted on the aircraft (TUDB 504, TUDB 505). The service calls itself Royal Brunei Air Force (RBAirF) on its English site
تأسست
1965Formed as the Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment in 1965 per Wikipedia; the service marked its Diamond Jubilee, the 60th anniversary, in 2026, which counts from 1966. Renamed Royal Brunei Air Force on 1 October 1991
جزء من
Royal Brunei Armed ForcesAlongside the Royal Brunei Land Forces and Royal Brunei Navy, under the Ministry of Defence
المقر الرئيسي
Rimba Air Force BaseOpposite Brunei International Airport in Brunei-Muara district
قائد
Brig. Gen. (U) Haszahaidi Ahmad DaudSince 10 January 2025; the 16th commander
Deputy commander
Col. (U) Pengiran Hasrul AriffinSince 21 November 2025

قوة

الأفراد
No personnel figure was found on the official pages checked; none is given here
طائرات حربية
لا أحدBrunei has never operated combat jets; plans for BAE Hawks were proposed and delayed, according to Wikipedia
ينقل
  • Airbus C295MW — 4
  • CASA/IPTN CN-235-110M — 1

The first two C295MWs arrived on 24 January 2024 and the last two in April 2026; the CN-235 is still flying with 15 Squadron

طائرات الهليكوبتر
  • Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk — 12 ordered
  • Bell 214ST — 1
  • Bell 206 — 2

The service reported 12 S-70is in September 2023; Wikipedia lists 16 UH-60-family helicopters, a figure that probably includes older S-70As and was not confirmed

مدربين
  • Pilatus PC-7 Mk II — 4

With No. 73 Squadron, Flying Training School, per Wikipedia

الطائرات بدون طيار
  • Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack — 5

Acquired in 2021 per Wikipedia citing Janes; the operators are with 39 Squadron, No. 3 Wing

بنية تحتية

القواعد الجوية
  • Rimba Air Force Base — all flying units

The only RBAirF flying base; air defence and training units also use Berakas Garrison

الدفاع الجوي الأرضي
ميسترالNo. 238 Squadron with Mistral very-short-range missiles; Rapier was deactivated in 2010, per Wikipedia
Foreign air units in Brunei
  • Singapore: Brunei Helicopter Detachment, H225M
  • United Kingdom: helicopter flight at Medicina Lines, Seria

The RSAF detachment flew a mixed formation with RBAirF Black Hawks on 10 September 2025

أسراب الطيران
4 plus training11 and 14 Squadron (helicopters), 12 Squadron (formerly Bo 105), 15 Squadron (fixed-wing transport) and 73 Squadron (flying training), per Wikipedia and the service’s news

بناء

How the Royal Brunei Air Force is organised

A headquarters and numbered wings, with every flying squadron at Rimba Air Force Base. Brunei has never operated combat jets: it flies S-70i Black Hawks, four C295MW transports, a CN-235, trainers and RQ-21 drones, and six H145M helicopters ordered in May 2024 are to take over the armed Bo 105’s role. Ground-based air defence, with Mistral missiles, is an air force task.

HA

Brigadier General (Udara)Haszahaidi Ahmad DaudCommander of the Royal Brunei Air Force · in office since 2025
Royal Brunei Armed Forces
المقر الرئيسي

Royal Brunei Air Force Headquarters

Rimba

At Rimba Air Force Base, opposite Brunei International Airport; the service is part of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces under the Ministry of Defence. Brig. Gen. (U) Haszahaidi Ahmad Daud became its 16th commander on 10 January 2025.

طائرات الهليكوبتر

No. 11 Squadron, No. 1 Wing

Rimba

S-70i Black Hawks, the first four of 12 delivered on 27 November 2013, and a Bell 214ST per Wikipedia, which also names a 14 Squadron on helicopters. No. 51 Squadron of No. 5 Wing maintains the Black Hawks; six H145Ms ordered in May 2024 are to fill the role of the Bo 105, retired in 2022.

ينقل

No. 15 Squadron, No. 1 Wing

Rimba

Four Airbus C295MWs, delivered between January 2024 and April 2026, and the single CN-235. By April 2026 the C295s had flown 518 flights across eight Southeast Asian countries.

الطائرات بدون طيار

No. 39 Squadron, No. 3 Wing

Rimba

Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack drones for maritime surveillance, acquired in 2021 according to Wikipedia citing Janes; the first operator wings were presented in September 2024.

الدفاع الجوي

No. 238 Squadron, No. 2 Wing

Rimba

Mistral very-short-range missiles since 1999, per Wikipedia. A new No. 2 Wing headquarters and a hangar for a medium-range air defence system the air force has not named were begun at Rimba in 2025.

تمرين

No. 73 Squadron, Flying Training School

Rimba

Four Pilatus PC-7 Mk IIs and two Bell 206 JetRangers under No. 7 Wing, per Wikipedia.


في الخدمة

What the Royal Brunei Air Force flies today

كل نوع متاح برسوم، ويرتبط بصفحته في كتاب الوحوش إن وجدت. تشير الأرقام إلى الطائرات المسجلة، وليس الطائرات المتاحة في يوم معين.

يكتب دور في الخدمة منذ الوحدات ملحوظات
Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawkفي الخدمة Utility and troop-lift helicopter 12 2013 — 12 ordered with an option for ten more; the service reported 12 S-70is in September 2023. Wikipedia lists 16 UH-60-family helicopters, probably counting older S-70As; not confirmed.
Airbus C295MWفي الخدمة النقل التكتيكي 4 2024 — Four: two delivered on 24 January 2024 and the final two, TUDB 504 and 505, in April 2026.
CASA/IPTN CN-235-110Mفي الخدمة ينقل 1 — صفحة واحدة لكل صفحة في ويكيبيديا.
Bell 214STفي الخدمة طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض 1 — صفحة واحدة لكل صفحة في ويكيبيديا.
Pilatus PC-7 Mk IIفي الخدمة مدرب أساسي 4 — Four per Wikipedia.
Bell 206 JetRangerفي الخدمة طائرة هليكوبتر تدريبية 2 1967 — Two in service per Wikipedia; five were received in 1967.
Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjackفي الخدمة طائرة استطلاع بدون طيار 5 2021 — Five per Wikipedia citing Janes.
S-70i12
RQ-215
C2954
PC-7 Mk II4
Bell 2062
CN-2351
Bell 214ST1

عند الطلب

يكتب تم الطلب التسليم الأول ملحوظات
طائرات إيرباص المروحية H145Mعند الطلب 6 Ordered in May 2024 (announced 3 May) for close air support and aerial observation, replacing the Bo 105 retired in 2022.

أكثر

Delivery dates were not published, and no delivery was reported on the RBAirF site as of 30 September 2026.


كانت تُدار سابقاً

Every type the Royal Brunei Air Force has retired

8 types, from the Sikorsky S-55 to the MBB Bölkow Bo 105. تمثل الأرقام القصوى عدد الطائرات التي تم استلامها على مدار فترة الخدمة بأكملها، وليس قوة الأسطول في أي تاريخ محدد.

يكتب دور قمة تم تقديمه تم استبداله بـ ملحوظات
MBB Bölkow Bo 105 Light armed helicopter 6 1981–2022 H145M (ordered) Six at introduction in 1981.
بيل 212 طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض — — S-70i Wikipedia records eight decommissioned in 2014; the total fleet was not confirmed.
Sikorsky S-55 طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض 2 1965–1966 Whirlwind اثنين.
SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 مدرب أساسي — 1982– PC-7 Mk II الرقم غير مؤكد.
Westland Whirlwind طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض 3 1966– Bell 206 Three RAF helicopters with three RAF pilots.
ويستلاند ويسيكس طائرة هليكوبتر متعددة الأغراض — — — Listed as retired by Wikipedia; numbers and dates not confirmed.
Hawker Siddeley HS 748 ينقل — — — Listed as retired by Wikipedia; numbers and dates not confirmed.
Piper PA-28 Cherokee Light trainer — — — Listed as retired by Wikipedia; numbers and dates not confirmed.

القواعد الجوية

Where the Royal Brunei Air Force flies from

الدبابيس السوداء تمثل القواعد النشطة، أما الدبابيس المجوفة فتمثل المطارات التي تم إغلاقها. Rimba, which shares the runway of Brunei International Airport, is the Royal Brunei Air Force’s only flying base; the old airfield at Berakas, a Japanese-built wartime runway, closed when the present airport opened in 1974. Medicina Lines near Seria is the helicopter base of British Forces Brunei, not a Brunei air force station, and Anduki is Brunei Shell Petroleum’s private airfield, listed for the landings of December 1962. Entries with no published aerodrome data carry no pin.

قاعدة جوية نشطة مغلق أو للحجزانقر على دبوس لفتح الصفحة الرئيسية
قاعدة منظمة الطيران المدني الدولي (ICAO) حالة المدرج الوحدات والطائرات
Medicina Lines, SeriaBelait District, Brunei نشيط —
  • 667 Squadron AAC (7 Flight AAC until 1 August 2021): Bell 212HP AH1 (to 2022 or 2023), Airbus H145 Jupiter HC2 (from December 2025, per Wikipedia)
Rimba Air Force BaseBrunei-Muara District WBSB نشيط 03/213658 مترًا
  • No. 11 Squadron, No. 1 Wing: Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk, Bell 214ST
  • No. 15 Squadron, No. 1 Wing: Airbus C295MW, CASA/IPTN CN-235-110M
  • No. 39 Squadron, No. 3 Wing: Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack / Integrator
  • No. 51 Squadron, No. 5 Wing: Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk
  • No. 73 Squadron, Flying Training School, No. 7 Wing: Pilatus PC-7 Mk II, Bell 206 JetRanger
  • No. 238 Squadron, No. 2 Wing: Mistral very-short-range missile (not an aircraft)
  • No. 12 Squadron (No. 2 Squadron until the 1990s): MBB Bölkow Bo 105CBS
AndukiBelait District, Brunei WBAK مغلق 05/23810 m —
Brunei, Berakasold airportBrunei-Muara District أُغلق عام 1974 — —

لا توجد قاعدة جوية مطابقة لهذا البحث.


ترتيب المعركة

Who is stationed where in the Royal Brunei Air Force

الوحدات الجوية حسب القاعدة، والوحدات الحالية أولاً. Brunei’s squadrons are numbered within wings — 11 and 15 Squadrons in No. 1 Wing, 238 in No. 2, 39 in No. 3, 51 in No. 5 and 73 in No. 7 — and the British helicopter unit at Medicina Lines is listed too, marked as not Bruneian. Where a squadron or its aircraft rests on Wikipedia alone, the entry says so.

Rimba Air Force Base · WBSBRoyal Brunei Air Force Headquarters
No. 11 Squadron, No. 1 WingUtility helicopter squadron · active
Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk, Bell 214ST
No. 15 Squadron, No. 1 Wingسرب النقل · نشط
Airbus C295MW, CASA/IPTN CN-235-110M
No. 39 Squadron, No. 3 WingUnmanned aircraft squadron · active
Boeing Insitu RQ-21 Blackjack / Integrator
No. 51 Squadron, No. 5 WingHelicopter maintenance squadron · active
Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk
No. 73 Squadron, Flying Training School, No. 7 Wingسرب تدريب الطيران · نشط
Pilatus PC-7 Mk II, Bell 206 JetRanger
No. 238 Squadron, No. 2 Wingسرب دفاع جوي أرضي · نشط
Mistral very-short-range missile (not an aircraft)
No. 12 Squadron (No. 2 Squadron until the 1990s)1981–2022
MBB Bölkow Bo 105CBS
Medicina Lines, Seria · British Forces Brunei
667 Squadron AAC (7 Flight AAC until 1 August 2021)Jungle support helicopter squadron · active
Bell 212HP AH1 (to 2022 or 2023), Airbus H145 Jupiter HC2 (from December 2025, per Wikipedia)

لا توجد وحدة مطابقة لهذا البحث.


الجدول الزمني

Royal Brunei Air Force milestones, 1914 to today

1962

8 December: the Brunei revolt; British and Gurkha troops flown in from Singapore end it by 17 December. A British garrison stays.

1965

The Air Wing of the Royal Brunei Malay Regiment is formed; two S-55s flown by contractor pilots carry doctors to the interior.

1966

Three RAF pilots with three Whirlwinds take over; the service later counts this as its founding year for its 60th anniversary.

1967

Renamed the Helicopter Platoon; five Bell 206 JetRangers arrive.

1981

No. 2 Squadron forms with six Bölkow Bo 105s, the first armed helicopters (Air Technical Training School opened in 1980).

1982

No. 3 Squadron forms with SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 trainers.

1983

1 September: No. 2 Wing is founded.

1984

Brunei becomes independent and takes over full responsibility for its defence; the British garrison stays at the Sultan’s request.

1991

1 October: the Air Wing becomes the Royal Brunei Air Force.

1993

Bruneians take over Bo 105 maintenance from British Army REME technicians.

2012

20 July: a Bell 212 crashes near Labi, Belait district, killing 12 of 14 aboard, the worst accident in the country’s defence history.

2013

27 November: the first four of 12 S-70i Black Hawks arrive.

2016

27 July: No. 3 Wing is inaugurated.

2021

RQ-21 Blackjack drones acquired for maritime surveillance.

2022

5 February: the Bo 105 fleet is retired after 41 years.

2024

24 January: the first two C295MWs arrive. May: six H145Ms ordered. October: a C295 flies relief to the Philippines.

2025

10 January: Brig. Gen. (U) Haszahaidi Ahmad Daud takes command. 10 September: first mixed formation with Singapore’s Brunei Helicopter Detachment.

2026

20 April: the last two C295MWs arrive, completing a fleet of four. The service marks its Diamond Jubilee.


سجل القتال

عمليات القوات الجوية الملكية البروناوية

الطلعات الجوية والخسائر حيثما يسمح السجل بذلك، وفراغ تام حيثما لا يسمح بذلك.

1الصراعات
2024أولاً
0طائرة مفقودة
0قُتل
  • جهود الإغاثة بعد إعصار ترامي (كريستين) 2024 Flew food, medical supplies and equipment to the Philippines after the typhoon; a non-combat operation, listed because the service has no combat record

افتح سجل القتال الكامل


أسئلة وأجوبة

Everything people ask about the Royal Brunei Air Force

ما هو اسم القوات الجوية الملكية البروناوية باللغة الملايوية؟
Tentera Udara Diraja Brunei, abbreviated TUDB, which is also the prefix on its aircraft serials such as TUDB 504. The service’s English site at airforce.mindef.gov.bn uses Royal Brunei Air Force, abbreviated RBAirF; the Malay name is given by Wikipedia and confirmed by the TUDB serials in the service’s own news.
هل تمتلك بروناي طائرات مقاتلة؟
لا، لم يسبق لسلاح الجو الملكي البروناي أن شغّل طائرات مقاتلة. ووفقًا لموقع ويكيبيديا، فقد طُرحت خطط لشراء طائرات بي إيه إي هوك، لكنها تأجلت مرارًا. ويتكون أسطوله من طائرات الهليكوبتر، وطائرات النقل، وطائرات التدريب، والطائرات المسيّرة، ويعتمد دفاعه الجوي على صواريخ ميسترال ورادار أرضي.
ما هي الطائرات التي سيستخدمها سلاح الجو الملكي البروناي في عام 2026؟
Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawks (12 ordered), four Airbus C295MW transports and one CN-235, a Bell 214ST, two Bell 206s and four بيلاتوس بي سي-7 Mk II trainers, plus RQ-21 Blackjack drones. Six Airbus H145M helicopters were ordered in May 2024.
متى تأسست القوات الجوية الملكية البروناوية؟
تم تشكيل سلفها، الجناح الجوي التابع لفوج الملايو الملكي في بروناي، في عام 1965 وفقًا لموقع ويكيبيديا؛ وتولى طيارو سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني قيادة الطيران في عام 1966، واحتفلت الخدمة بالذكرى الستين لتأسيسها في عام 2026. وتم تغيير اسم الجناح الجوي إلى سلاح الجو الملكي في بروناي في 1 أكتوبر 1991.
Where is the Royal Brunei Air Force based?
At Rimba Air Force Base, opposite Brunei International Airport in Brunei-Muara district. All its flying squadrons are there; some air defence and training units use Berakas Garrison.
What was the 2012 Brunei helicopter crash?
On 20 July 2012 a Royal Brunei Air Force Bell 212, flying home after jungle training, crashed at Ulu Rampayoh near Labi in Belait district. Twelve of the 14 on board were killed, six of them cadets; two cadets survived. The Borneo Post, citing a local newspaper, called it the worst tragedy in the history of Brunei’s defence.
Why are British and Gurkha troops in Brunei?
After the December 1962 revolt Britain kept a garrison, and since independence in 1984 it has stayed at the Sultan’s request under renewable five-year agreements, with Brunei paying part of the cost. A Royal Gurkha Rifles battalion is based near Seria with a British helicopter flight at Medicina Lines: Army Air Corps Bell 212s, then RAF Pumas from 2022 and AAC Jupiters in 2026, according to Wikipedia.
How many Black Hawks does Brunei have?
Brunei ordered 12 S-70i Black Hawks, the first four arriving on 27 November 2013, and the air force reported 12 in service in September 2023 with over 13,000 accident-free hours. Wikipedia lists 16 UH-60-family helicopters, which probably includes older S-70As; that total was not confirmed.
What replaced the Bo 105 in Brunei?
The Bo 105 was retired on 5 February 2022 after 41 years. In May 2024 Brunei ordered six Airbus H145Ms for close air support and observation to replace it; no delivery had been reported on the RBAirF site by 30 September 2026.
Has the Royal Brunei Air Force ever fought in a war?
No. The 1962 Brunei revolt was put down by British forces before the air wing existed, and the service has flown no combat operations since. Its operations abroad have been humanitarian, such as the C295 relief flight to the Philippines in October 2024.



المصادر ومصادر القراءة الإضافية

كل حقيقة، تم التحقق منها

تم التحقق من الأرقام بتاريخ 30-09-2026. يتم إعادة إنشاء صفحات ترتيب المعركة من مجموعة بيانات واحدة؛ إذا كان هناك رقم هنا يختلف عن صفحة كتاب الوحوش، فإن هذه الصفحة هي الأحدث من بين الصفحتين.

Photographs: Photo: Pangalau / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Philippine Air Force (PAF) / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Capt. R. L. Pearce / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Bob Adams from George, South Africa / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo: Hans Hillewaert / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Sir James / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0) · Photo: Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: Billy McCrorie / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo: Matti Blume / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)