Aviación de las Fuerzas Terrestres de Autodefensa de Japón
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation — the army’s aviation branch (kōkū-ka) — began with a handful of American liaison aircraft in 1952 and had 314 aircraft in March 2024 — 292 helicopters, 14 V-22 Ospreys and eight fixed-wing aircraft; it has never flown in combat, its best-known mission was dropping seawater on the Fukushima reactors in 2011, and since the 2022 Defense Buildup Program it is giving up its attack and observation helicopters for drones and moving its Ospreys to a new camp at Saga.
The Japanese army aviation story: liaison planes in 1952, water on Fukushima and the end of the attack helicopter
1910–1945: the Imperial Army’s air service, in brief
Japanese army aviation began on 19 December 1910, when Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa flew a Farman III over the Yoyogi parade ground in Tokyo, the first powered flight in Japan. The Imperial Army’s air arm flew reconnaissance and bombing missions at Tsingtao in 1914, became the Army Air Corps in May 1925, and by 1941 had about 1,500 combat aircraft. Its schools trained fighter pilots at Akeno, near Ise, from 1924, and it ended the war forming about 170 special-attack units. It was dissolved in 1945. Its combat history is told on the JASDF page, which inherited most of its role; the Ground Self-Defense Force’s aviation is a separate, post-war creation that took over some of the same airfields, Akeno among them.
1952–1968: liaison planes, an aviation school and the first helicopter brigade
Army flying restarted on a small scale. Japanese Wikipedia lists the first aircraft of the National Police Reserve and National Safety Force years as L-5, L-16 and L-21 liaison planes and Bell 47 (H-13) and H-19 helicopters, all American types. A National Safety Force aviation school opened at Hamamatsu in 1952; it became the GSDF Aviation School when the Self-Defense Forces were created on 1 July 1954 and moved to Akeno between July and August 1955. Fuji signed a licence for the Bell UH-1B in 1960, regional army aviation groups were formed between 1962 and 1973, and on 1 March 1968 the 1st Helicopter Brigade was created at Kasumigaura and moved weeks later to Kisarazu, where it remains the biggest aviation formation. Kawasaki-built KV-107 tandem-rotor helicopters, 59 in two versions, gave it a heavy lift capability.
1984–2006: Cobras, Chinooks and the Apache that cost too much
In the 1980s the aviation branch became an anti-tank force. Fuji built 89 AH-1S Cobras under licence between 1984 and 2000, and the 1st Anti-Tank Helicopter Squadron was formed at Obihiro on 25 March 1986, with four more by 1992. Kawasaki began assembling CH-47J Chinooks from kits in 1985, Fuji built 130 UH-1Js from 1993, and Mitsubishi the UH-60JA. Japan also designed its own scout helicopter, the Kawasaki OH-1, which first flew on 6 August 1996; 150 to 250 were planned but only 38 were built. The Apache followed the same pattern. Japan ordered 50 AH-64Ds, licence-built by Fuji as the AH-64DJP, but stopped after 13 because of the cost.
2011–2018: Fukushima, disasters and a crash into a house
The branch’s most famous mission was not a battle. After the earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, three Japanese CH-47s scooped seawater and dropped it on reactors 3 and 4 of the stricken Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, according to Wikipedia. Disaster relief is a large part of the job: Camp Tachikawa, home of the Eastern Army Aviation Group, is also the capital’s 115-hectare disaster-preparedness base, whose underground shelters Wikipedia says were enlarged to hold up to 5,000 people for a year. The fleet’s accidents have been public too. On 5 February 2018 an AH-64D on a post-maintenance test flight from Metabaru crashed into a house in Kanzaki, Saga, killing both crew.
2014–2025: the Osprey, Kisarazu and Saga
The V-22 Osprey brought the branch into the defence of the south-western islands. Japan decided on 17 in November 2014, to carry the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade formed at Camp Ainoura on 7 April 2018. Saga Airport, 60 km from Ainoura, was the planned base, but talks with Saga Prefecture stalled, so the Transport Aviation Squadron was formed at Kisarazu on 26 March 2020 as a temporary home. After a US Air Force CV-22 crashed off Yakushima on 29 November 2023, Japan suspended flights of its 14 V-22s until March 2024. In July and August 2025 the Ospreys finally moved to the new Camp Saga, according to the Ministry of Defense’s FY2026 budget overview.
2022–2026: the end of the attack helicopter
The biggest change is the one now under way. The Defense Buildup Program of December 2022 decided to transfer the functions of anti-tank, combat and observation helicopters to drones, and to abolish most division and brigade aviation units, concentrating helicopters in the regional armies. Wikipedia reports that 47 AH-1S and 33 OH-1 are to be replaced by unmanned aircraft; the Apache’s future was not spelt out in the documents reached. Money is going instead to the Subaru-Bell UH-2, a Bell 412 derivative to replace the UH-1J, with 150 planned: 16 in FY2025 and eight in FY2026. In March 2024 the GSDF held 8 fixed-wing aircraft, 292 helicopters and 14 tiltrotors, according to Japanese Wikipedia.
The Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation in numbers
Servicio
- Nombre nativo
- 陸上自衛隊 (Rikujō Jieitai); the aviation branch is the 航空科 (kōkū-ka)The Japanese names as given in Wikipedia
- Fundado
- 1 July 1954 (aviation school from 1952)The GSDF dates from 1 July 1954; its aviation school began at Hamamatsu in 1952 under the National Safety Force
- Parte de
- Japan Ground Self-Defense ForceRun jointly with the other services under the JSDF Joint Operations Command
- Largest formation
- 1st Helicopter Brigade, KisarazuFormed 1 March 1968; under the Ground Component Command since 27 March 2018
- Capacitación
- Aviation School, Akeno (Ise, Mie)At Akeno since 1955, with branches at Kasumigaura and Utsunomiya
- Chief of Staff, GSDF
- Gen. Masayoshi AraiAppointment date not confirmed
Fortaleza
- Aircraft (31 March 2024)
- 314: 8 fixed-wing, 292 helicopters, 14 tiltrotorsJapanese Wikipedia, giving the white paper categories
- helicópteros de ataque
-
- AH-1S Cobra (anti-tank) — 40
- AH-64DJP Apache (combat) — 12
31 March 2024. Their functions are to pass to drones under the 2022 Defense Buildup Program
- Transporte
-
- CH-47J/JA Chinook — 49
- V-22 Osprey — 14 (17 ordered)
31 March 2024
- Utilidad
-
- 154 in all: UH-1J, UH-60JA, UH-2, EC-225LP
31 March 2024; the white paper category is not broken down by type. The UH-60JA fleet was 40 in March 2022
- Observación
-
- 37: OH-1 and OH-6D
31 March 2024; the split between types was not given
- Personnel (whole GSDF)
- 134,011 of 150,245 authorisedEnd of FY2023, per Japanese Wikipedia; no figure for the aviation branch alone was found
Infraestructura
- Main aviation camps
-
- Kisarazu — 1st Helicopter Brigade
- Akeno — Aviation School
- Saga — V-22 (since 2025)
- Tachikawa — Eastern Army Aviation Group
- Metabaru — Western Army aviation, AH-64D
- Obihiro (Tokachi) — Northern Army aviation
- Kasumigaura — Aviation School branch, depot
From the camp articles in Japanese and English Wikipedia and the FY2026 budget overview
- Regional aviation groups
- 5One for each regional army (Northern, Northeastern, Eastern, Central, Western), formed 1962–1973
- V-22 squadrons
- 107th and 108th, Transport Aviation SquadronFormed at Kisarazu 26 March 2020; moved to Saga July–August 2025
- VIP flight
- Special Transport Helicopter Squadron, KisarazuEC-225LP for the Imperial family and the prime minister; formed 19 December 1986
- Equipo de exhibición
- Arcoíris de AkenoFlown on OH-6D and AH-1S by the Aviation School
- Shared airfields
- Kisarazu hosts US Marine Corps MV-22 depot maintenanceFacility opened 12 January 2017
How the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation is organised
An aviation branch with no single commander: the 1st Helicopter Brigade at Kisarazu under the Ground Component Command, the Aviation School at Akeno and an aviation group in each of the five regional armies. The GSDF held 314 aircraft at 31 March 2024 — 292 helicopters, 14 V-22 Ospreys and eight fixed-wing aircraft — and since the 2022 Defense Buildup Program it is handing the roles of its attack and observation helicopters to drones. The Subaru-Bell UH-2, 150 of them planned, is replacing the UH-1J.
Aviation branch, Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
GSDF aviation has no single commander: the branch is spread across the 1st Helicopter Brigade under the Ground Component Command, the Aviation School at Akeno and an aviation group in each of the five regional armies. English Wikipedia names Gen. Masayoshi Arai as Chief of Staff of the GSDF; his date of appointment could not be confirmed.
1st Helicopter Brigade
The largest aviation formation, formed at Kasumigaura on 1 March 1968 and at Kisarazu since 25 March 1968, under the Ground Component Command since 27 March 2018. Its 1st Transport Helicopter Group flies the CH-47J/JA Chinook, 49 in the GSDF at 31 March 2024, the 102nd Squadron the UH-60JA, and the Special Transport Helicopter Squadron EC-225LPs for the Imperial family and the prime minister.
Transport Aviation Squadron
Formed at Kisarazu on 26 March 2020 with the 107th and 108th Squadrons to carry the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade; its V-22 Ospreys, 14 of 17 ordered, moved to the new Camp Saga in July–August 2025, according to the Ministry of Defense. Flights were suspended from November 2023 to March 2024 after a US Air Force CV-22 crashed off Yakushima.
Combat helicopter squadrons
Five anti-tank helicopter squadrons formed between 1986 and 1992 and renamed combat helicopter squadrons in 2021, with 40 AH-1S Cobras and 12 AH-64DJP Apaches at 31 March 2024: the 1st formed at Obihiro on 25 March 1986, the 3rd flies Apaches at Metabaru and the 5th Cobras at Akeno. The 2022 Defense Buildup Program hands their role to drones; the squadrons’ future was not confirmed.
Regional army aviation groups
One for each of the five regional armies, Northern, Northeastern, Eastern, Central and Western, formed between 1962 and 1973, flying utility, observation and transport helicopters: 154 utility helicopters and 37 OH-1 and OH-6D observation helicopters in the GSDF at 31 March 2024. The Eastern Army Aviation Group is at Tachikawa, Tokyo’s disaster-preparedness base; the 2022 programme concentrates helicopters in the regional armies and abolishes most division and brigade aviation units.
Aviation School
Founded at Hamamatsu in 1952 under the National Safety Force and at Akeno since 1955, where almost every GSDF helicopter pilot has learnt to fly, with Enstrom TH-480B trainers, the Flight Experimental Squadron and the Akeno Rainbow display team. Its Kasumigaura branch trains maintenance and communications personnel.
Beechcraft LR-2
The GSDF’s only fixed-wing type since the LR-1 retired in 2016: eight fixed-wing aircraft at 31 March 2024, from nine King Air 350s delivered from 1998, for liaison and reconnaissance. The unit and base that fly them are not given in the sources for this page.
What the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation flies today
Cada tipo está sujeto a cargos, vinculado a su página en el Libro de las Bestias, cuando existe. Las cifras corresponden a aeronaves registradas, no a aeronaves disponibles en un día determinado.
| Tipo | Role | En servicio | Desde | Unidades | Notas | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boeing (Fuji) AH-64DJP Apache LongbowEn servicio | Helicóptero de ataque | 12 | 2006 | 12 ‘combat helicopters’ at 31 March 2024 (Japanese Wikipedia); 13 delivered, one lost in 2018. | ||
| Bell (Fuji) AH-1S CobraEn servicio | Helicóptero antitanque | 40 | 1984 | 40 ‘anti-tank helicopters’ at 31 March 2024; 89 built by Fuji 1984–2000. | ||
| Kawasaki OH-1En servicio | Observation and scout helicopter | 2000 | 38 built; 37 ‘observation helicopters’ of all types at 31 March 2024. In December 2022 the government decided to replace 33 OH-1 with drones. | |||
| Kawasaki (Hughes) OH-6DEn servicio | Light observation and training helicopter | Part of the 37 observation helicopters at 31 March 2024; Kawasaki built 387 OH-6/369s for all users. | ||||
| Boeing (Kawasaki) CH-47J and CH-47JA ChinookEn servicio | Helicóptero de transporte pesado | 49 | 1985 | 49 ‘transport helicopters’ at 31 March 2024; 47 in March 2022. Japan ordered 54 in the first contract (39 for the GSDF). | ||
| Bell Boeing V-22 OspreyEn servicio | Tiltrotor transport | 14 | 2020 | 14 at 31 March 2024 (Japanese Wikipedia) and December 2023 (Wikipedia); 17 ordered. | ||
| Mitsubishi (Sikorsky) UH-60JAEn servicio | Helicóptero utilitario | 40 in March 2022 (Wikipedia); part of the 154 utility helicopters at 31 March 2024. | ||||
| Bell (Fuji) UH-1JEn servicio | Helicóptero utilitario | 1993 | 130 built by Fuji; part of the 154 utility helicopters at 31 March 2024. | |||
| Subaru-Bell UH-2En servicio | Helicóptero utilitario | 150 planned; 16 funded in FY2025 and eight in FY2026. The number delivered was not confirmed. | ||||
| Eurocopter (Airbus Helicopters) EC-225LP Super PumaEn servicio | Helicóptero de transporte VIP | |||||
| Beechcraft King Air 350 (LR-2)En servicio | Aviones de enlace y reconocimiento | 8 | 1998 | 8 fixed-wing aircraft at 31 March 2024 (Japanese Wikipedia); nine LR-2s delivered from 1998 (Wikipedia). | ||
| Enstrom TH-480BEn servicio | Helicóptero de entrenamiento |
Bajo pedido
| Tipo | Ordenado | Primera entrega | Notas | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subaru-Bell UH-2Bajo pedido | 24 | 16 in FY2025 (¥52.9 billion) and eight in FY2026 (¥37.1 billion), towards 150 planned to replace the UH-1J. Earlier lots were not checked. | ||
| Bell Boeing V-22 OspreyBajo pedido | 3 | 2020 | 17 ordered, 14 delivered by December 2023; whether the last three have arrived was not confirmed. |
Every type the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation has retired
8 types, from the Mitsubishi LR-1 (MU-2C and MU-2K) to the Mitsubishi LR-1 (MU-2C and MU-2K). Las cifras máximas corresponden a las aeronaves puestas en servicio durante toda su vida útil, no al número total de efectivos de la flota en una fecha concreta.
| Tipo | Role | Cima | Servido | Reemplazado por | Notas | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mitsubishi LR-1 (MU-2C and MU-2K) | Liaison and photo-reconnaissance aircraft | 20 | LR-2 | 20: four MU-2C and 16 MU-2K. | ||
| Kawasaki (Boeing Vertol) KV-107II-4 and IIA-4 | Helicóptero de transporte | 59 | CH-47J | 41 KV-107II-4 and 18 KV-107IIA-4. | ||
| Bell (Fuji) UH-1B and UH-1H | Helicóptero utilitario | UH-1J | ||||
| Kawasaki (Hughes) OH-6J | Helicóptero ligero de observación | OH-6D, OH-1 | ||||
| Sikorsky (Mitsubishi) H-19 | Helicóptero utilitario | |||||
| Bell (Kawasaki) 47 (H-13) | Helicóptero ligero | |||||
| Stinson L-5 Sentinel | Aviones de enlace | “A small number”, per Wikipedia. | ||||
| Aeronca L-16 y Piper L-21 Super Cub | Aviones de enlace |
Where Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation flies from
Los marcadores negros indican bases activas, los marcadores huecos, aeródromos que han cerrado. Several GSDF aviation camps were pre-war airfields: Akeno trained Imperial Army fighter pilots from 1924, Tachikawa was the army’s first Tokyo air base from 1922 and Kisarazu an Imperial Navy bomber base from 1936. Camp Saga, beside Saga Airport, is the newest, opened for the V-22s in 2025; Hamamatsu, where the aviation school began in 1952, is a JASDF base today. Entries with no published aerodrome data carry no pin.
Japón
One of the 6 bases above sits outside Japan, so the world map has to pull back until the home airfields cannot be told apart. The same pins again, without the overseas base.
| Base | OACI | Estado | Pista | Unidades y aeronaves |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camp AkenoAkeno Air FieldPrefectura de Mie | RJOE | Activo |
|
|
| Camp KasumigauraPrefectura de Ibaraki | Activo |
|
||
| Camp KisarazuKisarazu Air FieldPrefectura de Chiba | RJTK | Activo | 02/201.830 metroshormigón asfáltico |
|
| Camp MetabaruSaga Prefecture | Activo |
|
||
| Camp ObihiroTokachiHokkaidō | Activo |
|
||
| Camp SagaSaga Prefecture | RJFS | Activo | 11/292.000 metroshormigón asfáltico |
|
| Camp TachikawaTachikawaTokyo Metropolis | RJTC | Activo | 01/19900 metroshormigón asfáltico |
|
| HamamatsuPrefectura de Shizuoka | RJNH | Activo | 09/272.550 mconcreto |
|
Ninguna base aérea coincide con esa búsqueda.
Who is stationed where in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation
Unidades voladoras por base, unidades actuales primero. GSDF flying units are numbered squadrons grouped in the 1st Helicopter Brigade, the Aviation School and the regional army aviation groups; the anti-tank helicopter squadrons formed from 1986 were renamed combat helicopter squadrons in 2021. The Imperial Army’s Akeno flying school and the Imperial Navy’s Kisarazu Air Group are listed among the former units. Where a unit’s status after the 2022 decision to hand its role to drones was not confirmed, the entry says so.
- Escuela de Aviación GSDF (陸上自衛隊航空学校)Escuela de vuelo · activa
- AH-1S, OH-1, OH-6D, CH-47J/JA, UH-1J, TH-480B
- 5to escuadrón de helicópteros antitanque (第5対戦車ヘリコプター隊)Escuadrón de helicópteros de ataque · activo
- AH-1S Cobra
- 10mo escuadrón de vuelo (第10飛行隊)Division aviation squadron · active
- Escuadrón Experimental de Vuelo (飛行実験隊)Escuadrón de pruebas de vuelo · activo
- Escuela de vuelo del ejército de Akeno (明野陸軍飛行学校), ejército imperial japonés1924–1945
- 1st Transport Helicopter Group (103rd–106th Squadrons)Heavy transport helicopter group · active
- CH-47J/JA Chinook
- 102nd Squadron (第102飛行隊)Escuadrón de helicópteros utilitarios · activo
- UH-60JA
- Special Transport Helicopter Squadron (特別輸送ヘリコプター隊)escuadrón de transporte VIP · activo
- EC-225LP
- Transport Aviation Squadron (輸送航空隊): 107th and 108th Squadrons (V-22), 109th Squadron (CH-47J)2020–2025
- V-22 Osprey, CH-47J
- Kisarazu Naval Air Group (木更津海軍航空隊), Imperial Japanese Navy1936–1945
- Transport Aviation Squadron (輸送航空隊)Tiltrotor transport unit · active
- V-22 Osprey
- 3rd Anti-Tank Helicopter Squadron (第3対戦車ヘリコプター隊)Escuadrón de helicópteros de ataque · activo
- AH-64D Apache
- Eastern Army Aviation Group (東部方面航空隊)Regional army aviation group · active
- UH-1J, OH-6D, OH-1
- Aviation School Kasumigaura Branch (航空学校霞ヶ浦校)Maintenance and communications school · active
- 1st Helicopter Brigade (at formation)1968–1968
- 1st Anti-Tank Helicopter Squadron (第1対戦車ヘリコプター隊)Escuadrón de helicópteros de ataque · activo
- AH-1S Cobra
- National Safety Force / GSDF Aviation School1952–1955
- Aviones de enlace L-5, L-16, L-21 y helicópteros de primera generación (tipos según la Wikipedia japonesa; asignación a Hamamatsu no confirmada).
No se encontró ninguna unidad que coincida con esa búsqueda.
Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation milestones, 1914 to today
19 December: Captain Yoshitoshi Tokugawa makes the first powered flight in Japan, at Yoyogi.
24 May: the Akeno Army Flying School is founded to train fighter pilots.
The Imperial Army air service is dissolved after the surrender.
A National Safety Force aviation school opens at Hamamatsu, with American liaison aircraft and helicopters.
1 July: the Ground Self-Defense Force is created; the school becomes the GSDF Aviation School.
July–August: the Aviation School moves to Akeno.
1 March: the 1st Helicopter Brigade forms at Kasumigaura; on 25 March it moves to Kisarazu.
Fuji begins licence production of the AH-1S Cobra; CH-47J kits follow from September 1985.
25 March: the 1st Anti-Tank Helicopter Squadron forms at Obihiro. 19 December: the Special Transport Helicopter Squadron forms at Kisarazu.
The UH-1J enters service; 130 are built.
January: the first production Kawasaki OH-1 is delivered.
March: the KV-107 is retired.
The first AH-64DJP Apache is delivered; the buy is later stopped at 13.
March: three CH-47s drop seawater on the Fukushima Daiichi reactors.
5 February: an AH-64D crashes into a house at Kanzaki, killing both crew. 7 April: the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade is activated.
26 March: the V-22 Transport Aviation Squadron forms at Kisarazu.
Diciembre: el Programa de Reforzamiento de la Defensa decide transferir las funciones de helicópteros de ataque y observación a drones.
July–August: Camp Saga opens and the V-22s move there from Kisarazu. FY2025 budget: 16 UH-2.
Every operation JGSDF aviation has flown
Salidas y pérdidas donde consta en el registro, y un espacio en blanco honesto donde no.
- The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service at war 1914–1945 Reconnaissance, bombing, fighter and, in 1945, suicide attack operations
- Fukushima Daiichi water drops 2011 Dropped seawater on the damaged reactors to cool them, alongside wider earthquake and tsunami relief
Who built the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation fleet
Cada empresa que fabrica los aviones que aparecen en esta página tiene su propia página: la historia, todos los tipos que ha fabricado, las cifras y las demás fuerzas aéreas que los utilizan.
Flota actual y pedidos
Campana, Boeing, Kawasaki, Subaru, Beechcraft, Enstrom, Eurocóptero, Mitsubishi
Everything people ask about the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation
What is the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force’s aviation called in Japanese?
What aircraft does the JGSDF fly in 2026?
Does the JGSDF fly the V-22 Osprey?
Why is Japan retiring its attack helicopters?
Why did Japan buy only 13 Apaches?
What did JGSDF helicopters do at Fukushima?
Where is the JGSDF Aviation School?
What is replacing the UH-1 Huey in Japan?
Does the JGSDF have any fixed-wing aircraft?
Read the aircraft the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force aviation flew
Cada tipo tiene una página en el Libro de las Bestias, primero en servicio y luego por el año en que abandonó la flota.
Todos los datos, verificados
- Ministerio de Defensa: Programa de fortalecimiento de la defensa (diciembre de 2022), traducción al inglésPágina 47: las unidades aéreas de división y brigada serán abolidas con algunas excepciones y los helicópteros se concentrarán en cada ejército regional; las funciones de los helicópteros antitanque y de combate (AH) y los helicópteros de observación (OH) se transferirán a los UAV.
- Ministerio de Defensa: Resumen del presupuesto para el año fiscal 2025 (11 de abril de 2025)16 UH-2 utility helicopters for ¥52.9 billion as the successor to the UH-1J (page 30).
- Ministerio de Defensa: Resumen del presupuesto para el año fiscal 2026 (2 de marzo de 2026)8 UH-2 for ¥37.1 billion (page 30); Camp Saga established and the V-22 relocated from Camp Kisarazu in July–August 2025 (page 3); 15th Brigade to become 15th Division (page 12).
- Ministerio de Defensa: Programas y presupuesto de defensa de Japón (índice)Index of the FY2025 and FY2026 budget overviews.
- Ministerio de Defensa: Defensa de Japón 2026 (resumen)The GSDF, MSDF and ASDF are operated under the JSDF Joint Operations Command.
- Orden de batalla de MiGFlug: Fuerza Aérea de Autodefensa de Japón (conjunto de datos interno, verificado el 30 de septiembre de 2026)Sister page; covers the Imperial Army air service’s wars and Hamamatsu Air Base. Used for consistency only.
Cifras verificadas el 1 de octubre de 2026. Las páginas de Orden de Batalla se regeneran a partir de un único conjunto de datos; si algún número aquí no coincide con el de una página del Libro de las Bestias, esta página es la más reciente de las dos.
Photographs: Photo: Toshi Aoki – JP Spotters / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) · Photo: Crescent moon / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 3.0) · Photo: Hunini / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) · Photo: Los688 / Wikimedia Commons (CC0) · Photo: U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Kyle Chan / Wikimedia Commons (Public domain) · Photo: テレストレラッソ / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Hugo LUC / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Hunini / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Crescent moon at Japanese Wikipedia / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 3.0) · Photo: Oren Rozen / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)