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ВВС Эстонии

ВВС Эстонии

Õhuvägi

The Estonian Air Force (Õhuvägi) was born on 21 November 1918, fought the War of Independence with captured aircraft, peaked at 77 aircraft in 1932, stayed in its hangars when the Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940, and was rebuilt from nothing after 1991 — and in 2026 it still owns no fighters, flies two small transports, and does its real work with radars, a new IRIS-T SLM missile unit and Ämari Air Base, from which allied NATO jets have guarded Estonian skies since 2014.

Национальная маркировкаThree nested triangles, blue outermost, then black, with a white centre: the colours of the national flag
0Боевой самолет
2Действующие авиабазы
1918Основан
11Типы, выведенные из эксплуатации
Фото: Анна Зверева из Таллинна, Эстония / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0)
СтранаЭстонияОснован1918СтатусАктивныйШтаб-квартираТаллиннКомандирRiivo Valge
История

The Estonian Air Force story: war trophies in 1918, silence in 1940 and allied jets at Ämari

1918–1920: an air arm built from war trophies

Estonia’s air force is older than most of its state institutions. On 21 November 1918, a week before the Red Army attacked, an air half-company was formed in the Engineer Battalion; the officer given the job was August Roos. It began without aircraft. The first came from the enemy: a French-built Farman HF.30 captured from the Soviets, which flew the unit’s first combat sortie on 15 February 1919, according to the Defence Forces’ history. By 22 February 1919 the Defence Forces count 40 aircraft, 28 of them serviceable, and 476 people. Abandoned German machines and more trophies followed, and by the end of the war in 1920 Estonia had 44 aircraft, fewer than half of them airworthy. The good news was improvisation that worked; the bad news was a fleet of worn, mismatched types with no spares, which shaped the next twenty years.

1920–1940: 77 aircraft at the peak, and silence in June 1940

After the Treaty of Tartu the aviation company became an Aviation Regiment with land and seaplane squadrons, a flying school and workshops. From 1920 the air arm was based at Tallinn, Tartu and later Rakvere, with Lasnamäe in Tallinn as the main field. On 1 December 1924 communist insurgents briefly seized Lasnamäe and hijacked two aircraft; one reached the Soviet Union. The Air Defence Staff was created on 4 October 1930. Strength peaked in 1932 at 77 reasonably modern aircraft, bought from Britain, France and Germany: Bristol Bulldog fighters, eight Hawker Harts built for Estonia, Potez 25s and later Avro Ansons. Late orders from Germany and Britain mostly never arrived. When Soviet forces invaded on 17 June 1940 the air force took no action and its aircraft stayed locked in their hangars. That summer it became the aviation squadron of the Red Army’s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.

1940–1991: Estonian airmen under two foreign flags

For half a century there was no Estonian air force, but there were Estonian airmen. The Defence Forces’ history records that when Germany invaded in 1941 many hid in the forests rather than evacuate east, and some died fighting NKVD units. In German service they were at first forbidden to fly; in February 1942 the first all-Estonian flight was formed, and Estonian crews flew maritime patrol over the Gulf of Finland with Seeaufklärungsgruppe 127. A flying school at Liepāja trained Estonians and Latvians from 1943, and a night group of about 45 aircraft flew over Estonia in the summer of 1944 before evacuating in September. About 3,000 Estonians served in Luftwaffe auxiliary air defence. On the Soviet side the 87th Independent Night Bombing Squadron "Tasuja" flew U-2 biplanes with the 8th Estonian Rifle Corps until 1946. Meanwhile Soviet regiments turned Ämari, Tartu (Raadi) and Pärnu into jet and bomber bases.

1991–2004: starting again with gifts and a Soviet bomber base

The Defence Forces date the air force’s return to 16 December 1991, when the General Staff created a post for an aviation specialist. Colonel Vello Loemaa became the first commander on 7 February 1994 and the Air Force Headquarters was formed on 13 April 1994. Everything was donated or improvised: two Let L-410UVP transports from Germany in February 1993, three Mi-2 helicopters in October 1994 and four Mi-8s in November 1995. The air force moved into Ämari, a former Soviet Su-24 base south-west of Tallinn, and on 15 May 1997 the Air Base was formally established; that year it held two An-2s, three Mi-2s, a Wilga 35A and five gliders. The Air Surveillance Wing followed on 1 January 1998, starting with Soviet P-37 radars. The choice made then still defines the service: money went into radars and an air operations centre, not fighters, on the bet that NATO would supply the jets.

2004–2024: Ämari becomes a NATO base

The bet paid off. Estonia joined NATO on 29 March 2004 and allied fighters began policing the Baltic skies from Šiauliai in Lithuania the same day. Ämari was rebuilt from 2008 to 2012, with a new runway opening in the autumn of 2010, and the United States put more than $32 million into its apron and fuel facilities by 2017. After Russia seized Crimea, four Danish F-16s landed at Ämari on 30 April 2014 and a NATO quick reaction alert detachment has been based there since 1 May 2014. The Estonian air force itself stayed small: Robinson R44 helicopters from 2002, leased L-39 jets for training controllers from 2006, a TPS-77 radar at Kellavere in 2003 and Ground Master 403 radars in 2013 and 2015. Two C-145A Skytrucks donated by the United States arrived from March 2019. The weakness is plain: Estonia cannot intercept anything by itself.

2025–2026: MiG-31s over Vaindloo, drones, and a missile unit at last

The last two years brought the threat to the runway’s edge. Ämari closed from March to November 2024 for an €18.5 million renovation, €12 million of it paid by Luxembourg, and the last R44s and An-2s were retired in December 2024. On 19 September 2025 three Russian MiG-31s flew into Estonian airspace near Vaindloo for about 12 minutes without flight plans or transponders; Italian F-35s from Ämari escorted them out, Estonia called NATO Article 4 consultations, and Russia denied that the jets had left neutral airspace. In November 2025 the air force launched an operation to disperse radars and air defence units against drones, and on 19 May 2026 a Romanian F-16 shot down a stray drone over central Estonia. The first IRIS-T SLM unit arrived on 22 June 2026, and on 1 August 2026 NATO’s Baltic Air Policing became a Baltic Air Defence mission. The debate about whether Estonia should lease fighters of its own is open; the government has not decided to.

After the Treaty of Tartu the aviation company became an Aviation Regiment with land and seaplane squadrons, a flying school and workshops. From 1920 the air arm was based at Tallinn, Tartu and later Rakvere, with Lasnamäe in Tallinn as the main field.Estonian Air Force · verified 2026-09-29

Вкратце

The Estonian Air Force in numbers

Услуга

Название на родном языке
ÕhuvägiThe spelling used on the Defence Forces’ Estonian-language site; Wikipedia gives the longer form Eesti Õhuvägi. Estonian is the country’s only official language
Основан
21 November 1918An air half-company of the Engineer Battalion; re-established on 16 December 1991 after the restoration of independence. The Defence Forces count 50 years of interruption from 1940
Часть
Estonian Defence Forces (Kaitsevägi)Alongside the land forces and the navy, under the Commander of the Defence Forces, Lt Gen. Andrus Merilo (since 1 July 2024)
Штаб-квартира
ТаллиннJuhkentali 58, shared with the Defence Forces’ Joint Headquarters; the only air base is Ämari, about 40 km south-west of Tallinn
Командир
Brig. Gen. Riivo ValgeSince mid-2025 (July per the Defence Forces, 18 June per Wikipedia); also commanded 2018–2019
Министр обороны
Ганно ПевкурNamed as minister in the Defence Forces’ releases of 2024–2026

Сила

Персонал
About 400Wikipedia’s figure for 2024; the Defence Forces do not publish an air force total. Conscripts began training on IRIS-T in July 2026
Самолёт
  • M28 (C-145A) Skytruck — 2, donated by the United States
  • Aero L-39C Albatros — 2, leased

No combat aircraft. The two L-39s are leased from a private company, Aerohooldus OÜ, to train joint terminal attack controllers (JTACs)

Fighter cover
союзники по НАТОAllied fighters on quick reaction alert at Ämari since 1 May 2014 and at Šiauliai since 2004; from 1 August 2026 the mission is called Baltic Air Defence
Наземная противовоздушная оборона
IRIS-T SLM — 1 of 3 firing unitsAir Defence Wing formed 1 July 2023 at Ämari; first unit delivered 22 June 2026, the other two due in 2027. Bought jointly with Latvia
Radars
Five military radar sitesIncluding a TPS-77 at Kellavere (2003) and Ground Master 403s at Muhu (2013) and Tõikamäe near Otepää (2015); the Control and Reporting Centre is at Ämari
оборонный бюджет
€2.4 billion (2026)5.4 per cent of GDP, up from €1.3 billion and 3.21 per cent in 2024; at least 5 per cent planned for 2027–2029. This is the whole defence budget, not the air force’s share

Инфраструктура

Авиабазы
Ämari (EEEI)The only air base in Estonia: 2,750 m runway, rebuilt 2008–2012 and resurfaced in 2024
Allied rotations at Ämari
Since 30 April 2014At least twelve NATO air forces have rotated through, from Denmark’s F-16s in 2014 to Turkey’s F-16s in 2026
Control and reporting
Ämari CRCPlus an Estonian detachment at the combined CRC at Karmelava, Lithuania (BALTNET)
Temporary base
Pärnu (2024)Estonian Air Force aircraft moved to the civil airport at Pärnu while Ämari was closed from March to November 2024
Interwar bases
  • Tallinn (Lasnamäe) — main base to 1940
  • Tartu — to 1940
  • Rakvere — to 1940

The main base was in Tallinn; the three units sat at Tallinn, Tartu and Rakvere. Exact sites other than Lasnamäe were not confirmed


Структура

How the Estonian Air Force is organised

A headquarters in Tallinn over three units, all at Ämari: the Air Base with the air force’s only flying squadron, the Air Surveillance Wing and the Air Defence Wing. Estonia owns no fighters and, since December 2024, no helicopters; its real work is radar, air control and ground-based air defence, while allied NATO fighters on quick reaction alert at Ämari guard its sky. Estonian personnel also serve at the combined BALTNET control centre at Karmelava in Lithuania.

RV

Brigadier General (brigaadikindral)Riivo ValgeCommander of the Estonian Air Force (Õhuvägi ülem) · in office since 2025
Штаб ВВС
Штаб-квартира

Штаб ВВС

Таллинн

In Tallinn, sharing the Defence Forces’ Joint Headquarters at Juhkentali 58; one of three services under the Commander of the Defence Forces, Lt Gen. Andrus Merilo. Brig. Gen. Riivo Valge has commanded since mid-2025, his second spell after 2018–2019.

Авиабаза

Авиабаза Эмари

Lennubaas
Амари

Estonia’s only air base, an air force unit since 15 May 1997 on a former Soviet Su-24 field. Its 1st Air Squadron, the air force’s only flying unit, has two M28 transports and two leased L-39s for JTAC training; the last helicopters and An-2s were retired in December 2024.

Воздушное наблюдение

Air Surveillance Wing

Õhuseiredivisjon
Амари

Formed on 1 January 1998. Five military radar sites feed the Control and Reporting Centre at Ämari, which builds the air picture and controls NATO fighters over Estonia; a detachment serves at the combined BALTNET centre at Karmelava in Lithuania.

ПВО

Крыло противовоздушной обороны

Õhukaitsedivisjon
Амари

Formed on 1 July 2023. The first of three IRIS-T SLM firing units, bought jointly with Latvia, arrived on 22 June 2026 and the other two are due in 2027; conscripts began training on the system in July 2026.


В эксплуатации

What the Estonian Air Force flies today

Все виды, находящиеся под прицелом, имеют ссылку на соответствующую страницу в Книге Зверей, если таковая имеется. В статистике учитываются самолеты, находящиеся в резерве, а не самолеты, доступные в конкретный день.

Тип Роль В эксплуатации С Единицы Примечания
PZL Mielec M28 Skytruck (C-145A)В эксплуатации Light transport, parachuting and maritime surveillance 2 2019 Two ex-US Air Force C-145As donated by the United States; the first arrived in March 2019.
Aero L-39C AlbatrosВ эксплуатации Jet trainer (leased) 2 2006 Two, leased from Aerohooldus OÜ rather than owned.
M282
Л-39С2

По заказу

Тип Заказано Первая поставка Примечания
Diehl Defence IRIS-T SLM (ground-based air defence)По заказу 2 2026 Three firing units bought through the Estonian Centre for Defence Investments in a joint procurement with Latvia agreed in autumn 2023; the first arrived at Ämari on 22 June 2026 and the other two are due in 2027.

Более

Range about 40 km, ceiling up to 20 km. Not an aircraft: listed here because it is the air force’s main new weapon.


Ранее эксплуатировалось

Every type the Estonian Air Force has retired

11 types, from the Farman HF.30 to the Robinson R44. Максимальные показатели — это количество самолетов, принятых на вооружение за весь срок службы, а не численность парка на какую-либо конкретную дату.

Тип Роль Пик Подано Заменено на Примечания
Робинсон R44 Легкий вертолет 2002–2024
Антонов Ан-2 Легкий транспорт 2 M28 Two at Ämari in 1997.
Авро Ансон Multipurpose and reconnaissance
Hawker Hart (эстонская экспортная версия) Легкий бомбардировщик и разведывательный самолет 8 Eight built for Estonia.
Бристольский бульдог Боец
Потез-25 (с двигателем, аналогичным юпитерскому) Разведывательный и лёгкий бомбардировщик
ПЗЛ-104 Вилга 35А Light utility and training 1 One in 1997.
Ми-8 Транспортный вертолет 4 1995– Four delivered in November 1995.
Ми-2 Легкий вертолет 3 1994– R44 Three delivered in October 1994; all three still listed in 1997.
Пусть L-410UVP Turbolet Легкий транспорт 2 1993– Two donated by Germany in February 1993.
Farman HF.30 Разведка 1 1919– The first operational aircraft, captured from Soviet forces.

Авиабазы

Where the Estonian Air Force flies from

Черные контакты — это активные основания, полые контакты — это те, которые замкнуты. Ämari is the only air base in Estonia, and the fighters on it are allied, not Estonian: NATO detachments have held quick reaction alert here since 1 May 2014, from 1 August 2026 as the Baltic Air Defence mission. Pärnu, a civil airport, took the air force’s aircraft while Ämari was closed in 2024; the interwar stations at Tallinn-Lasnamäe, Tartu and Rakvere closed in 1940. Entries with no published aerodrome data carry no pin.

Действующая авиабаза Закрыто или резервНажмите на значок булавки, чтобы открыть основную страницу.
База ИКАО Статус Взлетная полоса Подразделения и самолеты
АмариХарьюмаа (Харьюмаа), Ляэне-Харьюская волость ЕЭЭИ Активный 06/242750 мбетон и асфальт
  • 1-я авиационная эскадрилья: M28 (C-145A) Skytruck, Самолет Aero L-39C Albatros (в лизинге)
  • Эскадрильи аэродромной, авиационной поддержки, поддержки ВВС и обороны баз
  • Крыло ПВО (Õhukaitsedivisjon): IRIS-T SLM
  • Крыло воздушного наблюдения (Õhuseiredivisjon) и Центр управления и отчетности Эмари
  • Подразделение НАТО по патрулированию воздушного пространства Балтийского региона (с 1 августа 2026 г. – Балтийская противовоздушная оборона): Ф-16, Еврофайтер Тайфун, Ф-35А, Мираж 2000-5, JAS 39C Gripen, EF-18 Hornet
  • 88-й истребительно-бомбардировочный авиационный полк (ВВС СССР): МиГ-17, МиГ-21ПФМ, МиГ-27
  • 321-й истребительно-бомбардировочный и 170-й морской штурмовиковый авиационный полк (советский): Су-7Б, Су-24
Аэропорт ПярнуPärnu County ЕЭПУ Активный 03/211,970 m
  • 1st Air Squadron (temporary detachment): M28 (C-145A) Skytruck
  • 366th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Defence Forces): МиГ-23
Rakvereinterwar air groupLääne-Viru County Закрыто в 1940 году.
ТаллиннLasnamäeHarju County, Tallinn Закрыто в 1940 году.
Tartuinterwar air groupTartu County Закрыто в 1940 году.

Ни одна авиабаза не соответствует этому поисковому запросу.


Боевой порядок

Who is stationed where in the Estonian Air Force

Авиационные подразделения по базам, начиная с действующих подразделений. The 1st Air Squadron at Ämari is the only Estonian flying unit; the allied detachments and the Soviet regiments that flew from Ämari and Pärnu are listed too, each marked as not Estonian. Если номер подразделения или дата указаны исключительно в Википедии, это должно быть указано в соответствующей статье.

Авиабаза Эмари · EEEIАвиабаза Эмари
1-я авиационная эскадрильяЛетная эскадрилья · действующая
M28 (C-145A) Skytruck, Самолет Aero L-39C Albatros (в лизинге)
Эскадрильи аэродромной, авиационной поддержки, поддержки ВВС и обороны базBase support squadrons · active
Крыло ПВО (Õhukaitsedivisjon)Наземная противовоздушная оборона · активная
IRIS-T SLM
Крыло воздушного наблюдения (Õhuseiredivisjon) и Центр управления и отчетности ЭмариНаблюдение и контроль воздушного пространства · активный
Подразделение НАТО по патрулированию воздушного пространства Балтийского региона (с 1 августа 2026 г. – Балтийская противовоздушная оборона)Allied fighter detachment (rotational) · allied
Ф-16, Еврофайтер Тайфун, Ф-35А, Мираж 2000-5, JAS 39C Gripen, EF-18 Hornet
88-й истребительно-бомбардировочный авиационный полк (ВВС СССР)1967–1984
MiG-17, MiG-21PFM, MiG-27
321-й истребительно-бомбардировочный и 170-й морской штурмовиковый авиационный полк (советский)1977–1994
Su-7B, Su-24
Pärnu Airport · EEPUAS Tallinna Lennujaam
1st Air Squadron (temporary detachment)2024–2024
M28 (C-145A) Skytruck
366th Fighter Aviation Regiment (Soviet Air Defence Forces)
МиГ-23

Поисковое задание не дало результатов.


Хронология

Estonian Air Force milestones, 1914 to today

1918

21 November: an air half-company is formed in the Engineer Battalion under August Roos, a week before the Red Army attacks.

1919

15 February: a captured Farman HF.30 flies the first Estonian combat sortie. 22 February: 40 aircraft (28 serviceable) and 476 people.

1920

The War of Independence ends with 44 aircraft; after the Treaty of Tartu the unit becomes an Aviation Regiment.

1924

1 December: communist insurgents briefly seize the Lasnamäe airfield in Tallinn and escape in two hijacked aircraft.

1932

Peak interwar strength: 77 reasonably modern aircraft, two years after the Air Defence Staff was created on 4 October 1930.

1940

17 June: Soviet forces invade; the air force takes no action and becomes the aviation squadron of the Red Army’s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.

1942

February: the first all-Estonian flight is formed in German service; about 3,000 Estonians eventually serve in Luftwaffe auxiliary air defence.

1991

16 December: the air force is re-established after the restoration of independence.

1994

7 February: Col. Vello Loemaa becomes the first commander. 13 April: Air Force Headquarters formed. October: three Mi-2s arrive.

1997

15 May: the Air Base is established at Ämari, a former Soviet Su-24 base.

1998

1 января: в городе Эмари сформировано подразделение воздушного наблюдения.

2004

29 March: Estonia joins NATO and allied fighters start Baltic Air Policing from Šiauliai.

2010

Autumn: Ämari’s new runway opens during the 2008–2012 rebuild.

2014

30 April: four Danish F-16s land at Ämari; from 1 May a NATO quick reaction alert detachment is based there.

2023

1 July: the Air Defence Wing is formed. Autumn: IRIS-T SLM ordered jointly with Latvia.

2024

Ämari closes from March for an €18.5 million runway renovation and reopens on 8 November. December: R44s and An-2s retired.

2025

19 September: three Russian MiG-31s enter Estonian airspace near Vaindloo for about 12 minutes; Estonia requests NATO Article 4 consultations.

2026

22 June: first IRIS-T SLM unit arrives. 1 August: Baltic Air Policing becomes the Baltic Air Defence mission, with Turkish F-16s at Ämari.


Боевой послужной список

Во всех войнах, в которых участвовали ВВС Эстонии

Вылеты и поражения там, где это указано в протоколе, и полная пустота там, где этого нет.

4конфликты
1918Первый
1Самолет потерян
0Убит
  • Эстонская война за независимость 1918–1920 Reconnaissance and liaison with captured and abandoned aircraft
  • Коммунистическое восстание 1 декабря 1924 года 1924 The target, not a participant: insurgents seized the air division’s airfield and barracks
  • Советская оккупация Эстонии 1940 No resistance; aircraft remained in their hangars
  • Вторая мировая война: эстонские летчики на службе в Германии и Советском Союзе. 1941–1946 Maritime reconnaissance, anti-submarine patrol and night attack on the German side; night bombing on the Soviet side

Откройте полную боевую историю.



Вопросы и ответы

Everything people ask about the Estonian Air Force

What is the Estonian Air Force called in Estonian?
Õhuvägi, literally "air force", as the Estonian Defence Forces spell it on mil.ee; Wikipedia uses the longer form Eesti Õhuvägi. Estonian is the country’s only official language, so there is no second official name.
Does Estonia have fighter jets?
No. Estonia has never owned jet fighters. Since joining NATO in 2004 its airspace has been guarded by allied fighters, and since 1 May 2014 a quick reaction alert detachment has been based at Ämari Air Base. From 1 August 2026 NATO calls this the Baltic Air Defence mission. Some Estonian politicians argue for leasing fighters, but the government has not decided to.
What aircraft does the Estonian Air Force fly in 2026?
Two M28 (C-145A) Skytruck light transports, donated by the United States from 2019, and two Л-39 jet trainers leased from a private company. Its Robinson R44 helicopters and An-2 biplanes were retired in December 2024. The allied jets at Ämari, such as the Turkish Истребители F-16 in 2026, belong to the visiting air forces.
When was the Estonian Air Force founded?
On 21 November 1918, when an air half-company was formed in the Engineer Battalion a week before the Red Army attacked. After the Soviet occupation of 1940 it ceased to exist, and it was re-established on 16 December 1991.
What happened to the Estonian Air Force in 1940?
Nothing dramatic, and that is the point: when Soviet forces invaded on 17 June 1940 the air force took no action and its aircraft stayed in their hangars. That summer it was turned into the aviation squadron of the Red Army’s 22nd Territorial Rifle Corps.
What happened when Russian MiG-31s entered Estonian airspace in September 2025?
According to the Estonian Defence Forces, three Russian МиГ-31 entered Estonian airspace near Vaindloo island on the morning of 19 September 2025 and stayed about 12 minutes, without flight plans, transponders or radio contact. Italian F-35s from Ämari escorted them out, Estonia summoned Russia’s chargé d’affaires and requested NATO Article 4 consultations. Russia denied any violation, saying the jets flew in neutral airspace, as Wikipedia summarises a Reuters report.
What air defence does Estonia have?
The Air Defence Wing, formed on 1 July 2023 at Ämari, received its first IRIS-T SLM medium-range missile unit on 22 June 2026; two more are due in 2027. The Air Surveillance Wing runs five radar sites and the Ämari Control and Reporting Centre. Allies have also deployed Spanish NASAMS (2023 and 2024) and an Italian SAMP/T battery (2025).
Where is the Estonian Air Force based?
Its headquarters is in Tallinn and its only air base is Ämari, about 40 km south-west of the capital. Ämari was a Soviet bomber and fighter-bomber base until the 1990s and was rebuilt as a NATO airfield from 2008 to 2012.
Did the interwar Estonian Air Force ever fight?
Yes, in the War of Independence of 1918–1920, with captured aircraft: the first combat sortie was flown by a Farman HF.30 on 15 February 1919. After that it never fought as a service; by 1932 it had 77 aircraft, but it did not resist the 1940 occupation.



Источники и дополнительная литература

Все факты проверены.

Данные проверены 29.09.2026. Страницы с боевым порядком созданы заново на основе одного набора данных; если число здесь не совпадает со страницей из Книги Зверей, значит, эта страница является более новой из двух.

Photographs: Photo: Anna Zvereva from Tallinn, Estonia / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo: simon butler from halesowen, uk / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) · Photo: Jerry Gunner from Lincoln, UK / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) · Photo: Mztourist / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo: Alan Wilson / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo (Lithuanian L-410 shown): Anna Zvereva from Tallinn, Estonia / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 2.0) · Photo: Andre Gerwing / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo (Hawker Hart in other markings shown): Michael Gaylard from Horsham, UK / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY 2.0) · Royal Air Force Bulldog. [[User:Ad Meskens|Ad Meskens You are free to use this picture for any purpose as / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0) · Photo (Potez 25 in other markings shown): Peyot / Wikimedia Commons (CC BY-SA 4.0)